Perennial epiphytic evergreen herbs. Leaves leathery, oblong-lanceolate, sharp at the top and round at the base. Roots are fleshy and internodes are short; Leaves evergreen, leathery, oblong and heart-shaped. The spathe is erect, the rachis sessile, cylindrical, the apex is yellow, the lower part is white, the flowers are bisexual, and there are 2-4 seeds in the small berry, which are pink and dense on the rachis. The flowering period is from February to July, and it can bloom all year round if the temperature and humidity are suitable.

[Edit this paragraph] Ecological habits

I like high-temperature plants, but also like humid environment, avoiding direct sunlight, which requires more careful cultivation. Above 22, it can grow well, and above 30, it is easy to rot. Potted soil should be wet and dry alternately, and it is easy to rot roots when it is wet for a long time. Therefore, it is best to cultivate in fertile and loose culture soil. Generally speaking, mixed culture soil such as humus soil, rafter residue and broken carbon is better. Liquid fertilizer should be applied once a month during the growing season. The overwintering temperature should be above 10, and watering should be controlled.

The optimum growth temperature is 25-28℃. Don't like too much irrigation, the soil requires good drainage and high air humidity. Suitable for cultivation in suitable shade all year round. Rich in humus, loose and well-drained loam is the best culture soil.

[Edit this paragraph] Variety situation

There are about 200 species of plants of the same genus, of which about 20 species have ornamental value. Common ones are: big leaf candle: crystal candle: sword leaf candle:

According to different viewing purposes, it can be divided into three categories. The first kind is cut flowers with upright meat ears, represented by red crane taro; The second type is curved-ear potted flowers, represented by candles; The third category is Ye Guang's heart-shaped, with thick green luster, silvery white texture and beautiful patterns, represented by crystal candles. At present, it is widely cultivated and there are many varieties of cut flowers. According to the color of spathe and fleshy inflorescence, there are the following kinds of cut flowers:

1.Gloria, Alexia: the bud of Buddha is bright red, and the ear axis is yellow;

2. Mauritius and Candea: Buddha's spathe is bright red, and the spike tip is green;

3. Rosetta, Nate: The spathe is deep red and the spike is green;

4. Lydia: The Buddha's bud is crimson, and the spicules are all pink;

5. Margaret Ha: The bud of Buddha is white and the spike is red.

[Edit this paragraph] Breeding methods

Usually used for branching, cutting and sowing.

In spring, select the daughter plants with more than 3 leaves, cut them from the mother plants with stems and roots, wrap them with water moss, transplant them in pots, and replant them after taking root for 3-4 weeks.

Propagation of erect taro varieties with stems by cutting propagation method. The same thing, inserted in water moss, will be planted in a pot after taking root.

After sowing and propagation, taro needs to be cultivated for 3 ~ 4 years before it can blossom. If it is a ramet propagation, it can blossom after 1 year cultivation. Cultivated in the open field, flowers can be produced in summer, and the flowering period can reach 2 months. By controlling environmental conditions, flowers can be realized all year round.

[Edit this paragraph] Cultivation management

I like higher temperature, the suitable growth temperature is 20 to 30 degrees, and the wintering temperature is not lower than 10 degrees. Red crane taro is generally cultivated in protected areas (greenhouse, plastic shed, shade shed). Generally speaking, the night temperature in winter should be kept at 19℃ and the daily temperature at 25℃. In summer, the night temperature is maintained at 24℃ and the daily temperature is 30℃. Under the sunshade net of greenhouse in summer, the temperature shall not exceed 35℃. If the temperature is too high, ventilation should be strengthened. When the cold current comes, the temperature is lower than 15℃, and cold protection measures should be taken.

I like warm and humid, so I need to spray it on the leaves every day. Maintaining humidity is beneficial to leaf growth. Poor drainage or the basin soil is too wet and easy to rot, so pay attention to keep enough water in the basin soil during the peak growth period. Water should be dry and wet. After watering once, water the soil until it is dry. If you like acidic water, you can irrigate it with acidic water or rainwater with a pH of 4 ~ 4.5, or you can regularly apply 0. 1% ~ 0.5% ferrous sulfate. In order to increase air humidity, you can often spray water around leaves and flowerpots, but don't spray water on flowers. After autumn, as the weather turns cold, watering should be gradually reduced. In early spring, watering should be controlled after entering the house and before leaving the house to keep the soil dry. The ideal relative humidity for taro cultivation is 80% ~ 85%, and the seedlings should be controlled at 85% ~ 90% when transplanting.

