By understanding the past and present energy structure and energy utilization technology, it is pointed out that energy science needs interdisciplinary integration to contribute to energy development, and the development of energy science is the source and forerunner of energy high-tech innovation. Therefore, the development of energy science and energy utilization technology not only contributes to the future scientific development of the country, but also supports the country to solve the current energy crisis.
Keywords: energy structure, energy utilization technology, new energy,
Energy is a relatively concentrated energy body or energy process. All natural resources that can obtain some energy indirectly or through conversion are collectively called energy. In nature, there are some natural resources with some form of energy, which can be converted into the energy form people need under certain conditions. This natural resource is obviously energy.
Energy is the motive force of human subordination and material production. Since ancient humans appeared on the earth, with the continuous development of social life and economic life, the application occasions and scale of energy are constantly changing and growing. In ancient times, the main energy of human beings came from manpower and animal power, supplemented by firewood. From the beginning of the western industrial revolution, in order to meet the needs of industrialization in western capitalist countries, at the end of 18, Watt invented the steam engine, and a large number of power machinery with coal as energy gradually replaced the small workshop-style handicraft industry. The combination of coal and capitalist mass production has greatly changed the world energy structure.
1895, the United States began oil drilling and development, and this liquid fuel showed stronger attraction than coal. 1876, the German Otto invented the internal combustion engine, and then formed the automobile industry with the internal combustion engine technology as the core, which promoted the development of the machinery manufacturing industry and created an unprecedented material civilization in human history.
At the end of 19, the energy structure dominated by electricity began to change dramatically. Since Faraday discovered electromagnetic induction, people realized that electricity and magnetism are a unified electromagnetic phenomena, and then invented motors, generators and various electrical appliances, making electricity widely used as a secondary energy source. According to statistics, about three-quarters of the energy in the world is converted into electric energy in power plants for human use. Conventional energy sources (such as fossil fuel coal, oil and natural gas) are used for power generation, and their reserves are limited, which may be exhausted in the foreseeable future, or cannot be used because of high utilization cost. Therefore, in order to meet the increasing energy demand and the sustainable development of social development, we must find new energy sources other than fossil fuels to solve the energy problems facing mankind.
Several classifications of energy sources
1, classified by energy:
A) Energy from celestial bodies outside the Earth, mainly solar radiation energy.
Including curing solar energy, such as fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas, oil shale, etc.). , accumulated from organic matter 1 100 million years ago), plant fuel, etc. Energy converted from solar energy, such as wind energy, water energy, wave energy and ocean energy; Direct solar radiation, such as photoelectric conversion, photosynthesis, etc.
B) energy from the earth's interior.
Including: the earth's thermal energy, such as earthquake energy, volcanic thermal energy, underground hot water, geothermal steam, hot rocks; Nuclear energy, such as elements containing nuclear energy, uranium, thorium, boron, deuterium, etc.
C) the energy generated by the interaction between the earth and other celestial bodies.
Including tidal energy generated by gravity between the earth and the moon. The energy on the earth mainly comes from solar energy, geothermal energy, nuclear energy and tidal energy, accounting for 99.9% of all energy on the earth.
2, according to the existence and form of energy.
A) Primary energy-energy existing in nature in its existing form.
Renewable energy-energy that will not decrease with its own transformation or utilization, including wind energy, water energy, ocean current, ocean thermal energy, tidal energy, plant fuel, direct solar radiation, earthquake energy, volcanic activity, underground thermal energy, etc.
Non-renewable energy-energy that gradually decreases with human utilization, including mineral fuels (coal, oil, natural gas, oil shale, etc. ) and nuclear fuel (uranium, thorium, boron, deuterium, etc. ).
B) Secondary energy-energy that needs to be produced or generated by other energy sources, including electric energy, hydrogen energy, gasoline, kerosene, diesel oil, gunpowder, alcohol, methanol, etc. They are easy to use and are high-grade energy sources.
