(for engineering and science majors)
Subject name
Subtitle theme
College (department)
Specialized industry
Student name
XXXXXX school of environmental science and engineering water supply and drainage engineering XXX student number XXXX
2008
March 2008 19
First, the background of graduation project (thesis) (including literature review)
Since 1986, with the development of construction industry and the rapid development of building water supply and drainage specialty, it has become an indispensable and unique part of water supply and drainage specialty.
During this period, the professional team has accumulated some experience and received professional training from design, construction and installation management personnel. In terms of technology, we have accumulated previous practical experience and learned from foreign new technologies, and the professional technology has made obvious breakthroughs and development, especially the development of fire water supply system in building water supply and drainage. Organizationally, the National Building Water Supply and Drainage Engineering Standards and Technology Committee and the Building Water Supply and Drainage Professional Committee of the Water Supply and Drainage Society of China Folk Society were established. In recent years, academic activities have been active and international technical exchanges have been strengthened. 1996 held a national meeting of young engineers of building water supply and drainage, held a Sino-Japanese academic exchange meeting, participated in the International Water Supply and Drainage Conference (W PC), and strengthened technical ties. In addition, the development of building water supply and drainage products and equipment in China has also promoted the development of building water supply and drainage technology. The development of building water supply and drainage technology involves scientific research, engineering practice (design and installation), product development and many other aspects. In recent years, the water supply and drainage of high-rise buildings are increasing day by day, such as Jinmao Tower (88 floors, 420m) and Shanghai World Financial Center (96 floors, 465m) which will be built in Pudong, Shanghai, which have promoted the development of building water supply and drainage technology. In China, the basic work of scientific research in this field has been done less, but it has reached a certain level in work practice, especially in design. In product development, technology from advanced countries has also been continuously introduced. In order to organically combine traditional water supply and drainage engineering with social sustainable development under the economic conditions in China, China is actively developing aquaculture as a new development of water supply and drainage engineering in 2 1 century. It also requires that the water supply and drainage of buildings be comfortable, hygienic, safe and reliable.
1 water supply
1. 1 water supply mode
In the water supply mode of residential quarters, it has gradually developed into various forms. The traditional roof water tank water supply system has the advantages of reliability, simplicity, reducing the peak water consumption to alleviate the contradiction between water supply and demand, making full use of the pressure of municipal water supply network, saving investment and convenient maintenance. However, there are also some problems, such as easy pollution of water quality, insufficient water pressure, poor frost resistance, affecting the appearance of buildings and increasing structural load. According to the regulations of Shanghai, multi-storey houses in newly-built residential areas with a scale of more than 400 people should not use water tanks, and water supply methods such as pools and pumps can be used.
Among the water supply modes of high-rise buildings, there are generally two modes: series water supply mode and parallel water supply mode.
1.2 pressurization facilities
In China's urban water supply network, the water pressure in the most unfavorable part of the network is ≮0. 1M Pa, the water supply development speed of urban waterworks lags behind that of residential and public buildings. In addition, the pipeline is aging and the bearing capacity is declining, so most buildings need local pressurized water storage regulation. The commonly used pressurization facilities in China include water pump, pneumatic water supply equipment and variable frequency speed regulation water supply equipment, and the application of the latter two technologies has become increasingly mature.
1.3 decompression mode
In high-rise buildings, three ways are mainly used to supply water in vertical zones: pressure reducing valve, water tank and water pump. At present, the most widely used is the pressure reducing valve, which overcomes the shortcomings of large occupation, high noise, secondary pollution and high cost. In domestic water supply system, spring pressure reducing valve is usually used. The domestic water supply system requires the maximum hydrostatic pressure of sanitary ware ≯0. 6M Pa, the pressure of residential buildings, hotels, hospitals and other residential areas should be controlled at 0. 3- 0.35M Pa, and the pressure of buildings such as office buildings that only move during the day should be controlled at 0. 35- 0.45M Pa。 In the fire water supply system, at present, most of our country use proportional pressure reducing valve to divert the fire water supply system. Fire hydrant water supply system controls the most.
