1) Inequality of social status breeds prejudice;
The master thinks slaves are lazy, irresponsible and lack of ambition. Because of these characteristics, they are suitable for being slaves.
Sociologist Helen Meyer Huck pointed out how stereotypes about blacks and women promote the rationalization of their low social status: many people think that these two groups are retarded, emotional and uncivilized, and they are "comfortable" with their subordinate roles.
Powerful men stereotype that their female subordinates give them a lot of praise, but relatively few resources, which damages their work performance. This good self-awareness enables men to maintain their position of power. This seemingly benign discrimination against women (implying that women are weak and need help) makes women's cognitive performance worse by instilling some invasive concepts, such as self-doubt, prejudice and inferiority.
2) Prejudice stems from the values and attitudes we acquire. Family socialization has an influence on children's prejudice, and even children's implicit racial attitude reflects parents' explicit prejudice.
German Nazi diehards, defined by psychologists as ethnocentrists, generally have an authoritative personality tendency-they cannot tolerate weakness, have a punitive attitude and obey the authority within the group.
People with authoritative personality often experience severe control in childhood. This may lead them to suppress their hostility and impulses and "project" these hostility and impulses to other groups. The insecurity of children with authoritative personality seems to make them tend to pay special attention to power and status, and it is easy to form a rigid way of thinking that is right or wrong, and it is difficult to bear ambiguity.
People with authoritative personality tend to obey people who are stronger than themselves and attack or punish people who are lower than themselves. When the economy is depressed, society changes dramatically and life becomes difficult, authoritarianism often rises sharply.
3) Religion and prejudice: Those who benefit from social inequality, while claiming that "all men are created equal", also need to find reasonable excuses to keep things as they are. Almost all national leaders use religion to sanctify the current order.
What is the relationship between religion and prejudice? The answer depends on how we ask questions. Gordon allport concluded: "The role of religion seems to be contradictory. It creates prejudice and eliminates it at the same time. "
Conformity: once prejudice is formed, it will continue to a great extent due to inertia. If prejudice is accepted by society, many people will take the road of less resistance and follow this trend. Their actions may be out of hatred, but they are more likely to be liked and accepted by people. For example, when people hear sexist jokes, their support for women will decrease.
Frustration and attack (scapegoat theory) and social identity theory (feeling superior).
1) frustration and attack (scapegoat theory): pain and frustration (blocked goals) often cause hostility. When the cause of our frustration is timidity or unknown, we tend to shift our hostile direction. For example, after the American Civil War, the lynching of blacks in the south increased, and the feared Klan was the group affected by "alternative attacks".
Competition is one of the sources of depression. When two groups compete for jobs, housing or social prestige, one group achieves its goal, which will be a setback for the other group. Therefore, the realistic group conflict theory holds that once groups compete for scarce resources, prejudice will appear.
Gauss Law (Gauss Law is an economic theory, and Gauss provides a case. Cattle eat wheat, cattle are owned by herders, and wheat is owned by farmers. Cattle can eat wheat, but farmers have to charge. Only when the marginal value of cattle eating wheat is free = the marginal value of wheat, can both sides maximize their interests. If the margin of cattle eating wheat increases
For example, in the United States, whites who have the strongest prejudice against blacks often come from the socio-economic class closest to blacks. For example, why is this happening? Why do people on the same starting line with you dislike you the least, discriminate against you and arrange you?
2) Social identity theory (feeling superior to others): Psychologists john turner and Michel Hogg have noticed that we still naturally describe ourselves through our groups.
Self-concept (that is, who we feel we are) includes not only personal identity (how we feel about our personal characteristics and attitudes), but also social identity.
We may be students, party member, China, etc. With so many social identities on your shoulders, playing cards at the most appropriate time is just like playing cards.
There are three forms of social identity theory:
? We classify: We find it useful to classify people, including ourselves.
? We agree: We talk about our connection with specific groups [our internal groups] and gain self-esteem.
? We compare: We compare our own group with other groups [external groups] and prefer our own group.
When we evaluate ourselves, we will judge ourselves partly according to our group members. We not only seek respect for ourselves in groups, but also seek pride in groups. For example, young people like to join various organizations. ]
[Personal identity (personal achievement and self-service bias) and social identity (group achievement and internal group bias) * * * are the same as cultivating self-esteem. ]
Describing who you are means describing who you are not, being accepted by the inner circle, having a sense of belonging, and naturally rejecting the outer circle.
Internal group prejudice provides a positive self-concept. When our group is successful, we can also make ourselves feel better by strongly identifying with the group. The school team won, we will say we won, lost, we will say they lost.
