I. Overview 1. What is review? Review, also called literature review, is called review in English. It is a paper based on published literature. Summary includes "synthesis" and "narration". The so-called synthesis means that the author must summarize and analyze a large number of materials to make them more refined, clearer, more hierarchical and more logical. The so-called narrative is a comment, that is, a comprehensive, in-depth and systematic exposition of the topic written. Therefore, the abstract is a scientific and technological paper that is rigorous, systematic, critical and knowledgeable about the historical background, previous work, focus of debate, research status and development prospect of a certain topic and field. , writing the author's own point of view. It reflects the progress of research work in a certain subject and field in a certain period. Introduce the latest progress, new discoveries, new trends, new levels, new principles and new technologies of this topic, this field and its branches to readers, so that readers, especially those engaged in research work in this topic and this field, can benefit a lot. Therefore, review is an important reference for teaching, scientific research and production. 2. Types of reviews: According to the number of original documents collected, the degree of refining and processing, the form of organizational writing and the level of academic level, reviews can be divided into three categories: inductive, general and critical. (1) Summary: Summary is an academic paper written by the author, which is organized, summarized and arranged in a certain order to make them interrelated and consistent. To some extent, it can reflect the current research progress of a certain topic and a certain field, but few authors have their own opinions and opinions. (2) General: General is a systematic and logical academic paper written by an author with a certain academic level on the basis of collecting more information, which can express the author's views or tendencies. Therefore, this paper has certain guiding significance and reference value for readers engaged in this topic and this field. (3) Critical review: Critical review refers to the authors with high academic level and high attainments in this field. On the basis of collecting a large number of data, the original data are summarized, analyzed and written to reflect the current research progress and development prospects in this field. Because the paper is logical, there are many authors' opinions and comments. Therefore, it has universal guiding significance for readers and guiding significance for readers' research work. Second, the writing format of the review is different from that of general scientific papers. Scientific papers pay attention to the scientificity of research methods and the credibility of results, with special emphasis on positive results. In order to write the detailed information of a topic (a topic or a field), the summary should not only point out the development background and significance of the work, but also point out the reasons for the success or failure of the research. It is necessary to point out the current hot spots and controversial points, but also to point out the virgin land that needs further exploration and research: it is necessary to introduce the research trends and latest progress of the theme, and to predict the development trend and application prospect on the basis of comments. Therefore, the writing format of the summary is diversified, except for the title, signature, abstract and keywords (these four parts are the same as general scientific papers), which generally include four parts: preface, body, abstract and reference, of which the first three parts are the body of the summary and the latter part is the basis for writing the summary. 1。 Foreword: Like general scientific papers, foreword is also called introduction, which leads readers to the theme of the paper. This paper mainly describes the purpose and function of the review, summarizes the related concepts and definitions of the theme, briefly describes the historical background, development process, current situation, debate focus, application value and practical significance of the topic, and also limits the scope of the review, so that readers can have a preliminary impression on the theme of the review. This part is about 200 ~ 300 words. 2. Text: The length of the summary text is particularly large, ranging from about 5,000 words to tens of thousands of words for the elderly. Its narrative style is flexible and diverse, and there is no fixed pattern that must be followed. It is often designed and created by the author according to the content of the abstract. Generally, it can be divided into several major parts according to the content of the main part, and each part is marked with a short and eye-catching subtitle. Some criteria for distinguishing are also varied, some are based on years, some are based on problems, some are based on different arguments, and some are based on development stages. But no matter which method is adopted, it should include three aspects: historical development, current situation review and development prospect prediction. (1) Historical development: In chronological order, briefly describe the origin and development of this topic, and the research level of each stage. (2) Overview of the current situation: the focus is on discussing the current research situation at home and abroad, focusing on which problems have been solved and which problems have not been solved, and proposing possible solutions; At present, the focus of debate is to compare the similarities and differences of various viewpoints and make theoretical explanations to clarify the author's views; Introduce creative and promising theories and assumptions in detail, draw out arguments and point out possible development trends. (3) Forecast of development prospect: Through vertical and horizontal comparison, affirm the research level of this topic, point out the existing problems, put forward the possible development trend, indicate the research direction, and prompt the shortcut of research. 3. Summary part: The summary part is also called conclusion, generalization or conclusion. When writing a summary, you can put forward several concise and precise opinions and suggestions according to the main part; You can also briefly summarize the main contents of the main part, put forward the author's own views, and show the contents of the author's approval and opposition; For a short summary, there is no need to list the summary separately, just summarize the full text in a few sentences after discussing the contents of each part of the text. 4. References: References are original materials and the basis of review, so it is particularly important to have and list enough references. In addition to showing respect for the work of the cited author, it shows that the cited materials have scientific basis, and more importantly, it provides readers with clues to explore the theme in depth and find relevant documents. Third, summarize the writing steps and precautions of 1 The writing steps of summary. (1) topic selection: the following principles should be followed in selecting the topic of the summary: ① topic selection or field: it should be a topic that has made rapid progress in recent years, is novel in content, and has not yet been popularized, but has accumulated a large number of research reports; Or the research conclusions are inconsistent and controversial, or new discoveries and technologies have application value in China. (2) the relationship between the topic and the author: we should choose the topic closely related to the author's major; Or interdisciplinary subjects that intersect with the author's major; Or the topic that the author is about to explore and study; Or topics that have little to do with the author's major, but are willing to discuss; Or scientific information workers as the main body of research results. (3) the topic should be specific and clear, and the scope should not be too large. Don't shoot around, talk in general. ④ The topic selection must be innovative and practical. (2) Collecting documents: After the topic is determined, you need to consult and accumulate relevant documents, which is the basis for writing a summary. Therefore, the more files you need to collect, the more complete the better. The common method is to consult the literature by searching for abstracts, indexes and other reference books. You can also use advanced literature retrieval methods such as computer network retrieval. (3) Reading documents: Reading documents is an important step to write a summary. Therefore, when reading the literature, we must understand the main arguments and arguments of the literature, make "reading notes", do a good job of document excerpt cards, write down the enlightenment, experience and ideas gained in the reading process in our own language, extract the essence of the literature, and accumulate the best original materials for writing summary. The process of reading literature and making cards is actually a process of digesting and absorbing the essence of literature. The cards and notes made are easy to process, and can be sorted according to the requirements of the review theme to make them serialized and organized. Finally, the classified data is scientifically analyzed, and the author's own experience is written and his own views are put forward. (4) Writing: Before writing a summary, draw up a writing outline, then write the first draft, and then modify it after the "creative fever" cools down. 2. Notes for writing a summary. (1) summary should be unprecedented. If someone has published a similar review, it is generally not appropriate to repeat it, let alone take the content of others' review as the material of their own review. (2) For some new knowledge fields and new technologies, we can trace back the development of the subject when writing, and appropriately add some basic knowledge to make it easier for readers to understand. For topics that people already know or know a lot, only write about their new progress, new trends and new developments, and do not repeat the research situation of the previous stage that others have summarized. (3) The materials reviewed come from previous research reports and must be faithful to the original text, and cannot be taken out of context, castrated or distorted. (4) The author of the review must have a comprehensive understanding of the basic knowledge, history, development process and latest progress of the topic, or the author himself is engaged in the research work of the topic and is an "expert" of the topic, otherwise it is easy to make big mistakes and make jokes. (5) When writing a review, the information collected should be as complete as possible. It is forbidden to start writing by collecting some information casually, and it is even more taboo to read a few Chinese materials and then piece together a so-called review. (6) The original materials reviewed should reflect the word "new", that is, there must be the latest published documents, and textbooks and monographs are generally not listed as reference documents.