After the Revolution of 1911, he served as a member of the Nanjing Provisional Government and the Ministry of Education of Beijing Government, and taught in Peking University and Women's Normal University. 19 18 in may, the diary of a madman, the first vernacular novel in the history of modern literature in China, was published for the first time under the pseudonym of Lu Xun, which laid the foundation stone of the new literature movement. He participated in the work of New Youth magazine around the May 4th Movement and became the leader of the May 4th New Culture Movement.
From 19 18 to 1926, he successively created and published novels, vagrancy, essays, graves, essays, poems, weeds, essays, hot air, canopy and the continuation of canopy. Among them, the novella The True Story of Ah Q published in19212 is an immortal masterpiece in the history of modern literature in China. 1in August, 926, he was wanted by the Beiyang warlord government for supporting the patriotic movement of Beijing students, and served as the head of the Chinese Department of Xiamen University. 1927 1 month, went to Guangzhou, the revolutionary center at that time, and served as the academic director of Sun Yat-sen University. 1927 10 arrived in Shanghai and began to live with his student Xu Guangping. 1929, son Zhou Haiying was born. 1930, successively participated in China Freedom Movement League, China Left-wing Writers League and China Civil Rights Protection League, resisting the dictatorship and political persecution of the Kuomintang government. From 1927 to 1936, he created most of the works and a large number of essays in the Collection of Historical Novels, which were included in Ji You, Sanxian, Erxin, Mobilizing from the South to the North, Pseudo-Free Book, Quasi-Romantic Talk and Lace. Lu Xun's life has made great contributions to China's cultural undertakings: he led and supported literary groups such as "The Unknown Society" and "Chaohua Society"; Editor-in-chief of literary periodicals such as National Newspaper Supplement (B), Mangyuan, Yusi, Running, Germination and Translation; Enthusiastic care and active cultivation of young authors; Vigorously translate foreign progressive literary works and introduce famous paintings and woodcuts at home and abroad; Collect, study and sort out a large number of classical documents, compile A Brief History of Chinese Fiction, Outline of China Literature History, sort out Ji, compile Miscellaneous Notes on Old Books in Huiji County, Gougu Novels, Legends of Tang and Song Dynasties, Notes on Old Novels and so on.
19361June19 died of tuberculosis in Shanghai. Tens of thousands of Shanghai citizens spontaneously held public sacrifices and funerals and were buried in Hongqiao International Cemetery. 1956, Lu Xun's body was buried in Hongkou Park, and Mao Zedong wrote an inscription for the reconstructed Lu Xun's tomb.
Complete Works of Lu Xun (20 volumes) 1938 published. After the founding of New China, the translated works of Lu Xun have been compiled into Complete Works of Lu Xun (10 volume), Translated Works of Lu Xun (10 volume), Diary of Lu Xun (2 volumes) and Letters from Lu Xun, and various ancient books edited by Lu Xun have been reprinted one after another. 198 1 year, The Complete Works of Lu Xun (16 volumes) was published. Luxun Museum and Memorial Hall have been established in Beijing, Shanghai, Shaoxing, Guangzhou and Xiamen. Dozens of novels, essays, poems and essays by Lu Xun were selected into Chinese textbooks for primary and secondary schools. The novels Blessing, The True Story of Ah Q and Medicine were adapted into movies. Lu Xun's works have enriched the treasure house of world literature, and have been translated into more than 50 languages such as English, Japanese, Russian, Spanish, French, German, Arabic and Esperanto, and have a wide audience all over the world.
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original work
There is a big garden behind my house, which is called Herb Garden according to legend. Now it has been sold to Zhu Wengong's descendants together with the house. Even the last time we met was seven or eight years ago, and it seemed that there were only some weeds. But that's my paradise.
Needless to say, green vegetable fields, smooth stone wells, tall acacia trees and purple mulberries; Needless to say, cicadas are singing in the leaves, fat wasps are squatting on cauliflower, and the swift call to the son of heaven (lark) suddenly rushes to the sky from the grass. Just around the short mud wall, it has unlimited interest. Oil flies sing here and crickets play the piano here. Turning over broken bricks, sometimes I meet centipedes; There is also Mylabris. If you press your finger on its spine, it will smack and spray a puff of smoke from behind. The vines of Polygonum multiflorum Thunb and Manglietia are intertwined, Manglietia has the fruit of Lotus House, and Polygonum multiflorum Thunb has swollen roots. Some people say that the roots of Polygonum multiflorum Thunb are human-shaped, and they can become immortals after eating them. So I often pull them up, and I have been pulling them up constantly, and I have broken the mud wall, but I have never seen one of them like a person. If you are not afraid of thorns, you can also pick raspberries, which are like small balls made of coral beads. They are sour and sweet, and their color and taste are far better than those of mulberries.
