2. A 600-word essay is a metaphor, and prosperity is a sustenance. Zheng Xuan said: "Comparison" means "seeing the loss of today, not daring to criticize with words, but speaking by analogy". "Xing" means seeing the beauty of today, being too fond of flattery, and persuading it with kindness "(see the note with Chunguan Zongbo)
"Bi" and "Xing" are commonly used words in China's ancient poems. In addition to poetry, modern prose and novels also use figurative techniques. The so-called "comparison", according to Zhu's explanation, is actually a metaphor. It makes things vivid and concrete by comparing with what is to be written. The so-called "xing" means "xing"
The so-called Fu, Bi and Xing are the main expressions in The Book of Songs. "Fu" means laying out details and stating things directly, without metaphor. "Bi" means metaphor, comparing things with other things. "Xing" means association, touching the scene and arousing things. This artistic expression is the main visualization method in poetry creation, which is of great significance to later generations.
The so-called analogy is a form of reasoning that infers that two objects may be the same or similar in other properties from some identical or similar properties of two objects. Analogy is a subjective and inadequate specious reasoning. Therefore, to confirm the correctness of his conjecture, it is necessary to go through strict logical argumentation. Literary sketch
It is one of the descriptive techniques in literary creation, and it is also a traditional descriptive technique loved by the broad masses of people in China literature. Use the simplest and most economical words to outline the mental outlook of the characters with thick lines. Writers are required to accurately grasp the most important personality characteristics of characters, without exaggeration or extravagance, but to touch them with vivid pens. Lu Xun's novels are typical line drawing works. Mr. Lu Xun once said: "There is no secret in line drawing. If there is, it is only the opposite of the smoke screen method: sincerity, whitewashing, less posturing, and no showing off. " (The Secret of Composition) Lu Xun deserves to be a master of sketch, and his works are also masterpieces of sketch. He said in the article "How do I start a novel": "I try to avoid nagging in writing. As long as I feel that I can convey my meaning to others, I would rather have no foil." There are only a few main people (but there are many backgrounds in colored paper now). I am convinced that this method is suitable for my purpose, so I will not describe romance, and the dialogue will never speak a long article. "This is his experience in successfully using line drawing techniques in novel creation.
When drawing things with simple strokes, the author is required to make a true sketch of the characteristics and features of the things described. For example, in Du Xuan's Notes on Jinggangshan, there is a section describing the "Octagonal Building" of Mao Ping in Jinggangshan. Without any description, the author wrote the simple furnishings in the room in plain language, and emphatically introduced the origin of the name "octagonal building": "The room is not well lit. An octagonal light bucket was opened, so everyone called this building' octagonal building'. " When using line drawing technique, the author is required to draw thick lines with simple strokes to form a vivid picture. For example, Song Sushi's "Drunk Book of Looking at the Lake Building on June 27" (I): "Dark clouds turn over the ink and fail to cover the mountain, while white rain jumps over the boat. The wind comes and goes, and the water looks down on the lake like water.
3. What is the definition of analogical rhetoric in analogical composition?
Analogy rhetoric is a literary rhetoric device based on the similarity between two different things, which modifies and describes the ontology through association with the help of the characteristics of vehicles.
function
The function of analogy is to highlight the characteristics of ontology with the help of the characteristics of similar things, deepen the understanding of ontology more simply and vividly, or strengthen the author's feelings, set off the atmosphere and arouse readers' association.
The logical reasoning of analogy can arouse readers' rich imagination and strong resonance.
In literature, analogy belongs to the category of metaphor, which is closely related to simile and metaphor, but there are similarities and differences. Analogy is an extended metaphor, and the similarities between the two things involved are often more than one end, which correspond to each other and form the premise of logical reasoning.
Example: Miao Yu smiled and said, "... haven't you heard that' one cup is the taste, two cups are for fools to quench their thirst, and three cups are for cows and mules'? If you eat this sea, what will you become? Dream of Red Mansions
The traditional festival Mid-Autumn Festival originated from a very old legend. In ancient times, there was a man named Hou Yi. One day, he accidentally got a medicine that people could fly to heaven. He gave the medicine to his wife Chang 'e for safekeeping. A day later, Yi went out, leaving his wife alone at home. His brother came to Chang 'e and forced her to hand it over. Chang 'e refused, so he swallowed the medicine in one breath. He only felt that his light feet left the ground and flew out of the window, thus drifting all the way to the moon. Hou Yi misses his wife very much. On August 15 every year, he would make moon cakes that Chang 'e loved and put them on the table to wait for Chang 'e. In this way, the special day of August 15 was handed down year after year.
