1, language
Miao language belongs to the branch of Miao Yao language family of Sino-Tibetan language family. In the early 1950s, the second research group of minority languages survey of China Academy of Sciences, through on-the-spot investigation, scientifically studied the word formation of Miao languages in different places, but with different phonetic features, divided Miao languages into three major dialects, namely Xiangxi dialect, Guizhou Oriental dialect, Sichuan-Guizhou-Yunnan dialect (also known as eastern dialect, central dialect and western dialect), seven sub-dialects and eighteen dialects.
2, text
It is said that Miao people had written characters in ancient times, which may be homologous to Chinese characters, but they were later lost. These legends are hard to prove now. At the beginning of the 20th century, some Miao intellectuals created some square characters for the development of Miao culture and education, such as Fang Miaowen created by Shibantang in western Hunan, shorthand Miao Wen created by Shi Qigui, Miao Wen textbook compiled by Songtao Long Shaohua in Guizhou, etc. Some foreign missionaries also created some Miao Wen for missionary purposes. However, due to various conditions, these Miao prose has not been popularized among Miao people.
Second, religious belief.
Miao people have their own religious beliefs for a long time. After a long period of historical development, the religious beliefs of Miao people in different regions are different. In some Miao areas, due to traffic jams, Miao people believe in primitive religions; There are also a few Miao areas, such as Weining, Shimenkan and Yuanling in western Hunan, which converted to Catholicism and Christianity in modern times due to the influence of foreign missionaries. But on the whole, most Miao people still believe in primitive religions that have been formed for a long time, including nature worship, totem worship, ghost worship and ancestor worship.
Third, clothing.
Miao costumes are diverse and colorful. There are five streams in the later Han Dynasty. Wuxi: Xiangxi is at the junction with Guizhou, Sichuan and Hubei. There are five streams here, hence the name. The record of Miao people's "good five-color clothes"; Du Fu, a great poet in the Tang Dynasty, also wrote a famous poem "The sky is clothed by five streams". There are more than 100 styles of Miao women's wear, which is the highest in China. A more representative traditional "dressing up", there are dozens of headdresses only inserted in the bun.
Miao women generally wear narrow sleeves, big collars, double-breasted tops and pleated skirts. The dress is either long to the feet, elegant and colorful, or short to the knees and graceful. Casual clothes are mostly wrapped in a handkerchief on the head, a blouse on the upper body, a pair of trousers on the lower body, embroidered edges, an embroidered waist and a little delicate silver ornaments as a foil. Miao men's costumes are relatively simple, mostly double-breasted tops or right-handed robes, with wool felt woven with geometric patterns on their shoulders, blue baotou on their heads and leggings on their calves.
Fourth, the surname.
Miao nationality has two surnames, one is Miao nationality and the other is Han nationality. Miao surname is inherent; China's surname was entered later. Because in the past, Miao people didn't write their own Miao surnames in words, but only wrote Han surnames in Chinese characters, which led people to think that there were only Han surnames, but they didn't know there were Miao surnames. Before the use of "Han surname", Miao people had their own "Miao surname" to distinguish blood clan from clan. Scholars of the Han nationality and other nationalities in the past dynasties often know one but not the other, relying only on the popular Han surname of the Han nationality, resulting in wrong ideas and misunderstandings? .
Miao people are widely distributed, including many dialects and branches. Miao people in all localities, dialect areas and branches have their own Miao surnames passed down from generation to generation, which are still popular internally.
Extended data
Miao culture can be traced back to the legend of Yanhuang five or six thousand years ago. According to historical documents and oral materials of Miao people, Miao ancestors first lived in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, and later gradually entered the southwest mountainous areas due to war and other reasons. Miao nationality is also a traditional nationality with its own language and writing.
Miao culture, like other national cultures, contains both material culture and spiritual culture. Material culture refers to things that can be seen and touched, such as food, clothing, housing and transportation. Spiritual culture refers to folk songs, dances, religious beliefs, handicrafts and so on.
Inheritance and innovation of Miao costumes. Miao costume is the most intuitive symbol to identify a nation, and the rich and colorful national culture in a region is also an intuitive and colorful national costume. First, dig deep into the basic elements and characteristics of national costume culture; Second, keep pace with the times to design holiday costumes, stage costumes and daily ordinary costumes; Third, call on the cadres and masses of all ethnic groups to wear national costumes in their work and daily life, especially the national leading cadres who have made a good start and set an example in major festivals; Fourth, it is necessary to form cultural products and tourist commodities and gradually become brand industries.
Protection and excavation of Miao characteristic cultural resources. The first is to protect and tap historical and cultural resources. Do a good job in the collection of ancient books into the library, carry out cultural relics survey and declaration, dig deep into the stories behind cultural relics and cultural heritage, and enrich the connotation of tourism culture. The second is to protect and tap ethnic and folk cultural resources. Inherit farming culture, textile culture and festival culture, and actively protect folk houses, folk customs, folk songs and folk skills.
Baidu encyclopedia-Miao nationality
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