Suitable for cultivation in semi-shady environment, but it needs plenty of sunshine in winter. The suitable illumination of taro is 15000 ~ 20000 lux. Generally, shading cultivation is needed, and the shading rate should be controlled at 60% ~ 80% according to different climates. Although it is tolerant to semi-shade, strong light is beneficial to flowering, with a large amount of flowering and rich colors. Strong light will turn the leaves yellow again. In order to make the flowers and leaves of flamingos beautiful, we should avoid direct light and receive more light. Potted plants should be maintained near the north window in summer and placed on the sunny windowsill in other seasons. Open-air or greenhouse cultivation can give sunshine in the morning and evening in summer, and should cover about 50% sunshine around noon; There is no shading in other seasons.

Fertilize every half month 1 time during the vigorous growth period from May to September. Top dressing is mainly liquid fertilizer with decomposed organic matter, and phosphorus, potassium fertilizer or compound fertilizer are applied together. When the flower stems are pulled out, branches can be used to support plants.

The growing period is from April to 10. Top dressing should be applied once a week, especially after germination and before flowering. Control water during hibernation. Flower-watching varieties like semi-cool environment, and need sunshine sooner or later, otherwise it is difficult to bloom, and leaf-watching varieties should avoid direct sunlight.

When potted, loam rich in humus, loose and well drained is the best culture soil. 2 portions of rotten leaves is appropriate. Soil or peat soil, 1 part perlite or coarse sand as culture soil, or humus soil (or peat soil, garden soil and moss) and charcoal with a small amount of calcium superphosphate or bone powder as culture soil. It should be placed on wet gravel to increase humidity. Pot soil has good drainage and should not be exposed to strong light. It should be placed on the north windowsill in summer and on the south windowsill in other seasons. The roots should be covered with moss. When loading or changing pots, firstly fill granular broken bricks at the depth of 1/4 ~ 1/3 at the bottom of pots as drainage layer. Change pots every 2 to 3 years 1 time, usually in early spring combined with ramet propagation. When changing pots, remove the old soil and replace it with new culture soil.

[Edit this paragraph] Maintenance points

Flowers consist of bright red spathe and orange-red spikes. The inflorescence is spirally curled, dazzling and charming, giving people a bright and warm feeling. Potted plants should be mixed with humus (or peat soil), moss and a small amount of garden soil, charcoal and calcium superphosphate. During the growing period, apply 1-2 times of thin fertilizer combined with nitrogen and phosphorus or topdressing outside the roots every month. From June 10 to March of the following year, watering should be properly controlled, and watering should be sufficient at other times, otherwise it will affect flowering, but attention should be paid to watering in dry and wet periods to avoid water accumulation in the basin, otherwise it will easily cause root rot. Flammulina velutipes is afraid of cold, and it is advisable to keep the room temperature above 16℃ during wintering. Cold and humid winter will lead to root rot. Flammulina velutipes likes semi-shade and is afraid of strong light, so the enemy should pay attention to proper shade in spring, summer and autumn, and need to block 60% of the sun in summer. In the hot season, it is best to put the flowerpot on a sand table filled with wet sand for maintenance. In winter, it is cultivated indoors near the south window. No shading is needed. In order to maintain high humidity, water should be sprayed on the leaves 2-3 times a day, and water should be sprayed on the ground at the same time. Generally, the pots are changed once every 1-2 years from March to April in early spring. The propagation of flamingo flowers is mainly based on ramets, combined with changing pots in early spring.

