Format and writing method of standard paper abstract
1, summary format
Generally, it includes title, author, abstract, key words, text and references. The text consists of a preface and a main preface, with a length of 200-300 words, in which questions are raised, including the purpose, significance and function of writing, the history, data sources, current situation and development trend of the problem, related concepts and definitions, the purpose and motivation of selecting the topic, application value and practical significance. If it is a controversial topic, the focus of the debate should be pointed out.
The text mainly includes arguments and arguments. By asking questions, analyzing problems and solving problems, the author compares the similarities and differences of various viewpoints and their theoretical basis, thus embodying the author's views. In order to make the question clear and thorough, it can be divided into several subheadings. This part should include historical development, current situation analysis and trend prediction. ① Historical development: in chronological order, briefly explain the proposal of this topic and the development of each historical stage, reflecting the research level of each stage. ② Analysis of the current situation: introduce the current research situation at home and abroad and the opinions of various schools, including the author's own. To sort out and analyze the summarized and classified scientific facts and materials. Introduce creative and promising theories or assumptions in detail, and lead to arguments; For controversial issues, we should introduce and compare various viewpoints or theories, point out the focus of the problem and possible development trends, and put forward our own views. Outdated, outdated or rejected views can be simplified. Only ask questions familiar to ordinary readers. (2) Trend prediction: In the vertical and horizontal comparison, the research level, existing problems and different viewpoints of the topic are definitely summarized, and forward-looking opinions are put forward. This part of the content should be written objectively and accurately, not only pointing out the direction, but also suggesting shortcuts to point out the direction for those who are interested in climbing new heights and paving the way with ladders. The main parts have no fixed format, some are introduced in chronological order according to the development history of the problem, and some are expounded according to the current situation of the problem. No matter which way is adopted, we should compare various theories and arguments and make clear the historical background, present situation and development direction of related problems.
2. Summarize the writing of the main part.
(1) vertical writing? Vertical? what's up Look at the historical development? . It mainly focuses on a topic, and describes its historical evolution, present situation and trend prediction vertically according to the time sequence or the development level of the topic itself, thus outlining the context and development track of a topic. Vertical writing should grasp a clear context, that is, briefly describe the development trend of a topic at various stages, what problems have been solved, what achievements have been made, what problems still exist, and what is the future development trend. These contents should be clearly explained at the development level, and the text description should be closely linked. Write a summary instead of listing the facts in chronological order in isolation. Write it down? Souvenir or something? Chronology? . Do you want to highlight another vertical writing? Chuang? Words. Some special topics have a long time span and many scientific research achievements. When describing, we should grasp the creative and breakthrough achievements, introduce them in detail, and simplify the general and repetitive materials. This not only highlights the key points, but also makes the details appropriate. Vertical writing is suitable for dynamic summary. This review clearly describes the development trend of this subject.
(2) write horizontally? Horizontal? what's up International and domestic overview? . It is to describe and compare all aspects of a specific topic at home and abroad, such as various viewpoints, opinions, methods and achievements. Through horizontal comparison, we can not only distinguish the advantages and disadvantages of various viewpoints, opinions, methods and achievements, but also look at the international level, domestic level and our own level, so as to find the gap. Horizontal writing is suitable for summarizing achievements. This review specifically introduces the new achievements of a certain aspect or project, such as new theories, new ideas, new inventions, new methods, new technologies and new progress. Because it is? New? Therefore, the short time span has attracted the attention of international and domestic counterparts. They have been engaged in this research and published many papers. If it can be sorted out in time and summarized and reported to peers, it can play a role of reference, enlightenment and guidance.
(3) Combination of Vertical and Horizontal Writing In the same review, both vertical and horizontal writing methods are used at the same time. For example, write the historical background vertically and the present situation horizontally. Pass? Vertical? 、? Horizontal? Description, in order to comprehensively synthesize the literature, comprehensively and systematically understand a subject and its development direction, make a more reliable trend prediction, choose a breakthrough or provide reference for new research work. Whether it is vertical, horizontal or vertical and horizontal combination, the following points are required: first, collect information comprehensively and systematically and reflect it objectively and fairly; Second, we must analyze thoroughly and synthesize properly; Third, it is necessary to summarize the main contents elaborated in the theme part, focus on comments, and put forward conclusions. It is best to put forward your own views and put forward opinions for and against them.
There should be enough reference when writing a summary, which is the basis of writing a summary. In addition to showing respect for the work of the cited person and showing the basis of the cited materials, it is more important for readers to provide clues to find relevant documents when discussing some issues in depth. This comprehensive paper illustrates this problem by comparing various viewpoints. If readers are interested in further research, they can refer to the original text according to the references. Therefore, it must be taken seriously.
3. The writing steps of summary.
Topic selection plays an important role in abstract writing. First of all, the topic selection requires novel content, and only novel content can extract topics with magnet attraction. We should also choose topics that have made real progress in recent years, are suitable for China's national conditions and are concerned by professional and technical personnel, such as comprehensive evaluation of a new foreign technology, in order to explore its practicability in China; Another example is to summarize the formation and application of a certain method and popularize it. There are usually several kinds of topics: one is closely related to the author's major, and the author has practical work experience and full voice; One is a topic that has little to do with the author's major, but the author has mastered certain materials and is willing to explore; The other is the research results of medical science information workers.
Not too big. A topic that is too big must have a lot of content to enrich it. If there is too much content, you must find a lot of documents, which not only increases the difficulty of reading and sorting out, but also makes one thing impossible to start or unclear. Moreover, all-encompassing manuscripts are difficult to go deep and often become vague and general. Practice has proved that the summary of small topics is penetrating and easy to go deep, especially for beginners, it is more appropriate to write summaries and small topics, starting from a small scale and gradually writing large-scale topics after accumulating experience. In addition, the topic must be commensurate with the content, appropriate, can not make a mountain out of a molehill or make a fuss, but also irrelevant. A good topic can be seen at a glance, and you can know the outline of the content by looking at the topic.