You can't go to the grass because it is said that there is a big red snake in this garden.
My eldest mother once told me a story: once upon a time, there was a scholar who lived in an ancient temple. He worked hard. In the evening, when he was enjoying the cool in the yard, he suddenly heard someone calling him. I promised, but looking around, I saw a beautiful face on the wall, smiled at him and disappeared. He is very happy; But the old monk who came to talk at night saw through the mechanism. Saying that there is something evil on his face, he must have met a "beautiful snake"; This is a monster with a head and a snake body. It can call people by name. If it agrees, it will come to eat this man's meat at night. Naturally, he was scared to death, but the old monk said it was all right and gave him a small box, saying that as long as he put it on the pillow, he could lie on it. Although he still does this, he always can't sleep-of course not. In the middle of the night, sure enough, sasha vujacic! It sounds like the wind and rain outside the door. When he was shaking into a ball, he heard a clear voice. A golden light flew out of the pillow, and there was no sound outside. The golden light also flew back and was collected in the box. What happened afterwards? Later, the old monk said, this is a flying centipede. It can suck away the snake's brain, and the beautiful snake is killed by it.
The last lesson is: so if a strange voice calls your name, you must not promise him.
This story made me feel the danger of being a man. I often worry about enjoying the cool summer night and dare not look at the wall. I really want to get a box of flying centipedes like the old monk. I often think so when I walk beside the grass in the Herbal Garden. But until now, I haven't got it, but I haven't met the red snake and the beautiful snake. It is natural for strange voices to call my name, but they are not beautiful snakes.
Herbal gardens in winter are tasteless; It's different when it snows. Making a snowman (printing one's whole figure on the snow) and shaping a snow arhat need people's appreciation. This is a deserted garden, so it is not suitable, so we have to catch birds. Bo Xue is not enough; When birds have nowhere to feed for a long time, it is always necessary to cover the ground with snow for a day or two. Sweep away a piece of snow and expose the ground. Set up a big bamboo curtain with a short stick, sprinkle some chaff under it, and tie a long rope on the stick. People hold it from a distance and watch the birds come down to peck. When they reach the bottom of the bamboo curtain, they pull the rope and cover the bamboo curtain. But most of them are sparrows, and there are also "birds" with pale cheeks. They are impatient and can't keep them overnight.
This is the method my father taught me, but I can't use it well. Obviously, I saw them go in, pulled the rope and ran to have a look. There was nothing. It took me a long time to catch three or four. The father who moistens the soil can catch dozens of them in half a day, put them in a fork bag and scream and bump around. I once asked him the reasons for his gains and losses, and he just smiled quietly: You are too impatient to wait for it to come to the middle.
I don't know why my family sent me to the bookstore, which is called the strictest bookstore in the city. Maybe it's Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. The mud wall that has been destroyed may be because the brick was thrown on the partition wall of Liang's house, or maybe because I jumped off the wall of Shijing ... I don't know. All in all: I won't go to the Herb Garden often. Ed, my cricket! Ed, my raspberries and Manglietia!
Go out to the east, and within half a mile, walk across a stone bridge, which is my husband's home. Go through a black bamboo door, and the third room is the study. There is a plaque in the middle: three pools print the moon; Below the plaque is a photo of a fat sika deer crouching under an old tree. Without Confucius memorial tablet, we would pay tribute to the plaque and deer. The first time was to worship Confucius, and the second time was to worship Mr.
When he saluted for the second time, Mr. Wang responded kindly. He is a tall and thin old man with gray hair and big glasses. I have great respect for him, because I heard that he is an old-fashioned, simple and knowledgeable person in this city.
I don't know where I heard it, but Dong Fangshuo is also very knowledgeable. He knew that an insect called "strange" was melted by resentment and doused with wine. I really want to know the detailed story, but Chang doesn't know it, because she has no knowledge after all. Now you have a chance, you can ask Mr.
"Sir,' strange' this bug, what's going on? ..... "I'm going to flip through the books, and when I'm about to retire, I quickly ask.
I don't know! His face seems very unhappy and angry.