3. According to the nature of energy itself.
A) Energetic energy-energy is stored in some form of carrier and used by people. Including all kinds of fossil fuels, nuclear fuels, underground thermal energy, high-level reservoirs, hydrogen energy and so on.
B) Process energy-energy exists in the process of material movement and cannot be directly stored in large quantities. If it needs to be stored, it must be converted into energy in energy. Including wind energy, water energy, ocean current, earthquake energy, tidal energy and electric energy. The conversion mode is tap water → high reservoir, electric energy → storage battery.
Conventional energy with great potential
The most basic conventional energy-coal
Coal is a solid combustible mineral gradually formed by ancient plants buried underground through complex biochemical and physical-chemical changes.
As a fuel, coal began as early as 800 years ago. Coal is widely used as fuel for industrial production, which began with the industrial revolution at the end of 18. With the invention and use of the steam engine, coal has been widely used as fuel for industrial production, which has brought unprecedented great productivity to society and promoted the development of industry, followed by the development of coal, steel, chemical industry, mining, metallurgy and other industries. Moreover, coal is rich in reserves, widely distributed and generally easy to mine, so it is widely used as fuel in various industrial production.
Coal is a modern industry, whether heavy or light; It plays an important role in energy industry, metallurgical industry, chemical industry, machinery industry, textile industry, food industry and transportation industry. All kinds of industrial sectors consume a certain amount of coal to a certain extent, so some people call coal the "real grain" of industry. At present, the proven coal reserves in China rank first in the world. Nevertheless, the shortage of coal supply still restricts the development of China's national economy. Therefore, it is one of the important ways to solve the energy shortage and accelerate the development of national economy to apply high technology to process and transform coal, improve the utilization efficiency of coal and reduce the environmental pollution caused by coal combustion.
Treatment, processing and conversion of coal
(1) coal preparation technology: coal preparation refers to removing or reducing impurities (including ash, gangue, sulfur, etc. ) and the treated coal is divided into several varieties and grades to meet the needs of different users.
(2) Clean coal technology: Clean coal technology refers to a series of newly developed technologies, such as coal processing, combustion conversion, flue gas purification in smoke channel, etc. The purpose is to reduce the environmental pollution caused by coal burning, improve the utilization efficiency of coal and reduce the cost.
(3) Briquette and its utilization: Coal products with a certain shape made of pulverized coal or low-quality coal are called briquettes. Burning briquette can improve thermal efficiency, save coal and reduce pollution. The energy saving rate of briquette is the highest among all clean coal technologies, and its relative environmental benefits are also high.
(4) Coal-liquid mixed new fuel technology: Coal-liquid mixed new fuel is a new technology, and these mixed fuels are the suspension of pulverized coal in liquid, that is, coal-liquid mixture. At present, a variety of mixtures have been comprehensively tested, and the most valuable coal-liquid mixture is coal water slurry, which is a low-pollution fuel.
The Blood of Contemporary Industry-Oil and Natural Gas
Oil, also known as crude oil, is a brown-black flammable viscous liquid mined from deep underground. It is a mixture formed by the long-term evolution of organisms in ancient oceans or lakes and belongs to fossil fuels. Petroleum and its products are widely used in all aspects of production and life, and are called the blood of industry. Oil is the main energy in the composition of primary energy consumption in the modern world. According to 1990 statistics, oil ranks first in the composition of primary energy consumption in the world. It is second only to coal in China. By the end of 1990, the world's natural gas ranked third in the world's primary energy composition, second only to coal and oil. China's proven natural gas reserves rank ninth in the world. From 65438 to 0990, China's natural gas ranked fourth after coal, oil and hydropower in the composition of primary energy consumption.
