Michael. Analysis on the International Competitiveness of China Automobile Industry Development

Porter's "diamond model" analyzes the international competitiveness of industry, and holds that industrial competitiveness is composed of four main factors: production factors, domestic market demand, related and supporting industries, enterprise strategy, enterprise structure and horizontal competition, and two auxiliary factors: opportunity and government behavior. Among them, the first four factors are the main influencing factors of industrial competitiveness and constitute the main framework of "diamond model". The four factors influence each other to form a whole, and * * * determines the level of industrial competitiveness. The "diamond model" constructs a brand-new research system of competitiveness, and the theory of competitive advantage put forward contains the principle of comparative advantage, which is far beyond the scope of the latter's explanation.

In view of the importance of automobile industry to a country's industrial system, the research and discussion on its international competitiveness evaluation system will be an eternal and important topic. The evaluation system based on "diamond model" theory can use six factors to evaluate the actual situation of automobile industry, so as to evaluate the international competitiveness of automobile industry most objectively and comprehensively.

① Analysis of production factors by principal factor evaluation method: It is generally believed that China has the advantages of abundant and cheap labor, which can reduce processing costs. Some people even think that China can become the world automobile manufacturing center. Indeed, the developed countries are gradually transferring the processing to China, but as far as automobile production is concerned, it has experienced the "Ford production mode-Toyota production mode-modular production mode", and the cost in the production process has been reduced to the level of "dry towel", so it is extremely difficult to wring out the water. The profit sources of multinational corporations have turned to development, brand and after-sales service. Even if China becomes the world automobile manufacturing center, it will only be a processing center. Multinational companies obtain primary production factors through the global market network, but their advantages in advanced production factors and professional production factors are still in the hands of multinational companies. On the other hand, in actual competition, abundant resources or cheap cost factors often lead to low efficiency of resource allocation, and China's automobile industry can't gain global competitiveness only by the advantages of general production factors. Looking at the professional production factors, most of the existing automobile manufacturing technologies in China come from the introduction of foreign technologies, which is highly dependent on foreign countries. The core automobile manufacturing technology is still in the hands of multinational companies; The development of national brands with independent intellectual property rights in China is relatively backward, which is not enough to compete with developed automobile manufacturing countries in the world.

② Domestic market demand: China has the last potential huge automobile demand market in the world, which is the knowledge of the global automobile industry. In foreign countries, people think that demand and laws and regulations are the two wheels of the progress of the automobile industry, but in China, both wheels turn very badly. Because the income level of most consumers in China is still very low, the primary requirement of automobile consumption is low price, and the requirements for performance, style and configuration are not urgent, which forces China's automobile industry to produce a large number of low-grade products with low technical content and low price, and it is difficult to catch up with the latest development level of the world automobile industry. In addition, the lack of domestic laws and regulations to protect the rights and interests of automobile consumption has also given some connivance to shoddy construction, which is not conducive to the healthy development of the automobile industry.

(3) Related and supporting industries: An advantageous industry does not exist alone, but it must rise together with domestic related powerful industries. In China, the automobile industry is listed as a pillar industry, which is the object of priority development. There is nothing wrong with the strategy of giving priority to the development of the automobile industry itself, but because a large number of resources are concentrated in the automobile industry, the industrial cluster supporting the development of the automobile industry has not been formed, and the development of the automobile industry itself has been deeply affected. For example, there are more than 100 automobile production lines in China, and there are hundreds of sets of molds needed for automobile production, but most of them rely on imports, so the great advantages of the domestic machinery industry have not been brought into play. One of the reasons for not purchasing domestic equipment is that the domestic machinery industry cannot get the necessary transformation funds. In addition, some special steel products needed by the automobile industry, such as galvanized sheet, high-strength steel plate and special structural steel, are not available in China and need to be imported. There is a contradiction in this, that is, the development of automobile industry needs the support of related industries, but conversely, related industries also need the drive of automobile industry. For a long time, we have emphasized the former sentence and often neglected the latter. Now it seems that due to some problems in the automobile industry itself and other aspects, domestic automobile production has not formed the necessary economic scale, which also restricts the development of related industries. For a long time, the automobile industry only relies on state investment, which is too strict to effectively use effective market resources, such as private capital, other industrial capital and foreign capital.

④ Enterprise strategy, enterprise structure and horizontal competition: The strategy of developing China's automobile industry is to concentrate resources to support the development of several major groups, which has aroused fierce debate. Some department heads believe that competition will cause huge losses and take a long time, so we should want the result of competition, not the process of competition. However, enterprises and academic circles believe that without the process of competition, there will be no result of competition, and market economy cannot avoid competition. The process of competition is indispensable because it is also the process of forming competitiveness. Administrative monopoly without competitiveness is actually protection, and protection cannot protect competitiveness. Market allocation of resources is the most efficient, but its allocation process is competitive, so the idea of "results rather than process" is actually very absurd. Lack of competition is the key factor of China automobile industry's lack of competitiveness.

⑤ Analysis of opportunities by auxiliary factor evaluation method: Due to the serious oversupply of international automobile production, only China has the potential of market expansion, so the opportunity for the development of China automobile industry was, is and will be China market, which is also an extremely rare opportunity for the development of China automobile industry. Therefore, China automobile industry should seize this rare opportunity and strive to improve its international competitiveness.

⑥ Government: Cars are the most strictly controlled materials under China's planned management system. Since the separation of "three kinds of materials" in China, automobiles have been among the top "first class materials". For decades, the list of "first-class materials" has been long and short, and the status of automobiles has not been shaken. Until the end of 1980s, among 77 kinds of first-class mechanical and electrical materials stipulated by the state, 70 kinds can be ordered publicly, and among the 7 kinds of "first-class materials" that are not released, cars account for 3 kinds (cars, trucks and station wagons). In the early 1990s, the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) was still issuing guiding plans, and it was not until 200 1 that the NDRC announced the liberalization of automobile price management. At present, the project management, product range, joint venture management and automobile management of automobile production still adopt the inherent management methods. Too strict control means rejecting competition and protecting backwardness, which cannot create an environment for strong industrial growth. This will also lead to the weakness of China's automobile industry in the international market competition; It is not conducive to the development and promotion of the international competitiveness of China automobile industry.

China automobile industry is mainly composed of three capital sources, namely foreign capital, state-owned capital and private capital; The three sources of funds complement each other, and * * * promotes the development of China's automobile industry. Judging from the main export data, China's automobile industry is developing healthily and rapidly. However, according to the "diamond model", it is not difficult to find that there are still some shortcomings and problems in China's automobile industry; These problems come from both industry and government policies. Generally speaking, China's automobile industry has developed steadily in terms of international competitiveness. However, due to the lack of internal factors such as technology, market, policies and opportunities, there are hidden dangers for the future development of China's automobile industry. Perhaps these hidden dangers will not produce adverse reactions immediately, but it is very important to nip in the bud; China automobile industry can only eradicate a series of hidden dangers from the inside and reuse the environment from the outside; Only in this way can the international competitiveness of China's automobile industry be improved continuously, permanently and steadily.