What are the ways of thinking?
From the perspective of development, thinking can be divided into: intuitive action thinking, image thinking, abstract logical thinking, dialectical thinking and so on. Thinking can be divided into the following pairs: intuitive thinking and analytical thinking, divergent thinking and convergent thinking, habitual thinking and creative thinking. As the name implies, the names of some thoughts are consistent with the understanding in life and are easy to understand. Intuitive action thinking mainly refers to children around the age of three, not to mention the details, but attention and intuitive thinking are different. The thoroughness of thinking should consider analytical thinking and divergent thinking. Intuitive thinking and creative thinking should be considered in expression. Although memory ability is related to thinking, the relationship is not obvious, which mainly plays an important role in the early stage of memory. In the later period of memory, a series of materials (such as articles, word lists, etc. ) are easily influenced by habitual thinking. Specifically, it is better to find books related to psychology. Modern Psychology (written by Zhang Chunxing of Taiwan Province Province) and other theoretical books are very popular, and books with more application levels (such as books that only focus on the application of thinking) are easier to understand.
7 ways to really change your way of thinking.
The biggest difference between people is the way of thinking.
Facing the same world and the same problem, you and I think from different angles and take different reactions, and the final result is quite different.
The French sociologist Tory once said:
"judging whether a person's intelligence is superior depends on whether he can accommodate two different ideas at the same time without interfering with his behavior."
Anyone who stands at the top of the wealth tower, such as Charles Munger, Buffett and Soros, has a common feature in their thinking-wide scanning radius and boundless scanning depth.
Their brains are like a drawer. When they encounter different problems, they will extract different thinking tools, such as mathematics, physics, psychology, engineering, economics and so on. For them, the world is an organic part of the pluralistic system.
How to be a smart person?
In my opinion, the most effective way is to establish diversified thinking modes, and further improve your metacognitive ability by learning the thinking modes of experts in different fields.
There are seven ways of thinking:
For example:
1, cost thinking
You chop wood, and he tends sheep. You talked to him all day and his sheep were full. Where is your wood? The woodcutter can't afford to accompany the shepherd ...
-Please give up your ineffective social interaction.
Opportunity cost, sunk cost and marginal cost are the three most frequently mentioned cost elements in microeconomics. The most expensive thing in life is not money, but time, which is our most precious wealth resource.
The future is unpredictable. We can't decide how much time we have, but we can grasp the quality of our time investment.
If we want to make better use of time and achieve stable and sustained growth, we must have a "cost thinking".
2. Strategic thinking
The woodcutter talked with the shepherd all day. On the surface, he didn't find anything, but through chatting with the shepherd, the woodcutter learned which mountain had more firewood, which was easy to walk and which was full of thorns, and went home with a lot of harvest the next day.
Communication is very important … it is more important to find the right person to chat with and avoid detours.
Sun Tzu said, "Those who are good at playing games seek power, while those who are not good at playing games seek children."
People who can play chess will always consider the overall situation, while those who can't play chess will only stare at the gains and losses.
What is strategy? How to effectively formulate and implement the strategy? The problem seems to be nothing, but it actually affects our life choices, big and small.
This way of thinking is what we call "strategic thinking".
3. Financial thinking
You chop wood, and he tends sheep. You talked with him for a day, and he decided to exchange his sheep for your firewood, so you got the sheep and he got the firewood.
-equivalent exchange, don't look down on anyone, I was born to be useful.
Mastering "financial thinking" can help us better understand the operating principle behind value, thus prompting you to correctly improve your self-value and make precise efforts.
4. Fool's thinking
You chop wood, and he tends sheep. You talked to him all day. If you learn the skills of herding sheep, it turns out that the sheep were driven away like this, and he learned the skills of chopping wood. It turns out that firewood should be chopped like this.
-There must be a teacher in a threesome, often leaving a cup empty.
It is empathy. Simply put, why are so few people doing it? This is because our accumulated experience and knowledge over the years make us instinctively fall into our own internal perspective.
In other words, we pay more attention to our feelings than others.
On the contrary, whether in life or in the workplace, real masters have the ability to become "fools" in an instant.
For example, Zhang Xiaolong once said in a sharing:
The greatness of Jobs is that he can become a fool in 1 second. The horse needs 1 minute, and I need about 5 5~ 10/minute to brew.
The "stupidity" here is not real stupidity, but the ability to switch perspectives anytime and anywhere. The so-called "fool thinking" is not only an empty cup mentality, but also an insight ability that can jump out of the self-perspective anytime and anywhere.
