Natural aesthetics is the most important aesthetic ideal in the general introduction of Liu Xie's Wen Xin Diao Long, and the pivot of his article, The Beginning of the Original Tao, points out the natural aesthetic standpoint that "mind is born, words are civilized, and Tao is natural", that is, all literary creation originates from nature. His "natural way" not only refers to the natural scenery of everything in the world, but also refers to the social and humanistic state in which the author lives. Not only did Liu Xie directly use "nature" once in Ming poetry, style and love, but many of his articles, such as The Original Road, Looking for Things, Time Series, etc., were dominated by natural aesthetics. This paper analyzes the natural aesthetic ideal of Liu Xie's Wen Xin Diao Long from three angles: the beauty and way of nature, natural aesthetics and natural scenery, and natural aesthetics and emotional comfort.

Keywords "Wen Xin Diao Long"; Aesthetic ideal; nature

First, natural aesthetics and the way of nature

Laozi said in the Tao Te Ching: "The Tao gives birth to one, two, three and all things". "Tao" is a very abstract, complex and meaningful concept in China's ancient literary theory. Influenced by Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, Liu Xie's specific meaning of "Tao" is also confusing and controversial. In Reading Notes, Huang Kan interpreted the Tao in the original Tao as "Tao is the nature of all things" and thought that "Tao" was not a family way, including the Tao of all things in the world. "The things in the article are not so narrow." Fan Wenlan noticed that "the so-called Tao is the way of nature" and "the so-called Tao in Yanhe refers to the way of sages, so there are two chapters, Zheng Sheng and Jing Zong, which have clear meanings, which are different from those who carry Tao with empty words." Fan Wenlan seems to refute Huang Kan's theory of "non-Tao" by taking "Tao" as "empty words carrying Tao".

At the beginning of The Original Road, Liu Xie listed many natural phenomena, all of which talked about the literary talent of natural things, such as heaven and earth, mountains and rivers, dragons and phoenixes, tigers and leopards, clouds and vegetation. Liu Xie believes that after the formation of heaven and earth, people participate in it, and heaven, earth and people are combined into three talents. Regarding the formation of human beings, Liu Xie said that it is "the essence of the five elements, the mind of heaven and earth", and human beings are "the spirit of the heart", so it is said that "the mind is born with words, and words are civilized". Language is human's literary talent, a kind of "reaction consciousness to things", and an innate talent of human beings, not deliberately created. No matter how people argue, looking at the full text of Wen Xin Diao Long, Liu Xie takes aesthetics as the noumenon and beauty is generated by the way of nature. Liu Xie believes that beauty is the product of all things in nature, and the beauty of all things is expressed according to people's aesthetic consciousness. In addition, he believes that from arousing emotion to conception, to determining genre and forming style, we must follow nature. Therefore, Liu Xie's The Way of Nature contains all the ingenious works of natural things in the world, the changes of human feelings in the world society, and the natural venting and revealing of the author's feelings in the natural society, which is the unity of "natural literature" and "humanistic literature". Literature has something to do with nature, that is, "emotions move with things, words and expressions". There is a relationship between literature and society that "literary changes affect the world and rise and fall in time sequence".

Second, natural aesthetics and natural scenery.

Throughout the book Wen Xin Diao Long, there are many natural scenery and its profound and detailed descriptions, from clouds and mountains to plants, fish, insects, birds and beasts, which are all literary works of nature, regardless of shape, color and rhyme. This is to explore in the original way, to find legends and Ming poems, and to establish the aesthetic theory of nature. Since the Wei and Jin Dynasties, people began to consciously discover the process of "beauty", and they focused on finding natural scenery corresponding to the theme, whether it was praise for nature or understanding of landscape.

Because the scenery has many colors, it is named "Looking for". In the study of Wen Xin Diao Long in the past dynasties, there are different opinions on the order and intention of the chapter "Seeking", but they all affirm the view that "Seeking" clarifies the important position of nature in literature. At the beginning of the article "Looking for a Job", Liu Xie directly expounded the influence of "things" (nature) on human beings: "In the Spring and Autumn Period, both yin and yang were sad, and their hearts were shaken when looking for a job. "The alternation of Spring and Autumn and the change of Yin and Yang are all different states of existence of all things in nature. The change of "hunting" promotes the change of human emotion, and the "movement" of "hunting" pulls the "shake" of "people's heart" at its root, and people will express it in language.