Although it is only a legend, it also shows that our Mid-Autumn Festival has been circulating for a long time.
Mid-Autumn Festival is a day of reunion, and it is also a time when we can feel the warmth of home. All this brings us too much warmth, and I am glad that I have the care of my parents. Think about how many people have been wandering outside. On this beautiful reunion night, I can only helplessly miss my relatives far away from home.
5. At the beginning of the composition, there is a difference between figurative rhetoric:
First, there is only one similarity between the ontology and the vehicle of metaphor, and there are no more than one similar example; There is more than one similarity between the subject and the object of analogy. If there are several metaphors in a metaphor, then these metaphors are only similar to ontology, but not to analogy. For example, Jiang Qing, a major figure in the Gang of Four, was originally Bai Gujing. Wearing a black dress and veil, like an old crow. Here, the similarity between Jiang Qing and Bai is "ever-changing quotations that harm people", and the similarity between Jiang Qing and crow is "horribly black image". The two metaphors of "white" and "crow" in this metaphor have nothing in common with the ontology "Jiang Qing". And all the objects and subjects in analogy are similar to analogy.
Second, "metaphor and metaphor are definitely very different on the whole" (Chen Wangdao's The Origin of Rhetoric), while the subject and object in metaphor can be the same on the whole, such as Zou Ji and Wang Qi's satire in Zou Ji, both of which are figures of the ruling class of Qi State.
3. Metaphor can only be compared based on the similarity between ontology and vehicle, while analogy can be compared based on the similarity between subject and object, thus drawing the conclusion that some properties of subject are superior to object. For example, after comparing the similarities between Mr. Nan Guo and some people in the revolutionary ranks in Being Good at Building a New World, we also compare their differences: "If Mr. Nan Guo's posturing only deceives a Qi Xuanwang, then posturing in the revolutionary ranks is deceiving the party and the masses", which is even more serious. Educate the revolutionary comrades not to put on airs. There are similarities and differences, which is why being good at building a new world should belong to an article that uses analogy instead of metaphor.
Metaphor and analogy are two different concepts. Although both of them contain a word "bi", they have different meanings. "Bi" in metaphor means "analogy". "The object of thought is similar to another thing, so the article uses that other thing to compare the object of thought, which is called metaphor." (Chen Wangdao, The Origin of Rhetoric) And "comparison" in metaphor means "comparison". The so-called "analogy" is "comparative analogy". The process of comparative analogy is the process of argumentation, so it can be established as an argumentation method. Any argument method must include the process of reasoning and proof, and metaphor itself does not include the process of proving arguments by comparison, analogy or other means, so it can often only be a rhetoric, not an argument method.
6. Philosophical basis of analogy I must describe this discovery concisely, which will save you time and make you understand it when you concentrate.
Different things in the world have the same essence at a certain level, that is, they follow the same laws and rules in this respect. Thus, the conditions of analogy are obtained: only when the levels of analogy are logically consistent in essence can analogy be carried out. The more consistent this is, the more accurate and effective our analogy will be.
Why pursue the same logic on both sides of analogy? Because our observation and research on foreign objects only pursue a logical rationality, which is what we often say, "explanation makes sense", our brain can only do such a job, such a unique job-thinking. Because the human brain is the human brain, not a table, not a car, not a lion.
We can only and can only aim at finding logical correctness, and all theories are trying to do so, nothing else! Just as we used to make sentences with "like" when we were young, or we still use "like |" to explain things to others until now. Why should we carry out such activities and choose such a way? Why do we use other things to say this thing? It is precisely because two things have the same logic at this level, that is, they follow the same philosophical laws and have the same mathematical logic expressions that we have the basis of "analogy"-we have never chosen this way for no reason.
What is the same level? Structure-structure, function-function, mechanism-mechanism, entity-entity ... this is the same level. Finally, to reiterate this point: the condition of analogy is that two things are logically the same at the same level.