5. Exponential thinking
Why do two people with the same starting point and conditions have different final achievements?
The above questions can be answered by Lei Jun's words:
"A person can do one thing. In fact, it is not how strong you are, but that you have to follow the trend and push the stone to Wan Ren. "
In other words, some people grow linearly, while others grow exponentially.
The growth of the former has considerable limitations, because the efforts of individuals or organizations alone will meet the ceiling sooner or later;
Exponential growth is explosive, because it depends on the trend dividend and will pull you to a distance you can't even imagine.
This truth is very simple, but if one wants to achieve exponential growth, one must first change his thinking-that is, find the probability in a certain general direction.
In layman's terms, it is "taking advantage of the trend."
Step 6 transplant thinking
Some people say that in the intelligent age, in order to avoid being eliminated by sudden changes, you must have a "transplant thinking", which you can also call "portability".
What is "portability"?
For example, your ability to reuse after moving from one job to another, or from one industry to another.
80% of the core competencies in the industries we choose to engage in are essentially the same. And to cultivate their ability to migrate, you have to think about three questions:
0 1. What is the value chain of your industry? 02. Where are you in this chain? 03. What capabilities do you need in this value chain?
In addition, in this intelligent age, no matter what you do, you need to constantly cultivate your other two senses of smell in the future, namely, the ability to grasp the demand and the ability to generate the demand.
For example:
For the discussion of "comfort zone", writer Cai Lan recently interacted with fans at the Weibo:
The fans asked her: Hello! How to get out of the comfort zone? Cai Lan asked: Why did you walk out of your comfort zone? Fans said: Isn't that what everyone says? Staying in the comfort zone will be abandoned by society sooner or later. Cai Lan smiled after hearing this, and said simply: It is really the sorrow of this era to demonize his achievements and living habits.
The so-called "out of the comfort zone", most of your "jumping out" is "jumping out of the comfort zone", which is not self-discipline at all but self-abuse. If you are not sure about the future and can't get a definite answer, I suggest you stay in the comfort zone now, do intensive cultivation and accurately match your core competence with the needs of the industry.
Step 7 think positively
Strategy is outside the human heart, and the world is nothing more than human nature. Mind determines life, and angle determines value.
When we think hard and succeed in this world, we are dealing with strange human nature. Times are changing, but human nature remains the same.
Psychology is closely related to our daily life. It can not only let us know ourselves, but also let us know others better.
For example,
Discussion on the current "chicken soup text";
There are two phenomena in reading the article now.
One is that all positive energy will be deducted from the chicken soup hat. One is that people who watch chicken soup will be despised by others.
Chicken soup, which means "positive thinking", is to look at anything in life positively.
In fact, whether a manuscript is worth reading is not because it is chicken soup, but because it has reference value for your life. What we want to oppose is not a positive thinking angle, but a fake chicken soup logic that is hypocritical and cleverly decorated.
Don't give yourself negative hints at any time, and don't let yourself be in a negative mood.
Six ways of thinking, learn to benefit for life.
1
Steiner theory
The correct communication rule is to talk less and listen more.
Psychologist Steiner pointed out that the more a person talks, the less he hears.
There is such a legend in ancient Greece.
A young man asked Socrates how to make a speech. In order to show his eloquence, he talked a lot.
Socrates listened quietly and said to him, "It seems that you need to pay two tuition fees."
Young people are confused. "Why do you want me to make a double?"
Socrates explained, "Because I need to teach you two things. The first thing is how to shut up and the second thing is how to speak. "
"There is only one way to be a good talker, and that is to learn to listen to others."
If you are too eager to express your opinions, you will often miss other people's suggestions.
Audio expert Julian said in TED talk "Five Ways to Make Listening More Effective" that in our daily life, we spend 60% of our time listening, but only 25% are really accepted.
He gave an example. When he got married, he promised his wife to listen to her every day, just like the first time.
"Now, this is something that I can't reach every day."
It's easy to express your opinion, but it's hard to concentrate on what others are saying.
Studies have shown that only 20% of people can exclude subjective and objective interference and listen in the actual communication process.
And every time you listen to others carefully, it's a kind of "hide your strength and bide your time".
Successful communication often depends on accurately grasping other people's viewpoints. This law was put forward by American psychologist P·F· Goode, which perfectly explained the importance of listening.
