1。 A brief history of China's military affairs, Volume I, edited by Gao Rui, first edition of Military Science Press in March, 1992. This book is an authoritative work in China's military history, and its editor Gao Rui is a famous expert in the study of pre-Qin military history.
Chapter V Military Affairs in the Spring and Autumn Period Section III Development of Weapons and Equipment and Methods of Operation Page 96 "Assassination of combat weapons. Basically, it is still the existing Ge, spear, halberd and sword of the Western Zhou Dynasty. The weapon material is still dominated by bronze. On page 97, the spear tip is still bronze. " "Sword. . . Although the sword is still bronze, its shape has been improved and its quality has been improved. " Page 98-99 "Although the arrow is still bronze, its shape has changed a lot."
Chapter VI Use and Tactical Changes of Iron Weapons in the Warring States Period; Section III, Page 15 1 "Iron weapons and their applications are rarely mentioned in the Spring and Autumn Period documents, but it is very common to mention iron weapons and their applications in the Warring States Period documents." "Among thousands of pre-Qin ironware unearthed, most of them belong to the middle and late Warring States period." 152 Page "Bronze weapons are still the most unearthed weapons in the Warring States period."
2。 The History of China War (I) was co-authored by Wu Guoqing and Mu Zhongyue, published by Jincheng Publishing House, first edition in July 1992.
Chapter I Overview of the Western Zhou Dynasty, the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period Section VIII Progress and Development of Military Equipment and Military Art in Seven Countries Chapter II Progress of Weapons and Equipment Page 59 I. Development of Weapons "During the Spring and Autumn Period, weapons used in war included ge, spear, halberd, sword, knife, bow and arrow. Usually made of copper. During the Warring States period, (this punctuation is the original text, comma is appropriate-citation) iron smelting technology has made remarkable progress, which has been used in the reform and manufacture of weapons and promoted the development of weapons. "
3。 The first edition of China Military Economic History edited by Wang Qikun, People's Liberation Army Press1991June, is a good book about China's ancient military economy, but there are many typos and inconsistencies.
Chapter II The Period from Slavery to Feudalism-Military Economy in the Spring and Autumn Period Section III The Development of Metallurgical Industry and Military Production in the Spring and Autumn Period Page 34 "Iron smelting industry is a new handicraft industry developed after the mid-Spring and Autumn Period." Page 35-36 "Most weapons in the Spring and Autumn Period were made of copper." "In the Spring and Autumn Period, the iron smelting industry was initially developed. But the output of iron is small and the quality is poor. The produced wrought iron lacks carbon and is soft. Pig iron contains too much carbon, is hard and brittle, and is not suitable for weapons. Therefore, for a considerable period of time, the main raw material of abandoned equipment is bronze. . . . But in the late Spring and Autumn Period, due to the development of iron smelting technology, the quality of iron was greatly improved. Therefore, iron is used in weapons production. "
Chapter III Early Feudal Society-Military Economy in the Warring States Period Section II Influence of Military Economic Development on the Scale and Mode of War Page 45 "The production of weapons in the Warring States Period has been greatly improved, mainly in the following aspects: First, the production of copper weapons has been changed to iron weapons." "Many countries have gradually phased out bronze weapons." "Iron weapons have replaced bronze weapons, marking a new development period for China's military handicraft production."
From the above, the author seems to think that the time when China replaced bronze weapons with iron weapons was the Warring States Period. But then, in the fifth chapter "Consolidation and Development of Military Economy of Feudal Countries in the Western Han Dynasty" and the third section "Rapid Development of Foreign Wars and Wartime Military Economy in the Mid-Western Han Dynasty", the following statement was made on page 106: "In the mid-Western Han Dynasty, the iron smelting industry was run by the government, which promoted the expansion of iron smelting scale and the improvement of smelting technology." "On this basis, in the middle of the Western Han Dynasty, iron was used in weapon manufacturing, and iron soldiers basically replaced bronze soldiers, completely occupying a dominant position." Here again, it is time for iron weapons to basically replace bronze weapons in the middle of the Western Han Dynasty.
I think, in the context, the author still thinks that the Western Han Dynasty was an era when iron weapons replaced bronze weapons. Interested netizens can go to the library to read it themselves.