Maximum hydrostatic pressure at unfavorable fire hydrant ≯0. 80M Pa, automatic sprinkler system controls the working pressure in the pipe network ≯ 1.20mpa. ..
1.4 water storage device
In the case of insufficient water supply from the external pipe network, a reinforced concrete storage tank should be set up, and white tiles should be laid on the bottom and inner wall. The regulating water tank located on the roof is diversified in materials and processing methods, including galvanized, enamel, composite steel plate, and water tanks coated with plastic, glass fiber reinforced plastic and stainless steel, in order to overcome the secondary pollution of the water tank and reduce the structural weight and construction inconvenience.
1.5 water-saving technology
There are not many fresh water resources per capita in China, and water pollution makes water saving a very important task. In building water supply and drainage, it is mainly to promote water-saving accessories and waterways in buildings. Water-saving fittings include hydraulic flushing water tank fittings, second-gear flushing toilet fittings, roof water tank counterweight check valve, hydraulic multifunctional valve and water supply sanitary ware fittings, which can have the functions of current limiting, automatic temperature regulation and high temperature limitation. The improvement of fittings also focuses on saving water and preventing water leakage. In the design of reclaimed water in buildings, sewage and wastewater are diverted, and the wastewater is reused after biochemical treatment for toilet flushing and circulating cooling water replenishment. In order to save water and protect the environment, Beijing, Shenzhen and other cities in China have explicitly requested sewage reuse.
1.6 Design second flow to calculate domestic water consumption.
From 1990 to 1995, China has made a new study on urban domestic water quota. The historical data of 55 cities and the test data of 77 residential quarters in China are collected, and the recommended values of domestic water consumption and comprehensive domestic water consumption of residents in different cities and regions are put forward.
The design second flow rate of domestic water supply pipeline gives two formulas of square root and simultaneous use percentage in Code for Design of Building Water Supply and Drainage. In recent years, when the law of water use conforms to the characteristics of water use in developed countries, it is proposed to calculate the design second flow rate and hot water design second flow rate according to Hunt method (probability method) in the United States.
1.7 water supply by quality
In the process of building a modern living environment and a high-quality living community, people put forward higher requirements for the quality of drinking water. In order to improve the quality of drinking water, small household water purifiers were used to treat drinking water in China at first, and the main way was adsorption and filtration with activated carbon, but it was difficult to control the replacement of filter materials during use. In recent years, the concept of "high-quality drinking water" has emerged, which refers to water that can meet the quality standards of direct drinking water, including ultra-pure water, purified water, distilled water, mineral water and advanced treatment water. The source of high-quality drinking water comes from urban tap water or underground mineral water, and its treatment processes include ion exchange, ultrafiltration, membrane filtration, distillation, disinfection and sterilization. There are two ways of water supply: barreled water supply and pipeline water supply. Barrel supply is to set up centralized high-quality water supply stations in residential areas and send them to residents' homes or take them for themselves, which currently accounts for the majority. Sub-quality pipeline water supply system has been built in Shanghai residential quarters. This technology adopts ozone oxidation, activated carbon adsorption, fine filtration of precoated membrane, micro-electrolysis and ultraviolet sterilization, which can remove organic substances harmful to human body, especially carcinogenic, teratogenic and mutagenic substances, while retaining minerals and trace elements beneficial to human body in water. High-quality drinking water is purified and sent to every kitchen, variable frequency and constant pressure water supply system, and circulated at the end of the pipeline.
1.8 vibration isolation and noise prevention
Some progress has been made in pump vibration isolation technology. In addition to horizontal pump, the vibration isolation components of vertical pump are also solved, and rubber isolator and spring isolator are developed. Flexible rubber joints are also used in the pump pipeline to prevent vibration and noise.
Large-diameter flexible joints, bendable elbows and reducing joints have been developed to increase the functions of accessories and promote the design, layout and installation of pipelines.