As for the description of natural scenery, Liu Xie put forward that "although the search is complicated, it is still important to analyze the characters", which is represented by The Book of Songs, Li Sao and Sima Xiangru Fu. Searching summarizes the development of scenery words in the pre-Qin period. First, the author of the Book of Songs carefully observed the scenery and expressed it in words with his heart, and cited many examples. Liu Xie realized that the author of The Book of Songs had been able to fully express his rich exploration and feelings in simple words, and it was "clear at a glance". When it comes to Chu ci works such as Li Sao, scenery ci is often more complicated. Among Sima Xiangru and other Han Fu writers, they even like to use a series of words to describe the landscape, which formed what Yang Xiong said: "The poet's liv is obscene." It can be seen that through the three literary works, The Book of Songs, Li Sao and Fu by the representative ci fu writers, what Liu Xie wants to advocate is a way of depicting scenery with less pen and ink and expressing far-reaching significance. That is, we advocate the way of "beauty speaks for itself" and "less is more" and oppose "lewd and complicated sentences"

Third, the expression of natural aesthetics and material feelings.

Wang Guowei said in "Words on Earth": "All scenery words are sentimental words." "Sense of things" is one of the important aesthetic propositions in ancient literature, which emphasizes that the origin of literary creation and the occurrence of aesthetic experience are due to the "inductive" relationship between the subject's "heart" and the object's "things". Liu Xie believes that the origin of creation comes from the savings after the inner feelings are touched, and the rise of this feeling comes from people's induction of things. "Wen Xin Diao Long? The Ming poem said: "It is natural that people can have seven emotions, respond to things and express their aspirations. ".

Liu Xie believes that human nature is endowed with seven emotions: anger, sorrow, fear, love and evil desire, but the seven emotions are only hidden in people's hearts, and only when they are touched by things can they be embodied. Therefore, when people face the changes of phenology in the four seasons, their hearts will vibrate and they will be expressed in words. Liu Xie also mentioned in "Looking for a Job" that "people will be safe when looking for a job". Because the call of natural scenery touched the author's emotions and triggered his aesthetic experience and infinite association, he lingered and meditated in the myriad scenes of nature and expressed the beauty of natural scenery through "writing". Liu Xie also pointed out that "merit is closely attached". In other words, the creator's description of the scenery can appropriately express his feelings, so as to achieve "such smart words, like inkpad, without carving, but written in a humble way."

In addition, Liu Xie also discussed the relationship between literature and emotion in the chapter "Emotion", in which he said: "Cherish what poets write and write for emotion; Resign praise and create feelings for the text. " In favor of the creation of the author of The Book of Songs and against the creation of the ci-fu writers, it is the embodiment of his emotional and self-indulgent natural aesthetics. "Therefore, those who love literature are classics, and those who resign are the weft of reason; After the correction, the latitude is completed, and then the word is fluent: the origin of this article is also. " It is believed that writers always have their own inner feelings when creating, and then they sort out the emotions and reason of "Yu Tao" and "resentment" and express them into gorgeous words. Liu Xie emphasized that truth is primary and rhetoric is secondary. Both are active and passive. Only when feelings are in place can rhetoric be in place. Liu Xie lived in an era of unprecedented prosperity in literary creation, and a large number of literary works appeared. However, most of the works are sentimental, literary and lightweight, which gradually deviates from the aesthetic ideal of "poetry is based on emotion". He criticized that people are too fond of novelty and vague language in their creation, just like painting colors on colorful feathers and stabbing brilliant flowers on their belts, which increasingly deviates from emotion, literature and quality, leading to abuse. It can be seen that Liu Xie's criticism of modern people is based on natural aesthetics.

summary

As an aesthetic object, the discovery and independence of natural beauty has gone through a long process. Since Wei and Jin Dynasties, people began to consciously discover the course of "beauty". As a monograph on literary theory, Liu Xie's Wen Xin Diao Long is based on natural aesthetics. The author specifically describes the mutual induction and communication between the writer's mind and the objective physical environment in the creative process, which involves the aesthetic relationship between the poet's "heart" and the natural scenery. Beauty is the product of all things in nature, and the beauty of all things is expressed according to people's aesthetic consciousness. From arousing emotion to conception, to determining genre and forming style, we must conform to nature. As a theoretical classic of China's traditional natural aesthetics, it has dual values of ideological resources and humanistic wisdom.

refer to

[2] Cheng Junying. The Book of Songs [M]. Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 20 12.

[3] The Complete Works of Wan Zhi. Research on Taoist aesthetic thought in Han, Wei and Six Dynasties [M]. China Social Sciences Press, 20 12.

[5] Zhang Shaokang editor. Study on Wen Xin Diao Long [M]. Hubei Education Press, 2002.

[6] Zhu Zhu. Biography of Liu Xie [M]. Sanqin Press, 2006.