Because the Qing court defeated the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom by relying on the Xiang Army and Huai Army formed by the Han people, Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang and other Han officials made contributions to quelling the chaos, which made the Qing court pay more attention to the Han people, and the influence of the Han people in the Qing court increased greatly, while the Manchu people's control over the army weakened.
Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang and others used foreigners in Europe and America to suppress Taiping rebels, and saw the western military power, which prompted the later Westernization Movement.
When the Taiping Army started an uprising in the south of the Yangtze River, a large number of wealthy families and civilians fled to Shanghai and Hong Kong to take refuge, which promoted the development of the two places to a certain extent.
According to China scholar Wang Xiaoqiu and Japanese scholar Hirozawa Jiping, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom movement dispersed the western powers' colonization of Japan to a certain extent, relieved the pressure of the rebel governors and promoted the development of the rebel army.
Scholars' Evaluation of Taiping Heavenly Kingdom
The Revolution of 1911 and the later revolutionary party congress both praised the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom's courage and achievements in striving for national liberation, and generally spoke highly of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. The National Government even specially issued the "Special Project on Prohibiting Defamation of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom".
After 1949, due to the long-term insinuation of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom by the Kuomintang authorities, there were basically no scholars specializing in the history of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom in Taiwan Province Province. Taiwan Province scholars' evaluation of the history of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom is represented by Hu Shi, a scholar of Chinese studies, and Guo Tingyi, a scholar of modern history: Hu Shi believes that the "Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Uprising" has prevented China from recovering for decades and should be condemned; However, the situation in Guo Tingyi is more complicated. In the early years, most of the early Kuomintang elders represented by Sun Yat-sen claimed to be the successors of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. He called the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom "Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Revolution or Rebellion" and put the word "revolution" before "rebellion". After Taiwan Province Province, his views changed greatly. He believes that "the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom is a low-level superstition, an absolute violent group, a theocratic, totalitarian and ignorant rule, just to satisfy. The provinces in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, which are famous for their wealth, were particularly affected. Almost no land was burned, no residents were taken captive and all died. The survivors were all pale and groaning. It is really a catastrophe tragedy in the history of China. " (The totalitarian rule of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom)
In a word, Taiwan Province Province praised the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, and praised it more than praised it. Among them, the formal extension of women's rights, formal disobedience to the Qing court, the spirit of striving for the ideal based on national interests, and prohibition of alcohol and gambling are the highest; The worst comments are to guard against gyms for men and women, theocracy, feudalism, brutal infighting, and destruction of folk beliefs and Confucian culture; Economic reform and integration of defense and civilian technologies's national defense system are evaluated as balanced and neutral.
High-level evaluation of Kuomintang
Sun Yat-sen: "Zhu Yuanzhang and Hong Xiuquan each started with cloth clothes, raised a three-foot sword, and expelled the different Hu, that is, set up Nanjing. In Zhu Ming, only a few years. In the election, there was the hometown of the Han family, which was passed down for hundreds of years, but the worship of the emperor declined: Hong Chao died in less than ten years. Ignorant people sing all kinds of fallacies and heresies, saying that Zhu () is not Hong (Xiuquan), but a hero who talks about success or failure. " "This meeting will be in chaos with foreigners, and the world will be miserable, and the people will be miserable. Clarify the responsibility of the world and make it endless. If the teacher of peace is not embarrassed, then the Han family will be in the world and the political career will be easy." "Fifty years ago, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom was purely the representative of the national revolution, but it was only the national revolution. After the revolution, autocracy is inevitable. Such a revolution is not successful. " "The downfall of the Hong family means that there is a nation without civil rights, and there is a monarch without democracy."
Jiang Zhongzheng: "In the past, Hongyang's ancestors marched southeast to resist the Manchu Dynasty. Although their ambitions were not pursued, they suddenly died, and their national thoughts were magnificent and vigorous enough to leave a major memorial in history. " "The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom War was the first war in the East in the19th century. The History of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom is the first glorious history of the East in the19th century. "
Bai Chongxi: "Since the Jin Dynasty, China has been ravaged by different nationalities. The Manchu Dynasty rose in the northeast and occupied China for more than 200 years. During this period, warm-blooded people have been devoted to the drowning of Chinese foreigners, with grand plans for recovery, and kept records of the perpetrators at any time and place, thus contributing to their death and enlightening future generations. It's like the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. According to Hong and Yang, they started in the field and remained upright and upright with Yu Sheng for more than ten years. They revised the new moon, were easily moved, established the system, opened the imperial examination, and established the national standard. Although there are frequent victories and defeats, the ups and downs are sudden, but the majestic national ideas, the collection of exotic materials and capabilities, the greatness of revolutionary construction, and the new measures of good governance are still doing business. "
Evaluation of Chinese mainland scholars
1949 after the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), it recognized and approved the peasant uprising led by Hong Xiuquan and overthrew the Manchu movement, so it was paid attention by the China government. 195 1 People's Daily wrote an editorial entitled "Commemorating the Centenary of the Taiping Revolution". In addition, there is a relief on the Monument to the People's Heroes in Tiananmen Square about jintian uprising. In Chinese mainland, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom once became a prominent school. From 1950s to 1980s, most senior historians in China had set foot in this field, and the total number of collected documents and published academic papers reached hundreds of millions of words. People who participated in the historical investigation, research and discussion of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom ranged from experts and scholars to ordinary farmers and citizens. Generally speaking, Luo Ergang's evaluation of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom in History represents the mainstream evaluation of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom by Chinese mainland scholars in the 20th century, and its basic viewpoints include:
The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom opened the prelude of China's democratic revolution and put forward the basic program of China's democratic revolution. For example, we are going to establish and develop modern capitalist enterprises, introduce western science and technology, start schools and newspapers, advocate scholars' associations, create people to recommend township officials, remove the democratic politics of administrative personnel, overthrow Confucius, the idol of feudal society, promulgate calendars, advocate the style of writing on the spot and be clear at a glance, and build China into a new country "parallel" with European and American countries.
