1. Plagiarism refers to presenting others' achievements as their own research achievements, methods, data, etc. Without authorization. Plagiarism seriously infringes on other people's intellectual property rights and academic reputation, and also violates academic ethics.

2. Data fraud: Data fraud refers to artificial tampering or forgery of experimental data, results and pictures. In order to obtain the required research conclusions or paper publishing qualifications.

3. Inappropriate citation: Inappropriate citation includes misreading or deliberately misinterpreting documents, or using materials with unreliable or unverifiable sources to support your own views.

4. Hidden rules: Hidden rules refer to undisclosed and potential rules or principles, which usually exist in some professional fields, institutions or groups and can affect academic evaluation, publication and reward.

In order to avoid these academic misconduct, the following measures should be taken:

1, pay attention to academic integrity: we should adhere to academic integrity, establish our own academic moral consciousness and avoid all kinds of misconduct.

2. Strengthen citation management: strictly follow the citation norms and standards to ensure that the citation sources are true, reliable and well documented.

3. Improve your own quality: improve your academic quality and level, enhance your independent thinking and innovation ability, and make yourself more competitive academically.

4. Familiar with relevant regulations: Understand and abide by the publishing regulations of academic journals and publishing houses, and avoid being rejected or affecting your academic reputation because of violating relevant regulations.

5. Strengthen communication and discussion: strengthen communication and discussion with peers, discuss problems together, supervise and remind each other, and effectively prevent academic misconduct.

In short, to maintain academic integrity, in the process of academic research and paper publication, we should pay attention to strictly abide by citation norms and standards, improve our academic quality and level, understand relevant regulations, strengthen exchanges and discussions, and avoid the occurrence of academic misconduct.