Choosing a topic is the real starting point of scientific research. The first problem encountered in scientific research is what topic to choose and

How to choose a topic is the first step of the whole scientific research work. This first step is of great significance to future researchers.

It is of strategic significance. It determines the main direction and objectives of scientific research work and stipulates the measures to be taken.

Methods and approaches. For this reason, scientists attach great importance to scientific research topics. The famous scientist Weiner said:

Knowing what to do is more important than knowing what to do.

Topic selection is a powerful driving force for scientific research. Because many valuable and attractive topics will stimulate research.

When people think, study and study, problems always come before research activities, which is the earliest in the unknown world.

Pioneer is also the starting point of all scientific exploration.

Topic selection is an important research work. The topic selection is not a simple and random question, but a valuable one.

Meaningful scientific questions. In this sense, it is more important to put forward a scientific research topic than to solve a practical problem.

Difficulties. Because to choose a valuable and creative topic, not only the source of the purpose of solving the problem, but also considerable.

Scientific literacy, to understand the value of the topic, to have imagination, to have a strong interest in the topic, there are

A considerable knowledge reserve and so on.

Topic selection is the embodiment of the talent of scientific researchers. The topic selection is not only directly related to what kind of results will be produced, but also

It is related to the success or failure of scientific research. The history of science shows that there are many factors that affect the success of research, among which

One of the most obvious reasons is the right topic, and researchers can only succeed if they choose the right topic.

Because of the proper topic selection, researchers can apply their knowledge and wisdom to the most effective scientific research work.

In the sense of cultivating research ability, especially young researchers, their demand for research activities is new.

Consciously training the ability of selecting topics is a basic training for research work and a basic skill for scientific researchers.

Second, the perspective of scientific research topics

Searching for valuable scientific research topics is a creative thinking process and a flexible research art.

. In fact, in social life, there are a lot of problems to choose from in various disciplines. Scientific research topics are

Multiple sources, multiple channels.

1. Choose a topic from real life

The problems people encounter in real life are very extensive, and the topics are extremely extensive, as big as world politics.

From politics, economy, culture and art to daily life, it is not difficult to find them as long as you explore them deeply.

There are many topics worth studying. Marx discovered surplus prices from ordinary commodities.

Law of value. As a scientific research topic, it is not superficial problems, but problems with a certain depth.

The problem of value needs some thinking, even investigation and research, before it can be discovered.

The need of reality is the first choice of scientific research. In the early 1930s, the American economy was in a big state.

At the lowest ebb of depression, how to get rid of economic difficulties is a problem that people are generally concerned about and has become a lot of economics.

A hot topic of economists' research. American scholars who have won the Nobel Prize in Economics are interested in or studying economic theory.

Most of them began in the 1930s. Milton. Friedman said that he is engaged in the study and research of economics.

The results inspired by the times (my road to success, Liaoning University Press, p. 82). China's current economy

There are many problems in economic life that need to be solved urgently, such as establishing a modern enterprise system and some large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises.

Turning losses into profits, product quality, consumer rights protection and so on are all worth studying.

An important investigation topic.

Many puzzling problems in political life are also worth studying. For example, why is the society after World War II?

Socialism is the aspiration of the people, but the drastic changes in Eastern Europe in the late 1980s and early 1990s, the disintegration of the Soviet Union, and more capitalism.

Monument in people's hearts; The rigid planned economy system almost ruined China's socialist future, while the market economy

Under the economic system, large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises that dominate China's fate have suffered serious losses; Over the years, the CPC Central Committee has repeatedly stressed the need to grasp

Many practical measures have been taken in party style construction, but the wind of corruption is spreading ... How to correctly understand and

To solve these problems, we need to discuss them in depth.

2. Theoretical research topics

Human knowledge is infinitely developing, and the truth of theory is only relative, and the contradiction between theory and fact.

It always exists, and the completeness of the theoretical system is not eternal. Even if it is a "conclusive" theoretical point of view.

