How to write a paper (1) l Types and specifications of papers I. Types of papers In order to explore and master the writing rules and characteristics of papers, it is necessary to classify papers. Because the content and nature of the paper itself are different, the research fields, objects, methods and expressions are different, and the classification methods of the paper are also different. Papers can be divided into theoretical papers, experimental papers, descriptive papers and design papers according to the nature of content and research methods. Papers can be divided into standing papers and refuting papers according to the nature of discussion. Argumentative writing refers to expounding and demonstrating one's own views and opinions from the front. Argumentative papers are argumentative papers. Writing a thesis requires clear arguments, sufficient arguments, rigorous argumentation, convincing people with reason and convincing people with facts. Refuting a thesis refers to establishing your own arguments and propositions by refuting others' arguments. If the paper mainly refutes some wrong viewpoints, opinions and theories, it is a refuting paper. In addition to arguments, arguments and arguments, refuting papers also requires tit-for-tat and reasoning. Papers can be divided into macro papers and micro papers according to the size of the research questions. Any paper that has a national overall situation and universality and has certain guiding significance for local work is called a macro paper. It has a wide range of research and influence. On the contrary, the papers that study locality and specific problems are microscopic papers. It is of guiding significance to specific work and has a narrow influence. In addition, there is a comprehensive classification, that is, the papers are divided into four categories: thematic papers, argumentative papers, comprehensive papers, and comprehensive papers: 1. Based on the analysis of previous research results, this paper expresses opinions in the form of direct discussion and puts forward academic problems of a certain subject from the front. Thematic applied papers are a kind of papers that independently discuss or solve a certain problem in this discipline by using theoretical basis and professional skills. Its basic standard should be: through the paper, it can roughly reflect the academic level and ability of the author to analyze and solve a basic problem in this discipline by using the basic knowledge he has learned. Of course, its topic should not be too big, its content should not be too complicated, and it needs some originality, so that it can better analyze and solve problems that are not too complicated in the subject field. 2. Argumentative essay. This is a paper aimed at others' views on an academic problem of a certain subject, with sufficient arguments, focusing on exposing its shortcomings or mistakes, and expressing opinions through debate. 3. Summarize the paper. This is a kind of paper that introduces or comments on an academic problem of a certain subject on the basis of summarizing the research results of predecessors or present people to express their opinions. 4. Comprehensive papers. This is a paper written by organically combining summary and demonstration. Second, the specification of the paper The specification of the paper is also the standard of the paper. The specifications or standards of papers are mainly in the quality of papers. Generally speaking, a paper needs more than three thousand words. Clarifying the specifications or standards of a paper has a specific guiding role in writing a good paper. When writing a paper, you should choose to use some professional basic knowledge within the scope permitted by the topic, and you must use it accurately. In the process of writing a thesis, we should think more and think carefully, closely focus on the topic, and use professional knowledge to make the thesis stick to our own truth and make sense, reflecting the ability of comprehensively applying what we have learned to analyze and solve problems. Title, table of contents and table of contents summary. The title is the eye of the article. The titles of various articles have many styles, but no matter what form, they always reflect the author's writing intention and the main idea of the article in all or different aspects. Thesis titles are generally divided into general titles, sub-titles and sub-titles. (1) The general title is the embodiment of the overall content of the article. Common writing methods are: ① revealing the essence of the theme. This title form, which highly summarizes the content of the full text, is often the central argument of the article. It has a high degree of clarity, which is convenient for readers to grasp the core of the full text. Such titles are many and common. 2 types of questions. In fact, the author's point of view is very clear, but the meaning is euphemistic and needs readers to think. This form of title is easy to attract readers' attention because of its implied point of view. (2) explain the scope of content. This form of title, from its own point of view, does not see the author's point of view, but only limits the scope of the article. On the one hand, it is difficult to summarize the main points of the article in one sentence; On the other hand, explaining the scope of the article can attract the attention of peers and readers, so as to attract * * *. This form of address is also very common. 4. Use judgment sentences. This title form limits the content of the full text and is flexible. The research object of this paper is specific and small, but the extended ideas must be strong and broad. This kind of title focuses on small things and big things, which is conducive to the expansion of scientific thinking and scientific research. ⑤ Use visualized sentences. Such as the dawn in the history of science and technology. There are many styles of titles, and the author can make bold innovations in practice. (II) Subtitles and Subtitles In order to point out the research object, content and purpose of the paper, the general title is supplemented and explained, and some papers can also be subtitled. In particular, some argumentative papers generally have a subtitle, such as adding a subtitle such as "discussing with XX" under the general title. In addition, in order to emphasize a key point of the paper, a subtitle can be added. The main purpose of setting the subtitle is to clearly show the level of the article. Some use words, which generally express the central content of this level; Some also use numbers, which only indicate the order of "one, two, three", and play the role of connecting the preceding with the following. It should be noted that no matter which form is adopted, it is closely related to the content of the hierarchy and the close relationship between the upper and lower levels. There are three requirements for the topic: first, it must be clear. It is necessary to reveal the scope