Generally speaking, the temperature of setting off fireworks in summer is not higher than 30℃, and it is not lower than 15℃ in winter, and the relative humidity is 70%-80%. The suitable temperature for the growth of Flammulina velutipes is 20℃-25℃, and the highest temperature it can tolerate is 32℃. When the temperature exceeds 32℃, the growth begins to slow down. The lowest tolerance temperature is 15℃, and below 15℃, the leaves will turn black or yellow due to freezing injury. Water it 2-3 times a week. Don't use tap water directly. Leave it for 24 hours before use. In addition, spray the leaves 2-3 times a day to keep the humidity. In winter, it can be placed on the balcony during the day and moved indoors at night. Don't put it on the balcony at noon in summer. Avoid direct sunlight to avoid sunburn. Just put it in the living room, and pour the dilute solution of potassium dihydrogen ferrous sulfate from sesame sauce residue every 10- 15 days. In addition, low-concentration beer can be diluted with water and then wiped to keep the luster of the leaves.

The key to raising flamingo flowers in the north

Flammulina velutipes is not easy to raise in ordinary rooms in the north, so the following points should be paid attention to when cultivating:

1. Except in winter, it can be kept near the south window for maintenance. In other seasons, it should be placed indoors in a semi-shady place to avoid direct light.

2. The suitable growth temperature is between 20℃ and 30℃, and dormancy begins after late autumn, but the room temperature shall not be lower than 65438 05℃, and low temperature shall be avoided. It is also necessary to avoid high temperature, which leads to poor growth.

3, except in winter, should often water, keep the basin soil moist. Flammulina velutipes likes high air humidity. You can put the flowerpot in a shallow basin, which is filled with pebbles and water, and often spray water on the plants and the surrounding ground. Avoid sprinkling water on the flowers after flowering.

4. Potted soil can be mixed with peat soil and pine needle soil, can also be directly used with pine needle soil, and can also be added with a small amount of decomposed horseshoe or long-acting fertilizer. It is best to use cold boiled water (low calcium content) or rainwater. The hole at the bottom of the basin should be padded with ceramic tiles to ensure smooth drainage. From March to August, apply thin fertilizer every one or two weeks.

5. Keep the soil acidic, with a pH of 4-5 between 4 and 5.

How to make the flowers and bright leaves of flamingos more beautiful?

Flamingo flowers like warm, humid and semi-cloudy environment, avoid strong light and are not cold-resistant. Want to raise Flammulina velutipes, you need to master the following cultivation techniques:

① Potted soil should be peat soil with 1/4 perlite and a small amount of bone powder or decomposed cake fertilizer powder mixed evenly; The bottom of the basin should be padded with coarse sand to facilitate drainage.

② water. There should be enough glue in the growing season, and the basin soil should be wet and dry alternately; In late autumn and early spring, the amount of watering should be properly controlled, and the basin soil should not accumulate water. Compound liquid fertilizer should be applied 2~3 times a month.

③ Pay attention to shading around noon in summer, and see more sunshine in the morning and evening; There should be plenty of light in winter.

④ The suitable temperature for growing period is 20 ~ 25℃, and the wintering room temperature is not lower than 65438 06℃. In high temperature season, water should be sprayed on the blades and the ground 2~3 times a day to cool and humidify.

⑤ Every 1~2 years, you need to change pots 1 time in early spring. When changing pots, the old and dead roots should be cut off, and base fertilizer and new culture soil should be added.

[Edit this paragraph] Disease control

Common diseases such as anthracnose, leaf spot and inflorescence rot are sprayed with Bordeaux solution or 500 times solution of 65% zineb wettable powder. Insects include scale insects and red spiders, which can be sprayed with 50% marathon emulsifiable concentrate 1500 times.

During the curing process, it is best to spray 750 times carbendazim or chlorothalonil solution every 7- 10 days. The pests and diseases that are easy to harm Flammulina velutipes are scale insects and thrips.

Scale insects are characterized by frequent activities on the back of leaves. When the damage is serious, it is easy to induce a layer of black mold on the leaves. It's sticky after touching with your hands, and it's not easy to erase. The way to control scale insects is to dissolve a little washing powder in water, gently wipe the leaves and back with a soft cloth, and then wipe with clear water to avoid washing powder remaining on the leaves.

Thrips is a slender yellow worm, which climbs very fast and often attacks young pedicels, leaf pedicels and Buddha's buds. After being damaged by thrips, the leaves are red, the stems and spathe are not smooth and uneven, and the spathe is deformed. The way to control this insect is to use 600-800 times of Kangfuduo.