I just know that as a student, I shouldn't ask these things, as long as I study, because he is a profound scholar, and he will never be ignorant. The so-called ignorant people don't want to say. People older than me often do this. I have seen it several times.
I just read books, practice calligraphy at noon and have classes at night. At first, Mr. Wang was very strict with me. Later, I got better, but gradually I read more books. I added words in class, from three words to five words, and finally to seven words.
There is also a garden after the three pools reflect the moon. Although it is small, you can climb to the flower bed there to fold wintersweet blossoms and look for cicadas on the ground or on osmanthus trees. The best job is to catch flies and feed them to ants quietly. However, the students went to the garden too many times and for too long, but to no avail. Mr. Wang shouted in the study: "Where are all the people!" " "
People will go back one by one; It's no good going back together. He has a ruler, but he doesn't use it often. There are rules for kneeling, but he doesn't use it often. Ordinary people just stare a few times and say loudly, "Read!"
So everyone opened their throats and read for a while. It's really noisy. Some people read that "the benevolent is far away from me, and I want the benevolent", others read that "a dog's mouth is full of teeth", others read that "nine hidden dragons should not be used", and some people read that "you are wrong on the ground, wrong on the ground, wrong, wrong, wrong, wrong, wrong, wrong, wrong, wrong, wrong, wrong.
"Iron wishful, charming command, a sit all surprised ~ ~; Jin Luo Yi, hanging upside down, thousand cups are not drunk ~ ~........................................................................ "
I doubt that this is an excellent article, because when I read it, he always smiles, raises his head, shakes it and bends back.
When Mr. Wang is absorbed in reading, it suits us very well. Some of them put paper armor on their nails to play with. I am a painter. I use a kind of paper called "Jingchuan Paper" to describe the Xiu Xiang of the novel one by one, just like the shadow writing when I study Chinese characters. The more books you read, the more you draw; I have never read a book, but I have gained a lot in painting. The most fragmentary are The Journey to the West's Dangkou Zhi and Xiu Xiang, both of which are very big. Later, in order to get money, I sold it to a rich classmate. His father runs a tin foil shop; It is said that I have become a shopkeeper now and will soon rise to the status of a gentleman. This thing is long gone.
September 18
(People's Education Edition, Grade 7 Chinese Lesson 11September 926 18)
Pronunciation and spelling
Mulberry Lightweight in Zhen Shi Vegetable Garden
You (línɡ) Mylabris (máo) Entanglement (chán) Rescue (cuán)
Coral (shān hú) breaks (hu not) and converges (li ǐ n) brain marrow (suǐ).
Odd (Mi) foraging (Mi) bamboo screen (shāi) eighteen strands (bǐ)
Lonely (h m \u n) cicada (shú) secluded (tu \u\u n)
Everyone is buzzing (dǐnɡ), staying in Confucianism (rú), A (kuē), and charming (tětǐn ɡ).
Bean (dú) ruo (tǐ ng) ruo (yū ng) ru (rú) pomelo (yüu)
The eldest mother (cháng) has a long history (pǒ) (m: o).
Multi-tone characters: the length of the folding system
Adelina: (German) Goodbye.
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Content interpretation
First, the theme.
By describing Lu Xun's childhood life in Baicaoyuan and Santan Yinyue, the children's psychology of loving nature and living a free and happy life was expressed, and at the same time, their dissatisfaction with the feudal education that restricted children's physical and mental development was expressed.
Second, the article ideas
The title of "From Herb Garden to San Tan Yin Yue" is "From ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… "Three pools reflecting the moon:" Go east, and within half a mile, cross a stone bridge, which is my husband's house. In the middle of the study, there is a plaque of "Three Tans Printing the Moon". Time sequence is consistent with the transformation sequence of space. Between these two parts, the author arranged a transitional section, namely the ninth natural section.
The full text can be divided into two parts: the first part (1 ~ 9) describes the life of the white grass garden; The second part (10 ~ ending) narrates the life of three pools reflecting the moon, with clear thinking. In the process of telling the interesting life of the Herbal Garden, the story of the beautiful snake is narrated, which serves as a foil to the mythical color of the Herbal Garden.
Third, writing characteristics
1. According to the order from far to near, from high to low, from static to dynamic, from summer to winter, this paper gives a hierarchical description of the scenery of Baicao Garden. First, write about the distant scenery with thick lines, such as vegetable beds and acacia trees, and then write about the scenery around you, the scenery under your feet, the scenery in front of you, and how the roots of Polygonum multiflorum Thunb and raspberry fruits are produced; Write a static column first, such as The Book of Songs, and then write a dynamic column, such as Tian Zi; Write a vibrant summer first, and then write an interesting winter.