Prejudice within a group breeds preference: thinking that this group is better than other groups. When our group size is small and our social and economic status is lower than that of the outer group, we are more likely to show inner group prejudice.
Social status, self-concern and belonging need: social status is relative. To feel that you have status, you need someone who is not as good as us. Therefore, a psychological advantage that can be gained from prejudice or any social status hierarchy is the feeling of being superior.
People with stable social status have relatively weak demand for superiority, which is also the reason why the demand for superiority of nobles is weaker than that of nouveau riche. Sororities with low social status prefer to attack other sororities and gain superiority through attacks.
Contempt for external groups can also meet another need: the need to belong to internal groups. Perceiving that the same enemy will unite a group and face powerful competitors will reduce the factional spirit. The friendship between employees is the strongest when they feel opposed to the management.
Classification (dividing people into different groups), uniqueness (perceiving those outstanding people) and attribution (is this a just world? )。
Prejudice and prejudice are by-products of normal thinking process. Many stereotypes stem not so much from deep resentment as from psychological activity mechanism.
Illusion is a by-product of our process of explaining the world, and stereotype is also a by-product of our psychological mechanism of simplifying the complex world.
1) classification (people are divided into different groups):
? Spontaneous classification: Race and gender are the most effective ways to classify people in the world today.
? Perception of similarity and difference: We regard the outer group as similarity, and we can find the differences within the group. For example, people outside Europe regard Swiss people as very similar people, but for Swiss people, Swiss people are diverse, including German, French and Italian groups.
? Uniqueness (perceiving those outstanding people): Unique people and extreme events attract our attention and distort our judgment.
? Unique person: unique to form self-awareness, men in a group will always realize the unique reaction of women to him. The higher the individual uniqueness of the minority, the more the majority will overestimate the number of this group.
? Unique events: A person in an atypical group can only make a false association in people's minds, which is reflected and encouraged by the mass media. For example, when a homosexual sadist appears, people often mention homosexuality. On the contrary, when heterosexual sadists appear, people will choose to ignore sexual orientation.
2) Attribution (Is this a just world? ): When explaining other people's behaviors, we often make attribution mistakes. We are always keen to attribute people's behavior to their inherent tendencies and ignore the important situational forces. Part of the reason for making this mistake is that we pay attention to people rather than situations.
A very important theoretical discussion: the phenomenon of just world!
? For example, a girl in Lijiang had her face cut, and someone who ate melons said that she didn't love herself. She must have done something wrong to go out so late.
? Psychological experiments show that when observers are unable to change the fate of victims, they often deny and belittle them.
? Some people are indifferent to social injustice because they can't see injustice in their eyes. They think there must be something hateful about the poor, and the victims deserve everything.
? These beliefs make successful people believe that they deserve everything they get, they don't have to take responsibility for the unfortunate people, and they are proud of the lucky people.
Self-perpetuating stereotype, the influence of discrimination (self-fulfilling prophecy) and the threat of stereotype.
1) Self-perpetuating stereotype: Prejudice is a kind of prejudgment, which can guide our interpretation of events.
As long as the behavior of group members meets our expectations, we will attach importance to this fact and our previous views will be verified. When the behavior of group members is inconsistent with our expectations, we will forgive such behavior under special circumstances.
Maybe you can also recall a period of time in the past. No matter how hard you try, you can't get rid of other people's comments on you. At that time, no matter what you did, you were always misunderstood. Once someone expects that meeting you will not be pleasant, it is likely to lead to misunderstanding.
William ickes's experiment: When these difficult things come to the laboratory, they are paired in pairs. The experimenter gave a wrong warning to one person in each pair in advance: the other person was "one of the most unfriendly people I talked to recently". Then introduce two people and spend 5 minutes alone. Under another condition of the experiment, guide these students and make them participate in a particularly friendly partner.
In both cases, the other party is very friendly to the newcomers. In fact, people who expect the other person to be unfriendly will try to be friendly, and their smiles and other friendly behaviors will arouse a warm response. However, unlike students with positive prejudice, these people who expect to meet unfriendly partners attribute this mutual friendliness to their "cautious" treatment of each other. They show more distrust and disgust for each other afterwards, and think that the other person's behavior is not so friendly, despite the fact that their partners are very friendly.
2) Influence of discrimination (self-fulfilling prophecy): Because of discrimination, I think it will be bad for black people to move into the community. Once anything happens, it will be related to black people, proving the correctness of self-prediction.
3) The threat of stereotype: When a white person lives in a black community, this strange environment will consume our energy and attention, leading to the decline of our psychological and physiological functions. The media can arouse the threat of stereotypes, such as brainless women in posters, which leads to poor performance of women in mathematics and other fields.