[Edit this paragraph] Flammulina velutipes transplantation

I. Materials

The experimental materials are the plantlets after multiplication culture (MS+6-Ba0.2+IBA 0. 1+3% sugar) and rooting culture (1/2 MS+6-Ba0. 15% sugar 2%). The seedlings are more than 3 cm high and have more than 3 intact leaves.

Second, the method

(1) Cultivate strong seedlings. The seedlings after 40 days of rooting culture were transferred to the strong seedling culture medium. The formula of culture medium is1/2ms+6-ba0.05+IBA 0.2+2.5% sugar, and the illumination is 2000-2500 1x, every day 12 hours. The temperature requirement is that (25) the height of the seedlings can reach more than 5cm, the leaves are oily green and thick, and the maximum leaf diameter can reach 1.5cm, and then the seedlings can be hardened and transplanted.

(2) hardening the seedlings and moving the test-tube seedlings into the greenhouse. First, close the bottle and refine the seedlings. A week later, open the bottle and continue to temper the seedlings for 5 days. During the hardening period, keep the temperature at 25℃, the light at 2000lx, and the air relative humidity above 90%.

(3) Selection and disinfection of substrates Vermiculite and peat can be used as planting substrates. Before planting, the substrate was disinfected with 0.5% potassium permanganate solution, sealed for 24 hours and ventilated for 2 days before use. The container is a nutrition bowl with a diameter of 6cm, and the bottom of the nutrition bowl should have a small hole to facilitate moisture infiltration, and the substrate should be soaked in clear water.

(4) Planting: the seedlings after hardening are taken out of the culture medium, and then the culture medium attached to the roots is washed with clear water and soaked in 0.2% carbendazim solution for 5 seconds to reduce the occurrence of diseases. Put the nutrition bowl with planted seedlings into an incubator, with sand 15cm thick at the bottom of the incubator, and the bottom of the nutrition bowl should be embedded in the sand. The top of the box is covered with glass plate to keep humidity. The nutriment is filled with nutrient solution composed of macroelements and microelements, and the sand is filled with clear water.

(5) Management ① Ventilation every morning and evening 1 time to avoid diseases caused by poor ventilation in the box. (2) Start pouring 1 times of clean water into the sand every day, pour 1 times of water into the sand every two days after 1 times, and add 1 times of nutrient solution into the nutrition bowl every two weeks to ensure the supply of water and nutrients. When pouring nutrient solution, try to avoid contact between liquid drops and leaves to reduce diseases. (3) The temperature in the room is 25℃-28℃, and the illumination is 1000- 1500lx at the beginning, and then gradually increases, and after 20 days, it is 2000-2500lx.

(6) When the height of seedlings in the pot reaches 8cm, move them into the pot, and the formula of pot soil is 2 parts of river sand+1 part of humus soil +2 parts of garden soil. Before transplanting, soak the pot soil with clear water, dig a hole in the middle, put the seedlings and substrate into the hole, cover the soil and compact, and then pour 4 times MS nutrient solution after planting.

(7) Management of potted flowers ① Shading: Flamingos need less light, so it is advisable to shade and reduce the light, with a light transmittance of 35%-50%. (2) Moisturizing: Flamingos have high requirements on air humidity, and water should be sprayed to increase humidity in summer. ③ Temperature: The required temperature is between 25℃ and 30℃. If the temperature is too low, plants will grow poorly and be prone to pests and diseases. Keep warm in winter and spring. ④ Fertilization: MS nutrient solution 1 time 4 times every 20 days.

[Edit this paragraph] Fertilizer and water management

Flamingo is a shade-tolerant flower. In summer, in addition to controlling its growth temperature at 2 1℃-25℃, the following points should be done well in fertilizer and water management.

1. When using the ebb and flow system, the basin must have edges to make it have good drainage performance. It should be emphasized that the water absorption capacity of the medium is also very important. Pay attention to the dry humidity of the medium at the top of the basin.

2. Use the irrigation pad When using this system, the bottom of the basin must have holes and should be in direct contact with the pad. The water absorption capacity of the substrate used is very important, and the dry humidity of the medium at the top of the basin should also be paid attention to.

3. PVC pipe with spraying device will produce cork-like stripes on flowers because of fertilizer and water. Therefore, according to the degree of stripes, it is necessary to pay attention to washing off the fertilizer liquid on the flowers with clear water within 30 seconds after each irrigation? This method is mostly used for small pot cultivation and seedling.