2
Ostrich avoidance syndrome
Making no excuses is the first step to correct mistakes.
I'm not interested. It's no use doing it. I don't understand. ...
Always looking for objective factors to shirk is a person's achilles heel.
There is such a little story.
Someone asked the farmer, "Have you planted wheat?"
The farmer replied, "Not yet. I'm afraid it will rain. "
The man then asked, "Did you grow cotton?"
Farmer: "No, I'm afraid there will be insects eating cotton."
The man asked again, "What did you plant?"
Farmer: "I didn't plant anything." This is the safest. "
Social psychology explains that people are always trying to rationalize their behavior, trying to find an explanation for their every move, so as to maintain their self-esteem or reduce anxiety. This is a psychological defense mechanism.
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Subconsciously, everyone thinks that the value of self is always correct. In order to realize the correctness of this view, people are always convincing themselves and hypnotizing themselves-
"Smoking is harmful to health. Why don't you resign? "
"I'm not smoking, I'm lonely."
"Why are you late?"
"Because my mother woke me up later today than before."
Like an ostrich in danger, burying its head in a bunker, because it can't see, it thinks it is safe.
When VilfredoPareto, an Italian economist, observed the wealth and income pattern of the British in the 10 century, he found that the decisive part of any group of things always remained at 20%, while the remaining 80% was relatively unimportant.
When problems arise, in most cases, only 20% people will face them correctly and take the initiative.
In the long run, just like the Matthew effect, brave people make more progress, and those who escape can only stand still.
This is also the biggest difference between ordinary people and successful people: in the face of problems, whether to find reasons from the outside or from themselves.
An excuse to shut you out is not good for you, it will make you farther and farther away from your goal.
three
Anti-barrel theory
Enhance your irreplaceability.
The barrel theory was popular for some time: it told people that how much water a barrel can hold depends on the short board. Your weakness will determine your height.
However, in today's social division of labor, all-encompassing people often meet and are unhappy.
Compared with the short board, what really makes you stand out is your specialty.
The longest wooden board in the barrel determines its characteristics and advantages and becomes the commanding height in a small range; For an organization, with distinctive features, it can jump out of the rules of the game of large groups and establish its own kingdom.
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Peter Ferdinand Drucker, the father of modern management, adopted the "feedback analysis method"-whenever he made an important decision or took an important action, he recorded his expectation of the result in advance, and then compared the actual result with his expectation after 9 to 12 months.
From this, he saw the importance of focusing on the areas of superiority. He wrote in Harvard Business Review: Focus on your own advantages and put yourself where you can give play to your advantages. We should waste as little energy as possible in those areas where we are incompetent, because it takes more effort to go from incompetence to mediocrity than from first-class to Excellence.
It is better to put your own experience on the improvement of your advantages than to struggle in the fields you are not good at.
It is also a person's best ability strategy to say that "an expert can do many things with zero defects" in the workplace.
Enlarging your specialty, enhancing your irreplaceability, allowing yourself to solve problems with "professional thinking" in a certain field and defining yourself with marginal value will make you stand out from the competition.
four
Make good use of 5why analysis
Cultivate curiosity
"Knowledge is a kind of happiness, and curiosity is the bud of knowledge."
A foreign brother made a stick figure video to illustrate the meaning of curiosity:
Curiosity taught me language;
Curious to take me to see the Leonid meteor shower;
Curiosity prompted me to try to build a tower as high as possible, leading me to finish my studies and study calculus;
Curiosity can make people read a book in one breath and master more knowledge. ...
Curiosity urges people to open many doors.
"Curiosity creates motivation and fun for progress, and it also makes us constantly think about why we should solve the problem."
"5why analysis" is a method of using curiosity to deal with problems.
5why—— Ask a question point five times in a row, gradually get rid of the cocoon and find the essential reason of the problem.
Its supporters used this theory in the automobile problem:
Problem: My car won't start.
Why? The battery is dead (the first reason)
Why? The alternator is not working properly (the second reason)
Why? The alternator belt is broken (the third reason)
Why? The alternator belt has far exceeded its service life and has never been replaced (the fourth reason).
Why? I didn't maintain the car according to the maintenance plan recommended by the manufacturer (the fifth reason, the root cause)
At work, we can also try to solve the problem with five Why analysis:
Q: My work is not finished yet.