The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom promoted the development of social productive forces. The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom promulgated the celestial land system, abolished the feudal landlord's land ownership, adopted the policy of "sharing tenancy and paying grain", and issued land certificates to farmers according to specific conditions, which achieved the effect of "land to the tiller", which led to the general increase of farmers in the south of the Yangtze River and some changes in rural production relations. The increase of yeoman farmers is a favorable factor to invigorate the commodity economy. However, after the revolution, many landlords "regarded farmland as a fearful road" and put part of their funds into industry and commerce, which became the source of national capital. The revolution of Taiping Heavenly Kingdom severely impacted the land ownership of feudal landlords, promoted the development of social productive forces and promoted the emergence of modern industries of national capital.
The far-reaching influence and inspiring revolutionary spirit of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom played a huge locomotive role in promoting the historical progress in China's modern history. The achievements of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom in fighting invaders and rulers were widely spread among the people, inspiring the people of China to fight against imperialism and feudalism heroically.
The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom paved the way for the Revolution of 1911. The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom swept green camp, the Eight Banners of the Qing Dynasty, and the Qing Dynasty relied on the support of the Xiang Army of the Han landlord Zeng Guofan and the Huai Army of Li Hongzhang to maintain desperate rule. After the failure of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, the military power and financial power of the whole country were divided into the hands of Zeng Guofan's Xiang Army and Li Hongzhang's Huai Army, resulting in the situation that the central government had no right in the late Qing Dynasty and the provincial governors acted arbitrarily. Because the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom broke the ruling machine of the Qing Dynasty, the imperial power of Ai Xinjue Roche fell into decline, and it was impossible to establish a strong central government, thus losing the power to control local governments. Therefore, Wuchang Uprising, National Response and Taiping Heavenly Kingdom not only directly influenced the Revolution of 1911, but also paved the way for it.
The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom concentrated the heroism and patriotism of the people of China against foreign aggression, prevented the western capitalist invaders from trying to colonize China quickly, and made them understand that the people of China can't be bullied, and they can never directly rule such a brave and powerful China people, thus delaying the process of semi-colonization of China.
The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom is of great world significance. /kloc-in the 9th century, western capitalist countries invaded Asian countries, and the people of Asian countries set off the climax of the first national liberation movement. The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Revolution was the peak of the struggle against colonialism in Asia, which promoted the national liberation movement in Asia and inspired the struggle of the oppressed classes and nations all over the world.
It is worth noting that with the change of Chinese mainland's political idea from "liberating the lower class" to "harmonious society", the evaluation of the "elite" on the "violent revolution" which was previously respected, such as the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, the Boxer Rebellion and the Xinhai Revolution, has also changed greatly. They all think that they have hindered the progress of China's history. After entering the 2 1 century, a group of mainland scholars such as Xia Chuntao and Shishi, on the one hand, continue to advocate exposing and reflecting on the phenomenon of exaggerating and beautifying the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom in previous evaluations, on the other hand, oppose moving from one extreme to the other. For example, Xia Chuntao pointed out that "the prejudice of criticizing the one-sided beautification of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom is still faintly visible" and "the study of the history of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom is' cold inside and hot outside' is another remarkable phenomenon. In recent years, some scholars outside the circle have done guest research, but the conclusions are not without enlightenment, but often biased. The view of denying the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and reversing Zeng Guofan's conviction has been heated up. In previous studies (the study of the history of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom in the past 50 years and the study of the history of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom in the twentieth century), there has been an excessive tendency to rebound to the "left", and the religion of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom has been considered as a "cult" in the debate. The commentator did not first discuss religion on the basis of religion, lacked due research and understanding of the religion of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, and did not distinguish the different meanings of the word "cult" in different times. Instead, he evaded the importance, unilaterally listed some historical facts, and deduced point by point ... The narrator's original intention was not to discuss the religion of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, but to totally deny the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom by "cults" (the analysis of "cults" in Taiping Heavenly Kingdom). On the other hand, the historical style exposed the long-term beautification of Hong Xiuquan and others by historians with the article "Let the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom be restored to its true colors", and stressed that we could not "deny all the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom" Including Feng Yunshan, Shi Dakai and Hong Rengan, pointed out that "for the great country of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, general affirmation is neither correct nor general negation, and for different times, different environments and different people.