4. Use drip irrigation system, which is especially beneficial to large-sized potted flowers, with the advantages of keeping plants clean and saving water. Each emitter can drop at least 50 ml of fat water at a time. For a 25 cm pool, it is recommended to use two emitters.

Every irrigation is accompanied by fertilization. The EC value of irrigation water in Holland is 1.2, and the pH value is 5.5. The standard fertilization amount contains a large number of elements, and the concentration is 4 grams of slow-release fertilizer per liter of potted substrate. These plants should be fertilized and watered regularly to prevent the flowerpots from drying up.

5. With the growth of plants, attention should be paid to adjusting the spacing between pots in time to adapt to the healthy growth of plants.

[Edit this paragraph] Value purpose

The landscape is ornamental in potted plants and can also be used as cut flowers. Shade plants.

[Edit this paragraph] Related articles

People who are interested in learning the art of flower arrangement are very particular about the choice of flowers, branches, leaves and fruits. In recent years, many experts in flower arrangement have found that the flamingo flower with unique flower shape is indeed a promising "flower arrangement star".

Flamingo flower, also known as Anthurium andraeanum and taro with red buds. The Greek name "An Shilian" is translated as "a flower with a tail". It is like an open red palm, with a small golden ear on the palm, which is called "Buddha bud" academically.

In fact, strictly speaking, there are many differences between flamingo flowers and Anthurium flowers. Both flower buds are palm-shaped, but the difference is that the meat spike of flamingo flower looks like the bent neck of crane bird, while the meat spike of Anthurium flower looks like a short candle, so it is also called "flower candle". Except for this little difference, the plant height of the two plants is 3o ~ 5o cm, and the leaves are long hearts, similar to sagittarius. The petiole protrudes from the base, the leaves are green and there are silver veins in the middle. If cultivated well, a flower can grow between the axils of almost every leaf. Pedicels are about forty or fifty centimeters long, and most of them are taller than leaves. The safflower it produces is full of shiny wax, which often makes people mistake it for a fake flower made of plastic. It will fade after being inserted for more than 20 days. Therefore, people call it flamingo flower and buy it at will.

Because of its bright and dazzling characteristics, many people in Europe and America regard it as a symbol of "enthusiasm and boldness", and generally adopt the style of western flower arrangement, planting it in a shallow bottle of Int, surrounded by white or purple flowers, making the hall look extremely gorgeous and luxurious. In addition, when a new store opens or celebrates a wedding, people will also choose it as a flower basket to add a festive atmosphere. The Japanese in Tanchang Flower Island also like flamingo flowers very much. When they use the arrangement method of "heaven, earth and people", they often put flamingo flowers in the position of "heaven" to show their heroic spirit, which is called "red round fan"

According to reports, there are more than 25O kinds of flamingos in the world today, most of which are mainly red, and a few are white, orange, purple, pink, red and green. In the international market, red flowers are the best sellers. 199 1 year, there are more than 1.8 million fireworks in Japan. The price of flamingos in Hong Kong is generally 2-3 times higher than that of roses. However, domestic cities are in short supply.

Flammulina velutipes is a perennial herb of Araceae, which is native to tropical rain forests in South America. It is widely distributed in Costa Rica and Guatemala. Now there are many kinds in Holland, Brazil and Colombia. It is characterized by cold and warm, dry and wet, yin and yang. The optimum growth temperature is 18 ~ 25℃, and the critical low temperature is 15℃. If it's too cold, it won't bloom. The required relative humidity is greater than 60%. In recent years, introduction experiments have been carried out in Shanghai, Beijing, Guangzhou and Shenzhen. It is generally reflected that this flower is more delicate and difficult to grow than other plants of the same family. Flower farmers in Hong Kong are accustomed to intensive management, and their cultivation in the open field has also achieved success. However, for commercial production in the mainland, it is necessary to adopt protective facilities such as plastic greenhouses or glass greenhouses, implement rain protection in spring and summer, and keep warm in autumn and winter to improve the quality of cut flowers. It can be propagated by ramets. Cut the stem and sow. At present, pollination and fruiting are still difficult in China. If large-scale production is to be carried out, cell tissue culture and seedling raising can be carried out in order to obtain economic benefits quickly. As for the balcony or ceiling planting at home, because the number is small, as long as you get the ramets of seedlings and pay attention to careful care, you can generally bloom smoothly.