Crude oil is processed into six products: gasoline, kerosene, diesel, lubricating oil, chemical light oil and naphtha. The range of petroleum products starts from liquefied petroleum gas, with petrochemical raw materials, fuels, lubricants and asphalt in the middle. Crude oil will also release a large amount of liquefied petroleum gas during processing. After petroleum processing, various liquid fuels with high utilization rate and reasonable economy can be obtained, mainly including internal combustion engine fuel, boiler fuel and lamp oil. Other petroleum products mainly include lubricating oil, wax, asphalt and petroleum solvents, ethylene, propylene, polyethylene and other petrochemical products. Natural gas is a mixed gas, the main component of which is methane. As a fuel, natural gas is easy to burn, clean and ash-free, with high calorific value and no pollution to the environment.
Natural gas, like petroleum, is a very important basic organic chemical raw material. Many substances separated from natural gas and recovered from refinery steam are the most basic chemical raw materials, which can be further manufactured and transformed into a variety of chemical products, such as synthetic fibers, synthetic rubber, synthetic plastics and fertilizers.
The main fuel of thermal power generation is the coal we mentioned earlier, and sometimes oil is used as fuel. Moreover, the main task of electric power construction in China will still be to develop thermal power generation for a long time. There are a series of problems to be solved to improve the capacity and parameters of thermal power generation equipment. Especially in today's deteriorating ecological environment, how to reduce or even eliminate the environmental pollution caused by thermal power generation is an urgent problem to be solved, so adopting low-pollution combustion mode is an inevitable development trend.
The cleanest conventional energy-water energy
The main way of water energy utilization is power generation. Hydroelectric power generation is to use the water energy contained in rivers to generate electricity. The most commonly used method is to build a barrage on the river to concentrate the water energy resources scattered in the river section, and then pump out the water with concentrated water energy by the water diversion pipeline to make the hydro-generator set in the plant rotate. During the operation of the device, water can be converted into electrical energy. Because of the use of water energy, the water flow itself has no loss and can still be used by the downstream water department. The characteristics of hydropower resources in China are that the total amount of hydropower resources is large, but the development utilization rate is low, and the distribution of hydropower resources is uneven. There are many in the west and few in the east, which are relatively concentrated in the southwest, while the hydropower resources in the east with developed economy and large energy demand are very few, which does not match the economic development.
Hydroelectric power generation has the following characteristics:
(1) As a resource, water can be supplemented by precipitation in the natural water cycle, making water an inexhaustible renewable energy source, so its power generation cost is very low.
(2) Hydropower can be combined with other water conservancy undertakings. In order to make hydropower generate electricity, it is often necessary to build reservoirs, which can be used for flood control, water supply, shipping development and other tasks.
(3) The water turbine installed in the hydropower station is convenient and flexible to start, and is suitable for being used as a transformer in the power system, which is conducive to ensuring the quality of power supply.
(4) After the completion of the hydropower station, it can continuously provide cheap electricity.
(5) Hydroelectric power generation does not pollute the environment and is recognized as a clean energy source.
A promising new energy source
Solar energy-the main energy source in 21century
The sun is a hot gas ball, which contains great energy. Except geothermal energy and nuclear energy, all the energy on the earth comes from solar energy, so it can be said that solar energy is the "mother of energy" of mankind. Without solar energy, mankind will have nothing. 1945, Bell Telephone Laboratory of the United States manufactured the world's first practical silicon solar cell, which opened a new era of modern human utilization of solar energy.
People use solar energy in three main ways. One is to directly convert solar energy into electric energy, that is, photoelectric conversion. Solar cells belong to this conversion mode; The second is to directly convert solar energy into heat energy, that is, photothermal conversion, such as solar water heaters; The third is to directly convert solar energy into chemical energy, that is, photochemical conversion, such as solar engines.
In fact, human beings have been consciously using solar energy for a long time. Since the advent of solar cells, it has opened up a broad road for the utilization of solar energy. When satellites and spaceships explore space, they use solar cells with light weight, long life and impact resistance. At present, all countries in the world are making great efforts to study new solar cells, improve the photoelectric conversion rate and further deepen the development and utilization of solar energy.