With the development of practice and understanding, it needs to be continuously expanded and deepened. Therefore, with an exploratory and critical eye,

Looking at the existing and traditional theoretical viewpoints, we will often find new problems. For example, in traditional cultural theory,

Problems of inheritance and development, historical events and people's evaluation. The "ancient" in modern historiography comes from doubting the ancient.

In the summer of 1922, Mr. Gu Jiegang, the founder of the school of historical debate, learned from Yao Shunyu when he was writing a history textbook for middle schools.

The status of the problem and the evolution of related legends, found that the level of ancient historical structure, originally caused by the accumulation of layers. He admitted.

For Shennong, Huangdi, Yaoshun and other historical figures, their time and historical order are correct.

On the contrary. 1923, he formally proposed "the ancient history of China caused by accumulation" to the academic circles, breaking the tradition.

Concept, caused an academic debate about ancient history.

Marxist theory also needs to be constantly enriched and developed. China economist Xu Dixin was in the 1930s.

Began to study the generalized political economy put forward by Engels. At that time, Capital was regarded as the basic content of economics.

Capacity, can't adapt to the needs of the China revolution, especially can't adapt to the semi-colonial and semi-feudal society of China's youth.

In order to meet the needs of understanding economics, Xu Dixin decided to write Generalized Political Economy, the first and second volumes of which were published in 1949.

The third volume (1954) was published, which contributed to the China of Marxism.

We should pay attention to those contradictory theoretical problems and analyze why through research.

Will there be contradictions, where is the focus of contradictions, and whether the latter conclusion is the development or revision of the previous conclusion?

3. Choose topics from academic debates of different schools and viewpoints.

Scientific research is an exploratory and creative thinking, and there are often differences and disputes about the same viewpoint and theory.

Theory, and even form different schools. For example, the dispute between apes about the boundary between rivers and borders, and the dispute about the starting point of feudal society in China.

The dispute between economic determinism and cultural determinism, the dispute between market regulation and planned regulation, and socialism replacing capital.

Debate between ism and convergence theory, research on foreign Marxist schools, and theoretical research on "Western Marxism".

Wait a minute. In the debate, there will be right and wrong, even if it is basically correct, there will be imperfections and disputes.

Both sides of the theory will have many problems worth discussing and studying. Therefore, pay attention to academic debates and understand them deeply.

The history, present situation and focus of the debate are important ways to find problems and choose research topics.

He Qifang, a famous writer and outstanding literary theorist, has grasped a controversial theory in the literary and art circles.

On the issue, that is, the typical issue of art, he broke the routine at that time with the courage and boldness of a theorist.

A general view of status. I put forward my own unique opinion, which is a typical "* * * name" theory. He said: "In practice.

In our life, in literary phenomena, we can't draw a mathematical boundary between characters and classes.

All equal signs. "Resolutely oppose the tendency of simplification and metaphysics in literary theory.

4. Select topics from the infiltration and intersection of disciplines.

The infiltration and intersection of disciplines is the inevitable trend of the development of science in breadth and depth, and everything is universal.

In the past, people paid attention to research from the relative independence of disciplines.

In a word, modern science pays attention to the mutual penetration and intersection of research disciplines, and exists in the "zone" of the penetration and intersection of disciplines.

There are many new topics to choose from. These fields mainly include: comparative discipline: for different systems, through comparison

Comparative analysis, exploring the relationship between * * * and laws and special laws, for example, comparative philosophy, comparative history, comparative law,

Comparative management topics; Marginal discipline: in the marginal zone of two or three disciplines, they are formed by combining with each other.

New research objects, such as social psychology and management psychology; Soft science: management and decision-making

As a comprehensive and intelligent discipline, its research objects are mostly related to the national economy and society.

Complex systems related to the development of science and technology, such as management science, leadership science, decision science, forecasting,

Special topics in policy science, strategic science and consulting science; Comprehensive discipline: the application of multidisciplinary theories, methods and means.