Flammulina velutipes has shallow root distribution. When planting, we should try to use nutrient soil mixed with loose humus soil, broken pond mud, dry animal manure, fine river sand, plant ash and a small amount of calcium superphosphate, so as to make its growth and development have sufficient nutrients.

After planting, it should be drenched with clear water and placed in a cool place. After rooting, it should be placed in a semi-cloudy and semi-sunny position to receive scattered light and enhance photosynthesis. If it is planted on the ceiling, it is necessary to set up a sunshade net cover to block the damage of the hot sun.

Under normal circumstances, flowers can bloom about 150 days after colonization. The flowering period is mostly between summer and autumn. Always pay attention to watering the plants to keep the soil moist. When the weather is dry, properly spray water on the leaves to help them clean the dust. Reduce the water absorption burden of roots. Top dressing every 15 days 1 time. Peanut bran can be used to soak human urine, and diluted to 1O times after decomposition, which has a significant effect on promoting flowers.

[Edit this paragraph] Related issues

Cut flowers should be picked at the right time. Generally, the best harvest time of cut flowers is when the white part of inflorescence exceeds the total inflorescence length 1/3 and is less than 2/3, that is, the florets on the spike are about half open. Early harvest, soft pedicel, too late, color fading, affecting the vase life.

In recent years, it has been introduced from abroad, which is very popular among fans, and every exhibition has been well received. Because Flammulina velutipes is native to tropical areas, it is often dry or difficult to bloom again when cultivated in northern China. The biological characteristics and matters needing attention in management and cultivation are briefly introduced as follows:

Pay attention to the beautiful posture of nourishing flamingo flowers, the leaves are obliquely above the petiole, the plant shape is teacup-shaped from the side, and the petals are extremely bright and red. The key to cultivate Flammulina velutipes is to master the humidity. If the humidity in the growing period can be controlled correctly, it will naturally grow vigorously and blossom and bear fruit. The so-called humidity control is not simply to add excessive water to the cultivation substrate, but to maintain the humidity in the air environment. From spring to autumn, it is not simply to water the roots, but more importantly, to spray water on the leaves, and to spray it in the room where flowers are planted to keep the leaves hydrated enough. When the basin soil is slightly dry in winter, spray it on the leaves 2-3 times a week. If the room temperature is low at night, you can cover the whole plant with plastic film to keep it warm and humid. In addition, the root of Flammulina velutipes is also wet, so putting 20% water-absorbing stone or water-retaining moss in the culture soil around the root can promote the normal growth of the root and have a good effect on the development of the whole plant.

When strengthening the management of topdressing liquid fertilizer, the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 3: 3: 7, and it is diluted 500 times every two months from April to June. The optimum temperature for the growth of Flammulina velutipes is 25-30℃. The minimum temperature during wintering should be at least 65438 05℃. It is not easy for flamingos to bloom due to insufficient light, but direct sunlight will cause leaf burning, so the most ideal measure is to put it in a cool and bright place. Keep it in the center of a warm and bright room in winter and avoid direct sunlight in summer. If it is sunny, it can be placed under the shade of evergreen trees or hung under a shed without strong light to avoid the burning of strong light and the refraction of sunlight. Proper management of water, fertilizer and light can promote the robust growth of flamingo leaves and produce satisfactory flowers.

White pollen is scattered after the flowers that sow and propagate flamingo flowers open. At this time, artificial pollination with dry brush can promote fertilization and fruiting. When the seeds are fully mature, the seeds with the size of sesame seeds are picked and sown, and the suitable sowing period is May-September. Before sowing, wash the seeds with clear water to make them absorb enough water before sowing. First, put 1/2 peat soil into the sowing basin, cover it with a layer of powdery broken moss with a thickness of about 1cm, then put the wet seeds on it, and lightly sprinkle 5- 10 mm moss powder with a fine sieve. After sowing, put the flowerpot in the shade, avoid direct sunlight, and keep the temperature to facilitate germination and emergence.