On the outlet pipe of the pump, a silencing check valve should be installed to prevent water hammer and noise. The control of water flow velocity in domestic water supply pipeline is that when the pipe diameter is less than or equal to ≤25mm, the water flow velocity is controlled at 0. 0.8~ 1.2m？ s； When the pipe diameter >: 25mm, the flow rate shall be controlled at ≯2. 0m？ s .
2 hot water
2. 1 hot water heating mode and equipment
The heating methods of hot water include direct heating and indirect heat exchange. Among the heating equipment using hot water boilers, there are mainly gas-fired hot water boilers and oil-fired hot water boilers. Generally speaking, the efficiency of primary heat exchange is higher than that of secondary heat exchange. At present, the fully automatic and efficient hot water boiler developed in China has basically solved the safety problem of the hot water boiler located upstairs, so it is suitable for areas without heating pipe network in the south. In direct heating, the utilization of solar energy has also made some progress. In the past two years, domestic hot water supply, heating methods, equipment and other issues have been discussed many times.
In the indirect heating mode, steam and hot water are the main heat media used. The theory of heat exchange equipment has developed to a certain extent. The concept of "turbulent heating" is put forward in the design of volumetric hot water, that is, the flow rate of heat medium and hot water is increased to improve the heat release coefficient of heat medium to the pipe wall and the heat release coefficient of pipe wall to the hot water, thus improving the heat transfer effect. In the secondary heating equipment, there are split-flow volumetric heat exchangers, semi-volumetric heat exchangers and semi-instantaneous heat exchangers. In the design, it has been recognized that it is necessary to comprehensively consider the safety and advanced nature of the equipment, as well as the one-time investment and floor space of the equipment, and choose the heating equipment reasonably and economically.
2.2 Design and calculation of hot water supply
In places with comprehensive hot water supply, there is a reasonable understanding of the calculation of maximum hourly hot water consumption. The calculation of heat medium consumption can reflect the relationship among hot water production capacity, heating capacity and heat storage capacity of export heating equipment. There are also the maximum limit method for calculating the heat of the system and the simple calculation method for circulating water.
In the system design, attention should be paid to maintaining the balance and stability of water supply pressure and water temperature in order to achieve the purpose of comfort and water saving. In the pressure balance of cold and hot water, attention should be paid to controlling the head loss, paying attention to the setting position of water heating equipment, and reasonably selecting the vertical partition of cold and hot water. In the control of stable water temperature, choose the appropriate automatic temperature adjustment device of water heating equipment and handle the mechanical circulation system of hot water well.
2.3 Energy saving of hot water system
The energy-saving problem of hot water supply system has reached a new position, and its energy-saving measures include: increasing the water supply temperature, lowering the water temperature, using mixed faucet or thermostat to reduce heat loss, selecting high-quality insulation materials, improving the heating mode, and selecting efficient heat exchange equipment.
2.4 Water quality treatment of hot water
Mainly to prevent hot water from scaling, damage equipment and pipelines, and reduce heat transfer efficiency. When the water consumption is large and the water quality is poor, the water quality of the central hot water supply system should be softened before heating. In addition to dosing treatment, electrostatic treatment technology, electronic treatment technology and magnetization treatment technology should be adopted to ensure the stability of circulating hot water quality.
In addition, the problem of Legionella in hot water has also attracted attention. China has improved the volume and structure of water heaters or water storage tanks, and adopted certain conditions to inhibit the growth of bacteria and Legionella.