Solar power station is usually called solar power station, which refers to solar thermal power station. This kind of power station first converts sunlight into heat energy, and then converts heat energy into electric energy through mechanical devices.
The energy conversion process of solar power station is: the scattered solar radiation energy is concentrated into concentrated heat energy by using a heat collector (condenser) and a heat absorber (boiler), and the heat energy is converted into mechanical energy through a heat exchanger and a turbine generator, and then into electrical energy.
Solar power stations rely on solar heat pipes to collect heat energy. Solar heat pipes are also called vacuum collectors. They are similar in structure to the thermos bottles we usually use, except that thermos bottles can only be used for heat preservation, while solar heat pipes can skillfully absorb the heat energy of the sun. Even if the sunlight is weak, they can reach a higher temperature, which is stronger than ordinary solar collectors. Heat pipe can provide a large amount of industrial hot water in one day, and it can continuously provide its owner with the required heat energy all year round.
Devil and angel-nuclear energy
Since 1954, when the former Soviet Union built the world's first nuclear power plant, the history of peaceful use of nuclear energy by mankind is less than half a century. However, the development of nuclear energy is extremely rapid.
The rapid development of nuclear energy is mainly due to its obvious advantages: First, the energy is huge and concentrated. Second, it is convenient to transport and has strong regional adaptability. Third, the reserves are abundant and inexhaustible.
Judging from the current situation, the nuclear power generation technology in the world is quite mature, and a large number of generator sets with a single unit capacity of one million kilowatts are put into use, which makes nuclear power plants develop rapidly.
In recent ten years, people have successfully developed a nuclear reactor that can make full use of uranium fuel, which is called "the boiler of tomorrow's nuclear power plant". This kind of nuclear reactor can proliferate nuclear fuel, that is, more and more nuclear fuel is burned in this "boiler". If a large number of fast neutron breeder nuclear reactors can be used, not only can the effective utilization rate of uranium resources be increased by dozens of times, but also the uranium resources can be expanded by hundreds of times.
In addition, in recent years, some achievements have been made in laser nuclear fusion, nuclear batteries, space nuclear power plants and underwater nuclear power plants, which have promoted the further improvement of nuclear power generation technology.
Ocean energy with attractive prospects
Ocean energy is a renewable energy generated in the process of seawater movement, which mainly includes temperature difference energy, tidal energy, wave energy, tidal energy, ocean current energy, salt difference energy and so on. Tidal energy and tidal energy come from the gravity of the moon, the sun and other planets, and other ocean energy comes from solar radiation. The total reserves of marine energy in the world are about hundreds or even thousands of times of the annual energy consumption in the world. This ocean energy is an inexhaustible new energy source. In the near future, ocean energy will play a huge and important role in benefiting mankind.
Have you ever heard of ocean tidal power generation? The sea breathes. Tides in the ocean are periodic and rhythmic vertical fluctuations of seawater caused by the attraction of the moon and the sun to the water on the earth and the rotation of the earth.
There is great energy in the tides of the ocean. During the high tide, the surging sea water has great kinetic energy. With the increase of seawater level, a lot of kinetic energy of seawater is converted into potential energy. In the process of low tide, the seawater is washed away, the water level gradually decreases, and a large amount of potential energy is converted into kinetic energy. Tidal energy is a lot of kinetic energy and potential energy contained in tidal movement of seawater.
Tidal power generation has the following advantages:
(1) Reservoirs for tidal power generation are all built by using estuaries or bays, which do not occupy cultivated land, nor do they flood or occupy a large area of land like river hydropower stations or thermal power stations.
(2) Tidal power stations are not affected by floods and low water like river hydropower stations, nor do they pollute the environment like thermal power stations. They are clean power stations unaffected by climatic conditions.
(3) The dam of tidal power station is low, easy to build and requires less investment.