Three-dimensional research topics from different aspects; Interdisciplinary: To conduct research on the basis of interdisciplinary research.

Some * * * have the same properties in everything; Superscience: studying general laws from a higher level, such as science of science and philosophy.

The theme of learning.

Guo Moruo has a wide range of interests and profound knowledge, and attaches great importance to the research of related disciplines and interdisciplinary subjects. he is

In order to put the study of ancient history on a more solid foundation, I spent a lot of energy on the study of ancient literature in China.

Breakthrough achievements have been made in the study of ancient Oracle Bone Inscriptions.

Lawrence, American economist and Nobel laureate in economics? Klein put econometric methods and

Keynesian macroeconomic analysis methods are combined to establish a new American economic model.

5. Select topics from scientific research management and planning.

Countries, provinces and cities and various academic groups often put forward many scientific research topics, such as countries, provinces and cities.

Planning key topics and annual topics is generally very important in theory and practice.

This topic should be an important topic source for scientific researchers. This kind of topic is a leading topic, and there are many.

This is a very difficult and large-scale subject. When choosing a topic, researchers should proceed from their own advantages and make the topic concrete.

Body, to ensure its feasibility. In addition, in various scientific research plans formulated by governments and scientific research departments at all levels,

Many research topics have also been put forward, which is also an important source of topics.

6. Choose topics from intuitive thinking and unexpected discovery.

Researchers have a strong interest in exploring research objects, which is also an important source of scientific research topics.

A large number of topics worthy of study are first manifested in various social phenomena, and the task of scientific research is to understand phenomena.

Quality. Phenomenon is the most easily felt problem. At this time, this topic often benefits from the imagination of researchers.

Inspiration, intuition, and the capture of opportunities brought by these intuitive thinking and unexpected discoveries. Of course, this choice

The topic may be naive and superficial at first, which requires in-depth thinking and argumentation. Guo Moruo is related to the follow-up investigation.

In Zheng Chenggong's deeds, he accidentally discovered the coins made by Zheng Chenggong, thus putting China in the history of coinage.

It has been pushed for nearly 200 years, further discovering Zheng Chenggong's fiscal policy and grand plan to revitalize the country, thus promoting the later period.

Research on Ming history.

Philosopher and logician Jin often said that his interest in logic originated in the streets of Paris.

1924 One day, Jin He was walking on the street in Paris when he met a group of people arguing fiercely.

, aroused his curiosity, he wanted to have a reliable (logical reasoning) method to solve the dispute.

The source of the above summary is only some direction clues for reference, and it can't cover everything.

There are research directions and topics, and there are endless topics worth studying for complex social phenomena. will

Choosing a suitable topic requires researchers to have the spirit of exploration and creation.

Third, the general principles of scientific research topics

The problems faced by scientific research can be said to be endless. There is only one choice for a scientific researcher.

Among them, the appropriate topic. How to choose, there is no fixed model, and scientific research topics that sum up historical experience and lessons can be done.

Summarize some principles

1. Purpose principle

The first problem to be solved in scientific research topic selection should be "why", and the purpose is the primary source of topic selection.

Then.

The most fundamental purpose of topic selection is to meet the needs of society. The 13th National Congress of the Communist Party of China has clearly pointed out that the Ministry of Development

The primary task of learning technology is to revitalize the economy. At present, the scale of economic construction and social development in China is even larger.

Marching into the breadth and depth, the topics that need to be solved and studied are getting newer, more complex and more difficult.

Such as energy, transportation, food, management, trade, employment, population,

Human rights issues, etc., solving one of the practical problems is contribution. Scientific research must meet the needs of society.

Only in this way can there be a real future.

Related to the purpose and necessity of the topic is the value of the topic. Only scientific research projects have to be solved.

Problems are valuable, such as economic value, social value, theoretical value and academic value. And then it can be realized.

To meet the needs of society. Therefore, the value of the topic has become a standard to measure the purpose and necessity of the topic.

Yes, the principles of purpose, necessity and value are consistent in the topic selection.