4。 The Collection of Papers on Military Research in Pre-Qin Dynasty was compiled by the History Office of the Academic Department of the Logistics College of the Strategic Department of the Academy of Military Sciences. The first edition, Golden Shield Publishing House, 1990, includes "Weapons of Qi State in Warring States and Related Issues Seen in Archaeology" (written by Du Jingming). This paper discusses in detail the weapons unearthed in Qi during the Warring States Period, but does not mention the iron weapons found in the same place. There is only one word "iron" in the full text, which has nothing to do with the main body of the article. The article "On the changes of arms and the development of weapons and equipment in the pre-Qin period" (He) wrote: "By the Warring States period, although iron weapons did not completely replace copper weapons, they fully demonstrated their advantages as representatives of new productive forces. By the Han Dynasty, they basically replaced copper weapons and became the main weapons in the army." There is something wrong with this sentence. What was the ratio of iron weapons to copper weapons during the Warring States period? If it is only "not completely replacing bronze weapons", how can it be too late for the Han Dynasty to "basically replace bronze weapons"? The time span of "Han Dynasty" is very long. From the context, the "Han Dynasty" here refers to the "Western Han Dynasty", but the article does not explain it. In addition, iron weapon is not a "new representative of productivity", but a new type of weapon, which has little to do with productivity. Productivity is much lower than that of China in the Warring States and the Western Han Dynasty, but Hittite and Assyria were equipped with iron weapons much earlier than China. Iron farm tools are the real "new representatives of productive forces". Despite the above problems, the author's basic point of view is clear. -citation)
5。 The Outline of Tactical History was written by Lu Lin and published by PLA Press. The first edition was 1987, 10. The meaning of some sentences in this book is unclear. Page 73 "(China) began to make weapons with iron at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period." "In the Warring States period, China's iron weapons gradually replaced the status of bronze weapons." The meaning here is not clear. When does the author think China's iron weapons replaced the bronze weapons? Was the process of weapon ironization basically completed during the Warring States period, or did it begin at this time? Because the author has not dealt with this problem in the future, even after reading the whole book, readers still don't know the author's original intention. -citation)
6。 A General History of the World-A New World Military History (Part I), the first edition of China International Broadcasting Press, 1996 1 1, is a famous "voluminous work" in recent years, among which the Middle Military History of the Ancient World (written by Long Yuan) is in the first edition. The Military History of Late Ancient World (edited by Yue Qingping and Zuo Furong) wrote on page 135: "The weapons in Qin and Han Dynasties were mostly iron weapons, and bronze weapons were rare." There are problems here, too. As we all know, from the first 22 1 year to the last 22 1 year in Qin and Han dynasties, it is difficult for readers to understand the author's point of view without detailed explanation. As for my opinion on this conclusion, I will also mention it below-note)
7。 The first edition of Ancient Military History of China, published by Military Science Press in August, 1995, was written by Gao Rui introduced earlier. Three years after the publication of A Brief Military History of China, the author's view on the popularization time of iron weapons has not changed. Therefore, the relevant content of the fifth chapter of the book is omitted here. On page 455 of Chapter 6, Section 6, The Development of Social Production and the Improvement of Weapons in the Warring States Period, the Military History of the Warring States States states: "The development of bronze weapons has entered its heyday, and its manufacturing skills have reached the peak of ancient times." "But in the early and middle Warring States period, the fighting weapons still followed the Spring and Autumn Period, and the weapon material was still bronze. Later, the army was equipped with iron weapons. " Page 457 "However, iron (steel) swords are not dominant in the total amount of weapons in the Warring States period, and bronze swords are still the mainstream of swords in the Warring States period." Page 458 "Leather armor and bronze armor were the main protective weapons during the Warring States period; Although the real armor appeared, it did not occupy the main position.
8。 An Introduction to China's Ancient Military Thought, edited by Xie Guoliang and Yuan Dejin, was published by the People's Liberation Army Press in May. The first edition of this book is also vague and inconsistent.
Regarding the popularization time of iron weapons, the book wrote in the second section of the Military Thought and Military Overview of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period: "In the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the use of iron weapons became more and more common, replacing the status of bronze weapons." Page 160 Chapter VI Military Thoughts of Qin and Han Dynasties Section II Military Overview "Iron weapons completely replaced bronze weapons in this period. It is regarded as the completion period of the ironization of weapons and production tools. " The question of these words is what does "replace the status of bronze weapons" mean? Does it mean that the status in people's minds has risen, or has it become a symbol of good weapons in the army? Or is it more than bronze weapons in number? Moreover, the time span of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period is very long, and the meaning is probably not clear enough.
9。 The History of the Warring States (Revised Edition) was written by Yang Kuan. It was first published in September 1955/kloc-0, and was printed in the third edition in March 1955/kloc-0. This book is one of the most authoritative works in the history of the Warring States. On page 303 of the book, it says, "All weapons in the Spring and Autumn Period were made of copper" and "Bronze weapons made remarkable progress in the Warring States Period." At the same time, due to the progress of iron smelting technology, spears, halberds, swords and other weapons have gradually changed to iron. Page 308: "In the late Warring States period, with the progress of iron smelting technology, iron and armor began to be manufactured."
10。 A General History of China is published by Shanghai People's Publishing House. This book is edited by Bai Shouyi, a Chinese historian, Taishan Beidou, and Xu, Yang Zhao. On page 385 of "Ancient Times" (Volume I), "Although weapons in the Spring and Autumn Period were still cast in bronze, agricultural tools and woodwork were all made of iron." "However, it should be noted that the number of ironware unearthed in the Spring and Autumn Period was very small after all, indicating that the use of ironware at that time was still very unusual."
1 1。 The History of Ancient Weapons in the Series of History of Science and Technology in China is edited by Yang Hong and published by Shanghai Science and Technology Press in May, the first edition 1988, with a high level and complete system. If you want to know about ancient weapons in China, it is enough for non-professional netizens to read this book. There is no doubt that the narrative of this book has great authority for the popularization of iron weapons in China. Page 82 reads: "But in the late Warring States period, the conditions for mass production of steel weapons and protective equipment were not yet mature." Page 84 "Steel weapons only became the main weapons of war in the Han Dynasty." Page 99 "The key period of this change was the period of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, and the Eastern Han Dynasty completed this change."
12。 China General History Volume II Fan Wenlan People's Publishing House (5th edition, June, 1978) I don't think I need to say anything about Comrade Fan Wenlan's position in the history circle. Needless to say, The Position of People's Publishing House in the Publishing Industry of China is the representative work of Comrade Fan Wenlan, which is famous for its distinctive views, clear organization and simple explanation. The overall level is higher than most domestic historical works. (including many masterpieces in recent years) I suggest that every history lover borrow them and read them carefully.
Page 75 of the book reads: "During the Warring States Period, the' smart governance' of Chu, Han and other countries used steel (rigid iron) to make some weapons, but until Emperor Wen of Han Dynasty, the weapons were still made of copper. After Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty set up iron officials, steel-making became popular, and iron officials all over the country were able to make steel and make weapons ... In recent years, the tombs of the Western Han Dynasty have been excavated in Huixian and Changsha, which proves that long iron swords and iron knives have replaced bronze weapons since the era of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. Steelmaking has become a common technology, and this is the effect of official iron smelting. "