Seawater has a bitter and salty taste because it dissolves a lot of mineral salts. However, this kind of salty seawater is of great use, which can be used to generate electricity and is a kind of marine resource with great energy.
At the mouth of a big river, where fresh water and salt water meet, fresh water and salt water will spontaneously diffuse and mix until their salt concentrations are equal. In the process of mixing, considerable energy will be released. That is to say, when seawater and fresh water are mixed, seawater with high salt concentration diffuses to fresh water with higher osmotic pressure, and fresh water also diffuses to seawater, but the osmotic pressure is small. The energy generated by this osmotic pressure difference is called seawater salt concentration difference energy or seawater salt difference energy.
As the name implies, ocean current is a river in the ocean. In the vast ocean, some seawater often flows in a certain direction and flows silently in the ocean all the year round. Ocean currents, like rivers on land, have a certain length, width, depth and velocity. The magnitude of wind and the density of seawater are the main causes of ocean currents. The current generated by directional wind blowing the sea surface continuously is called wind current; However, the current caused by the different density of seawater is called density current. In the final analysis, the energy of these two currents comes from the radiant energy of the sun. The utilization of ocean current power is much superior to that of rivers on land. It is neither threatened by floods nor affected by dry seasons. Flowing with almost constant water volume and certain flow all the year round, it can become a reliable energy source for human beings. Ocean current power relies on the impact of ocean current to make the turbine rotate, and then it is converted into high speed to drive the generator to generate electricity.
The temperature difference energy of seawater, the vast ocean, is a huge "heat accumulator" that can absorb a lot of radiant solar energy; It is also a huge "thermostat", which regulates the water temperature at the surface and depth of the ocean. The temperature of seawater decreases with the increase of ocean depth. This is because solar radiation cannot reach the seawater below 400 meters, and the temperature difference between the seawater on the ocean surface and the seawater at a depth of 500 meters can reach more than 20℃. The temperature difference between the upper and lower water in the ocean contains certain energy, which is called seawater temperature difference energy. Using seawater temperature difference energy can generate electricity, which is called seawater temperature difference power generation. At present, a new type of seawater temperature difference power generation device is to introduce seawater into a solar heating pool, heat seawater to 45 ~ 60℃, sometimes as high as 90℃, and then introduce warm water into a vacuum steam boiler to generate electricity by evaporation. Using seawater temperature difference to generate electricity can also get by-product-fresh water, so it also has seawater desalination function and can be used to meet the needs of industrial water and drinking water.
Bioenergy-biogas energy
Biogas is a combustible gas. Because this gas was first found in swamps and ponds, people call it "biogas". What we usually call biogas is artificially made, so it belongs to secondary energy. As an energy source, biogas has not been widely used so far, so it is also a member of modern new energy. The main component of biogas is methane (CH4). Generally, biogas contains 60-70% methane, 30-35% carbon dioxide, and a small amount of hydrogen, nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide, carbon monoxide, water vapor and a small amount of higher hydrocarbons.
Biogas has a high calorific value, so the calorific value of biogas is also high, so biogas is a high-quality artificial gas fuel. Methane is a colorless, odorless and nontoxic gas at room temperature, which is lighter than air. Because of its low solubility in water, methane can be stored in water-sealed containers. Biogas production is rich in raw materials and sources. Under certain conditions of temperature, humidity, acidity and anoxia, biogas can be produced by using human and animal feces, animal and plant remains, industrial and agricultural organic waste residue and waste liquid through anaerobic microbial fermentation. Biogas is a new energy source with sustainable regeneration, local production and consumption, cleanliness and convenience. At present, it can replace the tight supply of gasoline and diesel, start the internal combustion engine to generate electricity, drive agricultural machinery to process agricultural and sideline products, and can also be used for cooking and lighting.
Judging from the current situation, the use of biogas has the following advantages:
(1) Biogas can not only solve rural energy problems, but also increase organic fertilizer resources, improve quality and fertilizer efficiency, thus increasing crop yield and improving soil.