2. Use the method of contrast to highlight the central idea of the article.
3. The words are accurate, vivid and vivid, which highlights the characteristics of the scenery. For example, the author uses a series of verbs such as "sweep, uncover, support, sprinkle, tie, lead, look, walk, pull and cover" to clearly and accurately write the whole process of bird catching, showing children's active character and preference for bird catching.
4. The description of the text permeates the author's thoughts and feelings, and the object, narrative and author are all real and concrete, open and closed.
Fourthly, the context of landscape writing in the second paragraph.
The scenery in the second paragraph of this article is quite wonderful. The author used "needless to say ... just ... and ...", which led to 15 kinds of scenery (vegetable fields, stone wells, locust trees, mulberries, cicadas, wasps, emperors, mud roots, oil flies, centipedes, etc. Use two words "needless to say" to highlight the content of "Shandan" first. Since "Zi Shan" is full of interest, it can be seen that there are many beautiful interests in the garden, which renders the emotional color of White Grass Garden as "my paradise". The scenery is orderly and coherent. Needless to say, the former writes still life from low to high, while the latter writes animals from high to low. The whole part is written from plants to animals, and the part is written from animals to plants.
5. How does the author describe the Herb Garden?
In the second natural section, in addition to the clear context, the author also grasped the characteristics of the scenery and described the Baicao Garden in detail. This passage focuses on the scenery of the Herbal Garden in spring and summer, which is wonderful, vivid and interesting. When grasping the characteristics of the scenery, the author mobilized all his senses, making the scenery of Baicaoyuan tangible and interesting. Cauliflower in late spring, cicada in midsummer, cricket in autumn and bird catching in winter-all these combine to form rich and beautiful four seasons. The author writes landscapes with accurate words and vivid language. The "green" of vegetable fields, the "purple" of mulberries and the "slippery" of Shijing fence make wasps crouch on cauliflower because of their obesity, and the son of heaven "leap" on the grass because of its lightness. These descriptions reflect the accuracy and vividness of Lu Xun's words; The anthropomorphic writing techniques such as the "crooning" of the oil fly and the "playing the piano" of the cricket let us hear the author's sincere love for the Herbal Garden.
Knowing these methods of scenery description is not only helpful to learn the methods of scenery description, but also helpful to read the characters described in scenery and deepen the understanding of the article. When describing the scenery, the author grasped the "smoothness" of the Shijing fence, the "obesity" of the wasp, and many other characteristics of the scenery. To do this, we must observe carefully with our eyes; Think hard and think slowly. Also pay attention to the order of writing scenes. The author describes the scenery of Baicaoyuan from low to high, and then from high to low, so that the overall impression of Baicaoyuan can be clearly explained. Secondly, we should also pay attention to how the author observes from multiple angles. For example, from the auditory point of view, write "oil flies sing here", while from the visual point of view, write "green vegetable beds", "purple mulberry" and "small balls made of small coral beads" and other scenery. These descriptions vividly describe the feeling of a hundred herbs garden in a child's eyes from the aspects of shape, color and taste. In addition, the combination of static and dynamic, the combination of static and dynamic, and the alternate use of static and dynamic make people read with relish, and the whole picture can give people a feeling of vitality. In addition, the description of scenery can not be separated from lyrical support. In the description of Baicaoyuan, the author just melted his childhood love of Baicaoyuan into the description of the scenery, which strongly infected the readers.
The Transformation of Intransitive Verbs from Baicaoyuan to San Tan Yin Yue
Paragraph 9 of this article is the transition section of the full text, which plays a connecting role from content to structure. This passage not only takes care of my happy life in the first half of the text, but also explains in advance that I will go to Santan to reflect the moon. This article uses parallelism and personification to express his love and reluctance for Baicao Garden. As for why I can't go to the Herb Garden often, the article doesn't give a clear and direct explanation, but expresses my guess with "I don't know" and "maybe". These words not only truly reflected the psychology at that time, but also ingeniously supplemented the life of Baicaoyuan, and also expressed their helplessness when they left Baicaoyuan. Of course, after all, the Herb Garden once brought me endless fun, so before I went to San Tan Yin Yue, I didn't forget to say goodbye to the animals that brought me endless fun, which also expressed the author's reluctance to live in the Herb Garden.