3 drainage
3. 1 Water quantity design theory of drainage riser
The popularization and application of plastic drainage pipes deepen the discussion on the design theory of drainage riser's water capacity. There are three viewpoints: one is the water film gravity flow theory, which assumes that the pressure fluctuation of the water flow in the pipe is not large and will not destroy the water seal of the appliance, thus generating the load limit value of the design flow of the riser; The second is to deny the calculation formula of gravity flow of circulating water film. Under the condition of circulating water film flow, the energy equation of riser airflow movement is established, and the displacement results of riser are contradictory. Thirdly, it is considered that the gravity flow around the water film is a highly assumed water flow state for flow calculation, which is conservative and feasible for calculation, but not comprehensive for establishing the energy equation of air flow movement. In this regard, there is still a lack of a large number of experiments and practices to verify it in China. The key to control the water flow capacity of the riser is the pressure in the riser, which is related to the above factors such as water displacement, roughness coefficient of the pipe wall, water flow speed and so on.
3.2 Drainage and ventilation technology
The main purpose is to provide the escape of gas in drainage and achieve the function of ventilation; Prevent negative siphon and positive splash of water seal in drainage system to ensure air circulation; Quickly keep the drainage smooth and quiet. Its ventilation modes include internal (external) ventilation and through ventilation. A ventilation valve and a single riser drainage system with special fittings were developed. Ventilation valve is used to supplement air and prevent the gas in the pipeline from entering the room, which is currently in the stage of engineering practice. Code for design of drainage system of single riser for special fittings has been issued, which improves the water flow capacity of risers and reduces the number of risers. But this product is now limited to cast iron products.
3.3 Roof rainwater drainage problem
Through many years of engineering practice experience, we have a comprehensive understanding and systematic research on roof rainwater drainage technology. In the design, it is clear whether the water flow state in the pipeline system is pressure flow drainage or gravity flow drainage. These two design methods are included in the design of roof rainwater drainage in China.
Rules.
3.4. Local treatment and disinfection of small domestic sewage
In the south of China, domestic sewage treatment equipment has been installed in a certain range, which also puts forward new requirements for water supply and drainage design of buildings. There are some differences between building domestic sewage and urban sewage, and the discharge standard after treatment also has its own characteristics. In the treatment process, contact oxidation, A2O and SBR are often used to reduce BOD, COD and ammonia nitrogen. The treatment structure can be located in the outdoor underground or basement of the building, and the material is concrete, FRP or steel structure. Construction sewage treatment also needs to consider odor emission treatment.
In sewage disinfection, chlorine tablets are widely used in the south; In the northern region, chlorine dioxide cooperative disinfection device is used for electrolytic production of ClO _ 2 mixed gas.
3.5 Sanitary Ware
The improvement of living standards puts forward new requirements for sanitary wares, paying more attention to comfort, reliability, quietness and energy saving. Now there are various high-standard and leisure sanitary wares. Many well-known foreign manufacturers have also entered China to produce various new products. 4 building fire protection technology
4. 1 hydrant water supply system
Building fire protection design has become an important part of building water supply and drainage. In the fire hydrant water supply system, more attention is paid to fighting the initial fire, and the constant pressure pump is often used to maintain the normal high pressure of the system. Add small-caliber self-rescue water guns to provide non-fire professionals.
Use. There are pressure reducing valves, multi-outlet pumps and pressure stabilizing valves in the partition to ensure the water pressure and water output of the fire hydrant. In order to ensure the fire extinguishing device can be put into operation in time, the automatic switching device between the working pump and the standby pump is strengthened.
4.2 Automatic sprinkler system
The development of high-rise, super-high-rise and large-scale industrial buildings has strengthened the application of automatic sprinkler technology. Automatic sprinkler facilities are located in fire-prone areas, evacuation passages, crowded places, fire-prone areas, places where people are not easy to evacuate and places where water spraying is needed to cool down. In high-rise buildings, for glass curtain wall, atrium cloister, escalator entrance and common fire shutter, the sprinkler encryption method is used instead of water curtain. The elevated warehouse introduced foreign large-scale water drop nozzles and ESFR nozzles, and introduced the purpose of sprinkler from "fire control" to "fire fighting".
4.3 Gas fire extinguishing
Actively apply substitutes for alkyl halides. At present, gas fire extinguishing agents and fire extinguishing systems are increasingly diversified, including FM 200, CEA, IN ERGEN, Trio-dide and so on. In addition, water spray is applied to electric fire extinguishing and foam spray is applied to garage fire extinguishing, which expands the application scope of automatic sprinkler system.
