Ancient China has a long history and Chinese civilization has a long history. As a representative of highly concentrated culture, architecture plays an important role in history and culture. Culture and architecture interact with each other, creating a splendid history of civilization in China. Architecture depends on architecture, architecture needs conception, conception is design, and design is bound to be linked with culture. The artist, that is, the idea of architectural design. In ancient China society, especially in the long feudal society, social and cultural consciousness determined and influenced the design result of ancient buildings, and transformed it into the planning and design process of buildings. Taking the sequence of ancient buildings in China as an example, this paper discusses the interaction between them and the resulting design process.
Every architectural plan is produced according to the needs of a social constituent unit, and the plane organization is a specific arrangement formed to meet the requirements of the plan. As an extension of plane organization, sequence also extends according to the law from small to large and from simple to complex, with the development and progress of society.
I. Basic composition
There are two ways to expand the scale of construction units: the expansion of volume or the increase of quantity. China's classical architecture mainly achieves the purpose of expanding the plane scale by increasing the number, thus forming its unique design concept. In China's ancient cosmology, heaven was regarded as the order of heaven, in order to be legal and eternal. However, if you want to echo the sky and touch the ground, the composition of the plane sequence can't be expressed in a decentralized way. Even counties and counties should seek the stars in the sky like their counterparts in middle schools. In terms of plane organization, China rarely talks about the merger and concentration of single buildings, and always maintains an independent and decentralized layout.
Compared with the west, there are two different ways to obtain the same building volume: China is the accumulation of "number" and the west is the collection of "quantity". The oriental view of nature, in which things and me are integrated, regards nature as the concept of things and me, so China contains more and more man-made buildings, even as the subject and soul. "Pursuing man-made works, just like nature" has become the pursuit of China's man-made environment and architectural artistic conception.
In addition, the ancients in China endowed the environment with the principle of orderly yin and yang, determined the principal and subordinate directions, and distinguished the environmental elements, which reflected the characteristics of architecture serving the ritual system. The orientation of East Qinglong, West White Tiger, South Suzaku and North Xuanwu greatly affects the distribution of architectural plane sequence. Yin Shan is sunny, the northern part of Nanyang is cloudy, and Levin is low, which puts forward the requirements for the environmental management of general buildings.
Social psychological structure is constantly changing, affecting people's activities and behaviors, including architecture. Self-sufficient lifestyle creates introverted social psychology, which in turn promotes the formation of defensive introverted space.
Architecture and environment are inseparable. The instinct of survival drives human beings to seek advantages and avoid disadvantages, which is particularly prominent in building site selection. Close to the water to avoid floods, good defense, good microclimate, smooth traffic and ideal landscape show the characteristics that the ancients paid attention to the whole, relationship, climate and social psychological influence when building. However, when the environment does not conform to the ideal model, artificial methods are often used to adjust and improve the environment, such as waterway reconstruction, water diversion project, artificial landscaping, orientation adjustment, etc., all of which come from the results of the ancient people's adjustment and transformation of the natural environment while understanding the natural laws and adapting to the natural environment.
The above ideology and cultural psychology run through the architectural history and affect all aspects of the architectural sequence.
Second, the single building
The plane of a single building is mainly in accordance with the structural requirements, and has not become a complex organization because of functional requirements. The basic form is column net, which includes regular "space" and "frame", structural changes such as "increasing or decreasing column spacing" and "reducing column structure", and some special ones. The creation of modular system directly serves the hierarchy required by etiquette system, while retaining enough flexibility for designers and builders. This includes the characteristics and cultural influence of traditional building materials in China. The linear wood structure, the China cultural concept of "two instruments give birth to four images" and "a round place" make the wood structure present a simple rectangle in most major buildings, and form the geometric order of the courtyard by balancing the symmetry axis.
Third, team building.
Organizing buildings around a central axis may be the earliest layout of mankind, and the traditional architecture in China is basically dominated by this idea from beginning to end. In large buildings, the courtyards connected in series form roads, and the graded roads form a whole group.