On the topic selection, we should pay attention to the following aspects when implementing the purpose principle.

First, generally choose practical topics.

Second, we should not only pay attention to the urgent affairs, but also pay attention to the topic of scientific prediction, and pay attention to the practical needs and long-term needs.

Far needs to merge.

Third, both theoretical research and applied research are equally important.

Fourth, make full use of local departmental conditions and pay attention to the use of external conditions.

Fifth, actively carry out and undertake collaborative projects, especially research projects combining politics with Industry-University-Research.

How can we achieve the purpose of topic selection? It is very important to fully implement the principle of creativity in selecting topics.

2. The principle of innovation

The essence of scientific research should be creativity, and the most important principle to evaluate the quality of scientific research results is to look at the results.

Therefore, whether there is innovation or not, we should pay full attention to this point from the beginning of scientific research topic selection. National degree thesis

There are clear requirements, among which the master's thesis should have new opinions, showing that the author has the ability to engage in scientific research or is independent.

Ability to undertake specialized business work. Doctoral thesis should be a creative achievement. Avoid repeating others in scientific research projects.

Solved the problem.

The so-called innovative topic refers to the topic that has not been solved or completely solved and is expected to be studied.

The main body of obtaining new achievements with certain value. Such as new ideas, new ideas, new ideas, new designs, new concepts,

New theories, new means, new products, new quality, new benefits, etc. Innovation is novel, exploratory and leading.

Aggressive, adventurous and other characteristics. It further embodies the necessity and value of the subject.

On the topic selection, the key to implementing the principle of innovation lies in the word "new". Where is the subject of this innovation?

? Generally speaking, in all kinds of contradictions, especially in the old and new contradictions. Such as new facts and

The contradiction between old theory, new theory and old theory, and the contradiction between different disciplines. These contradictions are prominent.

Now: the frontier of scientific development, the gap between disciplines, and different theoretical viewpoints and schools are arguing.

Fields, areas where research work has encountered setbacks and failures, and so on. This requires researchers to be sharp-eyed and seize clues.

Chasing for a breakthrough.

These requirements are generally difficult for researchers. Many experienced tutors are here.

When guiding students' scientific research, they are often guided from the following three aspects: First, they are innovative in local topics.

Make love. That is, to solve an unsolved factor in a multi-factor big problem, or to understand it thoroughly.

Completely reasonable analysis opinions; Second, expand on the basis of other people's research results and have their own supplements.

New insights or improvements; Third, correct other people's mistakes. In short, innovation can be big or small, difficult or easy,

How to choose a topic depends on everyone's specific situation.

The topic selection needs to be valuable and innovative. Such topic selection and completion cannot be daydreamed and divorced from reality.

In fact, there must be a certain scientific basis, so the topic selection needs to follow the principle of seeking truth from facts.

3. The principle of realism

The reality of topic selection means that the topic selection should be based on real and reliable basis, or factual basis, or scientific principles.

On this basis, the topic should have a reason.

Any new topic or even new achievements are put forward on the basis of existing achievements and created on the basis of inheritance.

New. Theoretical research should have a certain factual basis, and applied research should have a certain theoretical basis.

As the physiologist Pavlov said, practical things are the air of scientists. Without practical things, they will fly forever.

No, get up.

Insisting on seeking truth from facts means adhering to the principle of seeking truth from facts of dialectical materialism. In the topic selection, you can't

Contrary to the facts and laws tested by practice in a certain range, based on scientific theory, it is essentially based on

Based on objective facts and objective laws. However, the understanding of facts and theories should also be controversial.

Certification. The facts and theories on which the topic is selected are not comprehensive and thorough, but also have certain limitations.

And they are all changing and developing. With the deepening and development of practice, there are new understandings, new discoveries and new developments.

Ming will also conduct a new review of existing facts and theories, so the word "reality" in seeking truth is not rigid.

, dull. Therefore, the principle of realism requires that when choosing a topic, we should respect the facts and not stick to them.