5 Pipes and equipment
5. 1 Pipeline and connection mode
In water supply, hot-dip galvanized steel pipe, water supply plastic pipe and metal-plastic composite pipe have appeared one after another. Rigid PVC is a chemical building material actively promoted and applied, which overcomes the corrosion problem of pipelines, has small water flow resistance, light weight and convenient installation. These new materials have been applied to hot water supply and drinking water system.
In terms of drainage, the Ministry of Construction promulgated the Technical Specification for Rigid PVC Pipe for Building Drainage in 1989, and popularized the application of U-shaped PVC pipe in the internal drainage engineering of buildings below1000 mm. After many years of engineering practice, the technical problems such as thermal expansion and cold contraction, heat resistance and aging resistance of pipes have been solved. Now, the emphasis is on joint leakage prevention, drainage noise control and the application of plastic pipes in high-rise buildings. There are also composite plastic pipes to reduce noise transmission, fireproof sleeves to prevent the spread of high-rise fires, centrifugal casting or ductile iron pipes. Pipeline connections include flexible connections, such as RK, RP, STL and ZPR flexible interfaces.
5.2 Building water supply and drainage equipment
In pneumatic water supply technology, there are forced hydraulic automatic gas supply methods, including high-position setting and low-position setting of gas supply tanks; It can alleviate and adjust the volume expansion of hot water, and can also be used for the adjustment of fire water volume and pressure control. In the technology of variable frequency speed regulation water supply, there are variable pressure variable water supply equipment, multipoint control constant pressure variable water supply equipment, double constant pressure water supply equipment for life and fire fighting system, and variable frequency pneumatic water supply equipment combining variable frequency speed regulation with pneumatic water tank. Among the water pump products, there are vertical pumps with low center of gravity and low outlet, multi-outlet pumps with two or more outlets, pumps with smooth flow-lift curve suitable for fire water supply, and so on. In the production of heat exchanger, some improvement measures have been taken, such as increasing the flow rate of heat medium to make the heating coil vibrate to form a local turbulent zone, increasing the diversion baffle, separating the heating zone and storage zone of water, reducing the cross-sectional area of heating water, setting a circulating pump to circulate continuously during the heating process, and utilizing the residual heat of steam condensate. In addition, China has been able to produce water supply pressure reducing valves, and has accumulated some experimental data. Submersible pump has been widely used in drainage, and a non-blocking drainage pump with tearing function and grinding device has been developed Local water treatment equipment, such as grease trap and sedimentation tank, has become a series. Floor drain production has many forms, such as multi-channel, anti-overflow, quick opening, adjustable, side wall and so on. There are many kinds of products for domestic sewage treatment and middle water treatment equipment in buildings to choose from. Swimming pool water treatment comprehensive equipment, began to apply mechanical wave making and
Hydraulic wave-making technology and equipment. In the circulating cooling water system, the production of cooling tower has reached the international level, and there are corresponding water quality treatment and stabilization equipment.
6 Other aspects
6. 1 engineering construction standard
In the past, the compilation period of specifications was long, the content was too simple and the technology was seriously lagging behind. In recent years, the revision of norms has intensified. While there are mandatory specifications for building water supply and drainage technology, many recommended specifications of 10 have been completed, filling the gaps in domestic engineering construction standards. In the construction of standard drawings, new contents are constantly added and often modified and updated to enhance operability. Timely reflect the technical level of building water supply and drainage, and improve the overall professional level.
6.2 the application of CAD technology
CAD technology has been widely used in designers. There are many application software packages for water supply and drainage specialty. In computer drawing, it can automatically generate and display perspective while drawing a plan, making the plane and three-dimensional more intuitive. The software can also generate a perspective view after the plan. In the development of software, professional characteristics are highlighted, all of which are based on AutoCAD, but the software has not been well developed in calculation and optimization. The software is in the primary drawing application stage.