Seven, taste a paragraph describing bird catching.
When describing the fun of winter botanical gardens, the author has a paragraph describing the process of catching birds. The biggest feature of this passage is that the words are accurate and concise, and the whole process of catching birds in the snow is vividly described, which makes people feel like they are in the scene. Among them, a series of verbs such as "sweep, expose, support, disperse, knot, lead, look, pull and cover" are used very accurately. When organizing students to appreciate this passage, you can first circle these nine verbs and tick them, and then try to get the students to act and understand the process. Time should be set aside for students to write and imitate in class. For example, ask students to describe a game or a continuous action with a series of no less than 5 verbs, and communicate among students to discuss who imitates it best. In this way, the organic combination of reading and writing can get twice the result with half the effort.
In addition, when appreciating beautiful words, it is worth noting. Is to learn to grasp the key words. Attention should be paid not to misunderstand key sentences as gorgeous sentences, but they have more profound and accurate expression functions in describing scenery, depicting actions, shaping images, expressing feelings and pointing out the center. Compared with other words. Taking "catching birds after snow" as an example, nine verbs representing bird catching actions become the key words to describe the process of bird catching. It is the use of these words that accurately, vividly and vividly describes the whole process of bird catching. We should not only analyze the bird-catching passages, read any articles and understand key sentences, but also try to understand them carefully in combination with the meaning of the context in order to accurately understand the special meaning given by the author.
Eight, how to understand the life of San Tan Yin Yue?
For a long time, when people analyze the relationship between Baicao Garden and San Tan Yin Yue, the mainstream view is that they are opposite. It is believed that the freshness, brightness and magic of Herb Garden are in sharp contrast with the gloom, dullness, sternness and tasteless of San Tan Yin Yue, which respectively contain the author's strong feelings of praise and criticism.
In addition to this "contrast theory", there are two kinds of understanding:
One view is that the front and back are harmonious and unified. Throughout the whole paper, Mr. Lu Xun, a middle-aged man, has sweet memories of his happy childhood, as well as his love and curiosity about nature. For Lu Xun in those days, "San Tan Yin Yue" was fresh and full of happiness.
The third view is that. The context is a foil, which sets off the life of three pools reflecting the moon with the free and happy life of the Herbal Garden, thus criticizing the harm and bondage of the feudal education system to children's body and mind.
All the above three viewpoints have some truth. Comparatively speaking, the second viewpoint described here is closer to the psychological background of Mr. Lu Xun when he wrote this article, and is more easily accepted by readers. In fact, from the author's description of the life of reflecting the moon in Santan, it is not difficult to find that there is a happy interest between the lines of independence. From the display of "Black Bamboo Gate" and big plaque, from the memorial ceremony without Confucius memorial tablet, from the students who sneaked into the small garden after printing the moon in Santan to "fold wintersweet" and "look for cicada slough", to the noisy classroom, the old gentleman who enjoyed himself, and Xiu Xiang who made great achievements, the rapid progress of "class" is permeated with the pleasure of adults reviewing the past from time to time.
9. How to evaluate Mr. Private School in the article?
Mr. Santan Yinyue is a learned scholar, but he didn't answer the question of "strange" insects, and his face was still angry. Mr. Wang has a ruler, but he doesn't use it often, and he doesn't have to kneel. How to evaluate this gentleman?
Private school is a private teaching place in ancient China. It has played an important role in spreading the culture of the motherland, promoting the development of education, cultivating enlightening children and letting children learn to understand. However, Mr. Xue usually lets students read the books he specifies, and does not answer questions outside the books. Moreover, the questioner is a new student. This is probably why Mr. Xue didn't answer and was angry. This kind of teaching idea is not desirable, which has dampened students' enthusiasm for knowledge.
Beating a ruler and punishing the knees are the ways for private schools to manage students. There are rules to punish the monarch for kneeling, but it is useless. They depicted Mr. Wang's strict and lax image, and showed his enlightened thoughts on student management. In Lu Xun's eyes, Mr. Wang is actually amiable and respectable. Of course, it also reflects the backwardness of the educational management mode of private schools from one angle.
The Chinese Curriculum Standard requires students in grades 7-9 to learn to "read silently, make no noise, and don't point fingers." "To develop the habit of silent reading, there is a certain speed, and reading ordinary modern texts is not less than 500 words per minute." Teachers should grasp the three basic requirements of "accuracy", "speed" and "fitness" and cultivate students to read silently. After silent reading, students should be allowed to clarify first.