Influenced by the concept of Yin and Yang, China traditional architecture not only pays attention to form, but also pays attention to connotation. "Left group and right house" is the embodiment of a cultural order in architecture. In the traditional architectural pattern of China, balance symmetry is not a simple form, but the symmetry of related contradictions, just like literature.
In another special ancient building-garden, there is not only strict and unified symmetry, but also isomorphic relationship and natural order. Reciprocal relationship, mutual negation relationship and mutual tolerance relationship inadvertently coincide with the Taiji diagram in the Book of Changes. The profound reflection on this culture reveals some deep essence of China culture. This is not only a natural order, but also a balanced and symmetrical order, which embodies China's view of organic nature.
Fourth, the typical system
1 bearing
"The main building faces south, and the left and right sides are symmetrical" is the traditional main architectural plane composition criterion in China, which basically meets the living needs of people in China and China in the temperate zone of the northern hemisphere. So it has been persisted for two or three thousand years. Facing south is not only synonymous with being an emperor, but also makes south the most important direction in the orientation sequence.
2 symmetry
The idea of emphasizing the central axis comes from a strong national concept, which embodies the unity of social consciousness and technical organization. In the city, there has always been a strict organizational relationship from single building to overall planning, and even if the urban planning method has changed, this relationship still persists.
3-axis sequence
The development of etiquette system in feudal society promoted the role of axis to be strengthened continuously, so the spatial sequence changes on the axis were also extremely rich, and the situation developed, which was applied to the design of distance, size and scale of buildings.
Fourth, primary and secondary schools.
The relationship between subject and object of design materials is different because of different intentions involved, and different relationships produce different themes, different personalities and effects.
Verb (abbreviation for verb) organization and arrangement
Although the planning is neat and symmetrical, which is the normal form of plane layout, on the other hand, it also produces a lot of flexible and free composition according to local conditions. China's architecture creates two different artificial environments: one is a work composed entirely of artificial shapes, and the other is a composition that appears as a natural scene although it is obtained artificially.
In some people's eyes, the symmetry principle of China traditional architecture is rigid and rigid, which limits the development of China architecture. This can't be said to be an argument without reason. Based on the mechanism of maintaining the practical and rational spirit of artisans' operation in China, the separation of Taoism and Taoism makes China's architectural creators always be in the craftsman class, and the way to obtain architectural skills can only rely on ancestral system and creation in practice. It has always followed the track of quantitative change, so it is difficult to see the ups and downs of architectural history in western architectural history. On the one hand, it shows the enduring vitality and strong adaptability of Chinese civilization in the land of the East, and on the other hand, it has really become the shackles of China's architectural innovation. Undeniably, this practical and rational spirit, which runs through the history of architectural development in China, has indeed solved many contradictions in China, such as spatial hierarchy and huge roof, which are both characteristics and constraints. When they are unique, they are also trapped by their own limitations. Ancient craftsmen used ingenious architectural skills to build a modular system, making changes and breakthroughs, which showed the practical and rational spirit of China architectural culture based on this life and the whole world.
The architectural history of China is as profound as that of China. As a subjective initiative of human beings, craftsmen's creative actions condense the history of social development and civilization construction, with both essence and dross, recording the rise of a nation. When we come into contact with excellent ancient buildings, we can be self-sufficient, but big cities are bound to need materials. In ancient China, bulk goods were mainly transported by water, so it became an important principle to build cities on both sides of navigable rivers in combination with the principle of closed water conservancy.
Pay attention to microclimate. Microclimate is a very important factor in the process of phase to the earth. The location in the south often likes the location with mountains in the west and north, and the open location in the east and south, in order to pursue a warm environment in winter and a cool environment in summer. Heyang Village in Yongjia, Zhejiang Province is a typical representative.
Ideal landscape pattern. The ancient people in China had a strong concept of harmony between man and nature, and emphasized the integration of environment and people, making the landscape a "form victory". The ancients have been insisting on and pursuing the connotation of natural geography and human geography.
Having a good environmental subject, that is, some expectation of people living in it, is the choice of social environment. The social environment is determined by the main body of society, namely people. "Human harmony" is more important than "geographical location", which is the ancient people's research and observation on social psychology.