6.3 Water supply and drainage design in intelligent building
Pay attention to building automation system, and use computer technology to measure, monitor and automatically control water supply and drainage equipment. Water supply and drainage major mainly puts forward monitoring requirements for sanitary equipment and fire fighting equipment. In the water supply system, it is suggested to monitor, control, measure and record the flow, pressure (differential pressure), temperature and liquid level. In the drainage system, it is suggested that the flow can be measured, recorded and blocked. In the fire extinguishing system, the monitoring mode and position are put forward, which can reflect the running state in time.
Automation system started late, but now there are intelligent building design standards. In residential areas, remote water meters have been widely used in water supply metering. Due to less product specifications and large investment, the requirements of automatic control of water supply and drainage are limited.
The development of building water supply and drainage in China must constantly sum up experience, absorb new technologies from abroad, create a technical system of building water supply and drainage, and raise the engineering technology of building water supply and drainage to a new level.
Second, the graduation design (thesis) scheme introduction (main content)
Water supply and drainage and fire protection design of Jiangsu telephone equipment communication building, design and compilation of water supply and drainage and fire protection construction drawings, expansion of preliminary design instructions and calculation books of each system; Foreign language translation.
This construction project is located in Yangzhou City, Jiangsu Province, with Xincheng River in the west and Wenchang West Road in the north. The building has two floors underground and 0/3 floors above ground/kloc-,with a total construction area of 29,000 square meters, an aboveground construction area of 22,900 square meters, an underground construction area of 69,000 square meters and a height of 59.5 meters. It belongs to a high-rise building.
The second floor is a non-motor vehicle garage; There are wartime civil air defense materials warehouses, pools, pump houses, strong and weak electricity rooms, etc. In the basement; The first and second floors are customer reception services; The third floor is the canteen and dining room; The fourth floor is the conference activity room; The fifth to seventh floors are call centers; Office on the eighth to ninth floors; 1 1 to 13 floors are reference rooms; There is a computer room on the roof.
I) Preliminary plan related to water supply
In order to meet the domestic and fire water demand, this project is supplied by the municipal water supply pipeline, which is connected from the municipal water supply pipeline of Wenchang West Road on the north side, and the municipal water pressure is 0. 16Mpa.
The water supply mode is divided into districts. The basement, the first floor and the second floor are directly supplied with water by the municipal pipe network, and the second floor and above adopt the "municipal pipe network-water storage tank-pressurized water pump-roof water tank-water point" water supply system combining water pump and water tank.
The pool and pump room are located in the center of the basement.
2) Preliminary plan related to drainage
Domestic sewage and wastewater meet indoors and outdoors, and are discharged into the municipal sewage pipe network system nearby after being pretreated by septic tanks.
Restaurant wastewater is degreased by oil separation tank, and underground garage wastewater is lifted to the outside through oil separation tank and discharged into municipal pipe network. Roof rainwater adopts gravity flow rainwater system and is directly discharged into nearby rainwater inspection wells.
3) Preliminary fire fighting plan
1, automatic fire extinguishing system
Therefore, this project is equipped with an automatic sprinkler system, which is calculated and arranged according to the medium risk level, except the toilet with a building area of less than 5 square meters, the electrical equipment room unsuitable for water fire extinguishing and the open corridor communicating with the outdoor.
The alarm valve group is centrally arranged in the underground water pump room.
Spray water is directly extracted from the fire pool through the spray pump, with a fire water tank on the roof and a water pump coupler outdoors. When the static pressure of the fire water tank does not meet the requirements, a booster and pressure stabilizing pump system is set.
In addition, heptafluoropropane FM200 gas fire extinguishing system is proposed for all data rooms, battery rooms and substations.
The first floor diesel generator room adopts water spray fire extinguishing system.