Why? Time is not enough to finish all the work (why in the first place)
Why? There is no priority in the work (the second reason)
Why? Misjudgment of importance (the third reason)
Why? Did not develop the correct way of thinking (the fourth reason)
Why? No cognitive update (or other reasons)
In practical application, the number of times can be expanded until the root cause is found.
five
Refuse to delay
Monkeys hidden in the brain
It is often said that "deadline is the primary productive force". They usually waste time and work overtime all night before the deadline.
The final paper is assigned from the beginning of the semester, and there is only one topic in the semester;
In the competition I participated in six months ago, my work was not handed in until the last day of the deadline;
The task assigned last month will never be handed in until the last minute.
……
This is the life of most people kidnapped by procrastination.
Most people's paper schedules
Procrastination is an unnecessary voluntary procrastination.
"Unnecessary" is an irrational choice, while "voluntary" means that many people know it is a bad habit, but they can't get rid of it.
Research shows that 56% of office workers and students will be distracted when studying or working.
In other words, most procrastinators do not give up voluntarily, but have poor self-control.
Tim Urban gave a talk on procrastination.
He thinks that procrastination patients have more brains than normal people, and a monkey named "Eat, drink and be merry".
When the reason in the brain does things according to the plan, the monkey will interfere with the normal decision-making, because the monkey has no concept of planning, and it only cares about "simplicity" and "happiness".
But procrastination doesn't make people happy. Most procrastinators have anxiety: even if there is no progress in action, psychological tension is hard to eliminate.
Zeigarnik, a French psychologist, once divided subjects into two groups and asked them to complete 20 tasks. During this period, he interfered with a group of subjects, making them unable to complete the tasks.
As a result, although both groups showed nervous state when accepting the task, the nervousness of those who successfully completed the task disappeared, and the nervousness of those who failed to complete the task still existed.
Anxiety and neglect.
So overcoming procrastination can relieve anxiety to some extent.
How to get rid of procrastination, the following three points are very important:
First, set yourself a small goal and make a task list. Break down the tasks that need to be completed into small goals, and it is best to have short-term feedback, so that a huge project becomes less boring.
Second, stay away from the source of temptation and control the external environment. For a new generation, staying away from mobile phones may be the first step to overcome procrastination.
Third, from easy to difficult, it is easier to satisfy. There is a movie saying that people who cut their left nails first prefer to do simple tasks first, and they are more likely to get happiness and satisfaction. So to overcome procrastination, you can also try to start with simple tasks.
six
Out of thinking
Throw away your unnecessary luggage.
In economics, there is a concept called "opportunity cost".
With limited resources and time, if you finish one thing, you lose the opportunity to do other things.
For example, if you review all night before the exam, you will lose the chance to sleep the next day and feel sleepy. Then your all-night review is actually at the expense of a good sleep.
Recently, a very popular short film "Health should be like this" showed many shocking figures: 70% of white-collar workers in China are in danger of karoshi, and more than 550,000 people die suddenly every year, with more than 65.438+0.2 billion gastrointestinal patients. ...
These data are exactly what many people ignore the opportunity cost of their lifestyle: health.
There are only 24 hours in a day, time is limited, and things to do are often infinite.
Under this contradiction, it is particularly important to establish priority thinking: put aside unimportant things and give priority to solving what you are good at and must do.
In 2004, the PC business of IBM, known as the "Blue Giant", suffered losses year after year, which became a slightly heavy burden, and its market strategy was getting farther and farther away from this business.
IBM is faced with an important decision: whether to continue to drag this business or abandon unnecessary burdens.
In the end, it chose the latter, and the subsequent development of the company showed the wisdom of this decision.
In the last two years, the breakup thinking that is often mentioned is, in the final analysis, a necessary thinking.
It requires you to have a fast subtraction process when making a decision.
Cut off what is not needed; Abandon the redundant burden; Get rid of the obsession with matter.
For example, when I go home during holidays, I always want to bring a lot of things back. As a result, I didn't read a book, didn't wear clothes, and brought back what I brought back intact.
In the workplace, there is also a verifiable theory-POA flow, the formula is as follows:
This means that, with other indicators unchanged, the higher the attention of the target, the stronger the action force.
Simplify the complex, and the key points are clear at a glance.
Some people say that after listening to a lot of preaching, they still have a hard time.
But a small change in the way of thinking may affect your life.
As Haruki Murakami said: I don't want to run today, so I ran. This is the way of thinking of long-distance runners.
It is not easy to break the inherent way of thinking, but if we can visualize the abstract way of thinking, everything will be much simpler.