We should not only accept the guidance of existing theories, but also dare to break through the shackles of traditional concepts and adopt a dialectical analysis attitude.

Degree.

Can you start the topic selection work by satisfying the above three principles? You also need to analyze and complete the topic selection.

Subjective and objective conditions. There is also a practical principle.

4. Feasibility principle

Scientific research is an exploratory and creative activity to understand and transform the world, and it always follows certain laws.

The number of pieces is limited. As Engels said, we can only understand it under the conditions of our times, and these conditions are up to.

To what extent, we realize to what extent. The feasibility principle embodies the conditional principle. If you choose a theme

There are no subjective and objective conditions that can be completed, and even the best topic can only be desire. Therefore, the feasibility is primitive.

It is the key to determine whether the topic can be selected successfully.

When choosing a topic, we must take into account the difficulties we will encounter. Such as theory, technology and data.

, various interpersonal relationships and so on. It should be possible to solve these difficulties. It is difficult to choose a topic.

No, the workload is different. The common mistake is to choose too many topics and try to finish them in a short time.

A big subject.

When selecting a topic, we should fully analyze and estimate the following situations:

First, the subjective conditions of reality. It mainly refers to the knowledge structure, research ability and class of scientific researchers.

Interest, understanding, responsibility, etc.

Second, the objective conditions of reality. Mainly refers to information, funds, time, cooperation conditions, mentors.

Parts, etc. For applied projects, we should also consider the development and promotion conditions of the results and the acceptance conditions adopted by users.

Third, actively create conditions. The so-called conditions, in addition to the existing conditions, for those conditions that are temporarily unavailable,

We can create conditions through our efforts. Lack of knowledge can be supplemented, equipment funds are insufficient, and some can also work hard.

Try to overcome some difficulties. If the situation is unknown, we can conduct investigation and study first.

When choosing a topic, we should seek advantages and avoid disadvantages according to the conditions we have or can obtain through hard work.

Conditions, overcome unfavorable conditions, and choose research topics that basically meet your own situation.

The above principles reflect the social demand, social contribution, scientific basis and basic principles of the topic selection respectively.

Pieces, these are the four interrelated and mutually restrictive principles. In practice, the situation is often very complicated.

More, the most fundamental point is to strictly choose the topic and make the best choice, that is, to make the biggest one.

Strive to complete the most creative and valuable projects. Take this as the goal of my research.

Iv. Project establishment and evaluation

Scientific research topic selection is essentially a comprehensive and systematic research work, and whether its results are appropriate or not,

Right and wrong. It is not a whim, nor is it arbitrary, especially those that are significant.

A difficult and expensive subject. In order to ensure that the topic is correct, it needs to be taken seriously. In theme selection

Before the formal opening of the topic, it is still necessary to scientifically demonstrate and evaluate the topic and make a decision on the best scheme. exist

The following procedures are essential in evaluation and decision-making.

Opening report (i.e. project application). Including the subject source, research purpose, significance, research at home and abroad.

The status quo, innovation and difficulties, main research methods, measures, steps, phased results and final results of the project.

Goals, the quality and level of researchers, the advanced nature of research results, benefits, budget and so on.

Demonstration and evaluation. Five methods or steps are usually adopted, namely, investigation, comparison, prediction and synthesis.

Decision method.

Historical comparison/current situation investigation/future forecast

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system integration

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Optimizing decisions

Expert review. It is the most critical and important procedure and basis for questioning. The expert review team mainly reviews

Project application. Evaluate one by one, and if there are key conditions that do not meet the requirements, eliminate them.

Approved by the supervisor. The examination and approval work of the competent department is mainly to grasp the direction and highlight the key points of work, which is also

Allocate funds in a comprehensive, balanced and reasonable way.

Projects that are not approved are generally immature, meet the requirements and need to be created.

Another manifesto. Of course, there may also be cases where the expert group has not evaluated enough, the leadership level is not enough, and there is no real identification.

The situation of the project. If conditions permit, such topics can still be studied as elective topics.