(2) The utilization of biogas can save a lot of organic matter such as straw and hay, which can be used to produce livestock feed and used as raw materials for papermaking and handicrafts.
(3) Setting biogas can reduce the phenomenon of cutting trees and shoveling turf, protect vegetation, and make the agricultural production system develop in a virtuous circle step by step.
(4) Setting biogas is beneficial to purify the environment and reduce the occurrence of diseases. This is because in the fermentation process of biogas digester,
Wind energy, the "ancient" energy in the new era.
In nature, wind is a huge energy, far exceeding the sum of energy provided by mineral energy, and it is an inexhaustible energy that has not been widely developed and utilized. Wind energy is the energy generated by air flow, and the energy of atmospheric movement comes from solar radiation. Due to the different speed of heat dissipation on the earth's surface after being radiated by the sun and the different content of water vapor in the air, the air pressure varies from place to place. As a result, the air in the high pressure area flows to the low pressure area, thus forming the wind. Therefore, wind energy is a kind of pollution-free and renewable clean energy.
At present, there are two main forms of wind energy utilization in the world, wind power generation and power generation, of which wind power generation is the main one. Taking wind energy as power means using wind wheels to directly drive various mechanical systems, such as driving water pumps to lift water. The advantages of this wind engine are low investment, high efficiency, economy and durability.
According to the distribution of wind energy resources in China and the current technical conditions, the focus of wind energy development and utilization in the near future is Inner Mongolia, Northeast China, Northwest China, Tibet and the southeast coast, as well as islands, mountains, tuyeres and other areas rich in wind energy resources. In areas where the annual average wind speed exceeds 6 m/s, especially in pastoral areas, islands and remote mountainous areas where the power grid is difficult to reach, it is of far-reaching significance to develop and utilize wind energy resources.
2 1 Century Ideal Energy —— Hydrogen Energy
Among many new energy sources, hydrogen will become the most ideal energy source in 2 1 century. This is because, in the case of burning coal, gasoline and hydrogen with the same weight, hydrogen produces the most energy, and the product of its combustion is water, which has no ash and waste gas and will not pollute the environment. Hydrogen mainly exists in water, and the only product after combustion is water, which can produce hydrogen continuously and never be used up. Hydrogen has a wide range of uses and strong applicability. It can not only be used as fuel, but also metal hydride has the function of mutual conversion of chemical energy, thermal energy and mechanical energy. For example, hydrogen storage metals have the ability to absorb and release hydrogen. Heat can be stored for indoor heating and air conditioning.
Hydrogen can easily become liquid at a certain pressure and temperature, and it is convenient to transport it by railway tanker, road trailer or ship. Liquid hydrogen can be used as fuel for automobiles and airplanes, as well as rockets and missiles. The Apollo spacecraft that flew to the moon in the United States and the Long March launch vehicle that launched satellites in China all used liquid hydrogen as fuel.
In addition, the use of hydrogen-hydrogen fuel cells can also directly convert hydrogen energy into electric energy, making the use of hydrogen energy more convenient. At present, this kind of fuel cell has been used in spacecraft and submarines with good results. Of course, due to the high cost, it is difficult to be widely used for a while.
In 1970s, people used semiconductor material strontium titanate as photoelectrode and metal platinum as dark electrode, connected them together and then put them into water. Under the irradiation of sunlight, hydrogen is released on the platinum electrode, while oxygen is released on the strontium titanate electrode. This is what we usually call the method of producing hydrogen by photoelectrolysis of water. Scientists have also found that some microorganisms can also produce hydrogen under the action of sunlight. People use microorganisms that can release hydrogen under photosynthesis. Hydrogenase induces electrons to combine with hydrogen ions in water to generate hydrogen.
The main problems of this subject
First, there are many traditional experiences in the development of specific projects, and the scientific basis for research and application of technology is not enough.