2. Fire hydrant system
Fire hydrant water is directly extracted from the fire pool through the fire pump, with a fire water tank on the roof and a water pump adapter outdoors. Each floor is equipped with fire-extinguishing bolt fire-extinguishing system.
When the outlet pressure of fire hydrant is greater than 0.5MPa, it is proposed to adopt pressure-reducing and pressure-stabilizing fire hydrant.
When the static pressure of the fire water tank does not meet the requirements, a booster and pressure stabilizing pump system is set.
3. Fire pool
As there is only one water inlet in this project, a fire pool is set up to ensure fire safety. The fire pool is located in the basement water pump room. Its size is determined according to the water consumption of automatic sprinkler and fire hydrant protection time.
4, fire extinguisher configuration
All floors of this project are equipped with fire extinguishers. The office area is configured according to the medium risk level, and the computer room area is configured according to the serious risk level. Fire extinguishers should be added in the strong and weak electricity room, elevator room, control room and substation.
4) Preliminary scheme of civil air defense works
There is a warehouse for civil defense materials in the basement of this project. Automatic sprinkler and fire extinguishing system shall be set up. The design and calculation of water supply and drainage and fire protection system should refer to the specific requirements of relevant codes of civil air defense engineering.
Three, the main references of graduation project (thesis)
1) china municipal engineering Southwest Design and Research Institute. Water supply and drainage design manual volume 1 (commonly used data). Second edition. Beijing:
China Building Industry Press, 200 1.
2) china municipal engineering Southwest Design and Research Institute. Handbook of Water Supply and Drainage Design Volume 2 (Building Water Supply and Drainage). Second edition. north
Beijing: China Building Industry Press, 200 1.
3) china municipal engineering Northwest Design and Research Institute. Water supply and drainage design manualNo. 1 1 (shared equipment). Second edition. Beijing:
China Building Industry Press, 200 1.
4) china municipal engineering North China Design and Research Institute. Water supply and drainage design manualNo. 12 (equipment and devices). Second edition. North.
Beijing: China Building Industry Press, 200 1.
5) Chen Yaozong, Jiang, Hu. Handbook of water supply and drainage design for buildings. Second edition. Beijing: China Building Industry Press.
She, 1994.
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⑦ Feng and Fu Wanxia. Circulation mode and water saving of central hot water supply system. Water supply and drainage in China. 200 1, 17 (9);
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8) Code for Design of Building Water Supply and Drainage by the Ministry of Construction of People's Republic of China (PRC). GBJ500 15-2003。 China Planning Press.
9) Code for Fire Protection Design of High-rise Civil Buildings of People's Republic of China (PRC) Ministry of Construction. GB 50045-95。 China Planning Press.
10) Code for Design of Automatic Sprinkler Fire Fighting by the Ministry of Construction of People's Republic of China (PRC). . GB50084-200 1。 +0. China Planning Press.
1 1) Code for Construction and Acceptance of Automatic Sprinkler System of People's Republic of China (PRC) Ministry of Construction. GB 5026 1-96。 Planned by China.
Edition club.
12) China Architectural Standards Design and Research Institute. Atlas of water supply and drainage standard combination S 1 (below). Beijing: China Building Standards.
Published by Design Institute, 2002.
13) China Architectural Standards Design and Research Institute. S2 Atlas of Water Supply and Drainage Standards (I). Beijing: China Building Standards.
Published by Design Institute, 2002.
14) China Architectural Standards Design and Research Institute. Atlas of water supply and drainage standards (S3 part). Beijing: China Building Standards.
Published by Design Institute, 2002.
15) Code for Design of civil air defence basement issued by the Ministry of Construction of People's Republic of China (PRC). GB 50038-2005。 China Planning Press.
16) Code for Fire Protection Design of Civil Air Defense Engineering of People's Republic of China (PRC) Ministry of Construction. GB 50098-98。 China Planning Press.
17) code for fire protection design of garages, garages and parking lots issued by People's Republic of China (PRC) Ministry of construction. GB 50067-97。 China design.
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-Druckent Vasselangor