or argument of the topic, so that people can know the general outline of the article, the main content of the discussion and the author's writing intention after reading the topic, instead of specious, hiding the head and revealing the tail, and playing hide-and-seek with readers. Second, be concise. The topic of the paper should not be too long. If it is too long, it will make people feel cumbersome and cumbersome, and they will not get a clear impression, thus affecting the overall evaluation of the article. Don't be too abstract and empty, and don't use very useful or invented words in the title, so as not to make readers feel like a sea of smoke when they see the title, and they can only understand it after reading the text completely. Third, it must be novel. The title, like the content and form of the article, should have its own uniqueness. Do not be unconventional, but be fascinating and pleasing to the eye, thus arousing readers' interest in reading. Second, the table of contents Generally speaking, long papers are not subtitled. Papers with subheadings generally have a table of contents because of their multi-level content and complex theoretical system. The main purpose of setting the directory is: 1. Make readers have a general understanding of the content and structure of the full text before reading the paper, so that readers can decide whether to read it, whether to read it intensively or skim it. 2. It is convenient for readers to choose a sub-argument in the text. A long paper has many sub-arguments besides the central argument. When readers need to know more about a sub-argument, they can rely on the table of contents to save time. The table of contents is usually placed in front of the text of the paper, so it is the guide map of the paper. In order to make the directory really play the role of a map, we must pay attention to: 1. Accuracy. The content must be consistent with the outline of the full text. In other words, the title, subtitle and content of this paper are one-to-one correspondence. 2. Clear and correct. The table of contents should be marked with the page number of the table of contents one by one in the text. Page numbers must be clear and correct. 3. complete. Because the table of contents is the guide map of the paper, it must be complete. In other words, all the contents of the article should be reflected in the catalogue and must not be omitted. There are two basic types of directories: 1. A directory expressed in words. 2. Digital catalogue. This kind of catalogue is rare. However, it is easy for readers to read long speeches, and some of them use this method. Third, the content summary is the epitome of the full text. Here, the author outlines the overall appearance of the full text with extremely economical pen and ink; Put forward the main arguments, reveal the research results of the paper, and briefly describe the framework of the full text. Abstract is an accessory part of the text, usually placed at the beginning of the paper. The purpose of writing the abstract is: 1. In order to make the instructor have a general understanding of the main contents of the paper before reviewing the full text of the paper, and know the main results and main logical order of the research. 2. In order to make other readers have a general understanding of the problems studied by the author by reading the executive summary, if there is a curse, they should read the full text further. Here, the abstract has become an "advertisement" to recommend papers to many readers. Therefore, it is necessary to prompt the main points of the paper so that readers can understand the main points of the paper at a glance. The abstract of the paper should be concise and comprehensive, and should not be too verbose to grasp the main points or just a few dry ribs, lacking materials to explain the views. Executive summary can be divided into reportable summary and indicative summary. The report summary mainly introduces the main methods and results of the study and the analysis of the results, and gives a comprehensive hint to the content of the article. Indicative summary only briefly describes the research results (data, opinions, opinions, conclusions, etc.). ), and does not involve research means, methods, processes, etc. Papers generally use indicative abstracts. The writing requirements of English can be summarized as "completeness, accuracy, conciseness, truthfulness and vividness". Specifically: 1. The content summary should be complete. That is, the main contents (or viewpoints) expounded in the paper cannot be omitted. It should be written as a complete paper and can be used independently. 2. Focus should be highlighted. The research results (or central arguments) and the content of conclusive significance of the paper should be highlighted, and other items can be written concisely. 3. Use words concisely. Writing should be carefully worded and expressed in concise and general language, and it is not appropriate to demonstrate every content. 4. The statement should be objective. Generally speaking, it is not appropriate to write only the objective situation of the research, make a subjective evaluation of the work process, methods and research results, and make a comparative explanation with other people's research. The value of a research achievement has its own public opinion, and there is no need to advertise itself. Therefore, seeking truth from facts is also the basic principle of writing abstract. 5. The language should be vivid. Writing should be concise, vivid and fascinating, and literary color should be reflected as much as possible in terms of text polishing, expression and structure, so as to arouse readers' desire to read the text. Fourthly, the text includes three parts: introduction, theory and conclusion. This is the most important part of the paper, which is discussed in detail in other chapters, so I won't repeat it here. 5. References, also known as bibliographies, refer to books, newspapers and magazines consulted by the author in the process of writing a paper, which should be listed at the end of the paper. There are three advantages to listing references: first, when the author himself finds that there is an error in the quotation, it is easy to find and correct it. Second, it can let the teachers of the thesis defense Committee know the breadth of students' reading materials as a reference for peer review. Third, it is convenient for readers who study similar problems to consult relevant viewpoints and materials. Of course, the references listed in this paper must be major monographs, papers and other materials that are closely related to this paper and have played an important reference role in writing their own papers. Don't make too many lists, no matter how light or heavy. The listed references should generally clearly indicate the title of the book or article, author, publisher and publication year. References:

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