Second, in the development of new technology, there are few innovative concepts and independent concepts, which often follow the concepts put forward and published documents by a foreigner, lacking their own independent opinions and correct analysis and judgment, so that they often dismount after others dismount. We should combine the reality of our country, make scientific analysis and put forward our own independent opinions. To do this, we need to have a deep technical and scientific foundation.
3. Energy projects are large in scale, with large investment and long cycle, and there are not many brand-new concepts. We should look at the direction, stick to it for a long time, summarize it in time, and adjust our development.
Prospect of key development direction
Combined with the situation in China, the key development direction should be the following technologies:
Key technologies of oil and gas industry
New technology of oil and gas geophysical exploration and drilling, offshore oil and gas development, and new technology of improving oil recovery. In the later stage of water injection development, tertiary oil recovery and other methods are used to improve oil recovery.
Key Technologies of Efficient and Clean Utilization of Coal
The key to the development and utilization of coal in China is to solve the problems of low production efficiency, insecurity and serious environmental pollution. Two technologies should be gradually developed: one is safe and efficient mining technology; Second, clean coal technology with high efficiency and clean utilization: safe and efficient coal mining technology; Development technology of coalbed methane; Coal washing, processing and treatment technology; Clean coal combustion technology; Coal gasification technology.
Key technology of electric power industry
Supercritical and ultra-supercritical steam parameter power generation technology, gas-steam combined cycle power generation technology, clean coal power generation technology, cogeneration and polygeneration technology, advanced pressurized water reactor power generation technology, fuel cell power generation technology, national regional power grid interconnection and flexible AC transmission and distribution technology.
Energy saving technology
Medium and low temperature waste heat utilization system and new technology of medium and low temperature energy utilization, heat pump technology, building energy saving, new low temperature energy storage system (including ice storage and power peak shaving), energy-saving household appliances, transportation energy saving, and new energy-saving technology in high energy-consuming industries.
Scientific problems of nuclear energy release and utilization
Treatment and reuse of nuclear waste to improve safety and explore new types of safe reactors; Fast reactor and high temperature gas cooled reactor; Key technologies of controlled thermonuclear fusion reactor.
Scientific problems in the development and utilization of renewable energy and hydrogen energy
New photovoltaic power generation technology with low price, high efficiency and long life; Chemical biotechnology of biomass energy conversion; New technologies of light and heat utilization (power generation, refrigeration, etc.). ); Large-scale preparation, storage, transportation and utilization technology of hydrogen energy.
Energy environment technology
Harmful element control and pollution-free directional conversion technology in energy conversion and utilization; Pollution-free and resource utilization technology of urban garbage; Discussion on energy and environment system for CO2 recovery: coal-fired ecological engineering, coal-based hydrogen production and hydrogen energy utilization system.
Rural energy technology
Biogas technology; Biomass gasification, liquid fuel, power generation technology; Biomass processing technology.
Measures and suggestions
First, energy and environmental protection legislation, price policy and preferential policy.
Two, give strong support to energy science and technology (not specific production projects), supported by the state and industry. The science and education department gives special support.
Third, we should pay attention to and lay out R&D work in far-reaching and effective directions, such as advanced concepts of power generation system, solar energy and nuclear energy.
Fourth, cultivate young talents in energy science with solid foundation, wide knowledge and strong problem-solving ability.
Fifth, increase investment in energy science and technology research and development: China energy research and development; D the proportion of funds in national r&; D is one order of magnitude lower than that of developed countries in the world. Energy research and development. Low investment leads to independent research and development of science and technology in China.
References:
Introduction to Environment and Energy Science Author: Liu Publishing House: Science Press; Version 1
Introduction to Energy Science Author: Huang Publishing House: China Electric Power Press
2011-China energy science development strategy report in 2020 (fourth draft), China academy of sciences.
Research on Development Strategy of Energy Science Academician Wu China Academy of Sciences