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Analysis of Characters in Historical Records of Xiang Yu's Biography
Xiang Yu is a hero in the world. He lived only eight years in the political arena between Qin and Han Dynasties. He was only thirty-two when he committed suicide after the defeat. Sima Qian inspected Xiang Yu's short and extraordinary life, was deeply moved by his heroic color and tragic character, and devoted himself to depicting Xiang Yu's image. Historical Records of Xiang Yu's Biography runs through the whole story with the word "brave", which is the basic feature of Xiang Yu. Taking the Qin Dynasty as the boundary, Xiang Yu's life is described in two periods. In the early stage, he used his own courage to drive the courage of all people in the world and overthrow the rule of the Qin Dynasty. Later, he wrote that he conquered the courage of the world with his own courage and ended his rule. The work organically combines the heroic image of Xiang Yu as a giant with the lessons of revealing Xiang Yu's tragic character. Xiang Yu's image is not only extremely vivid, but also profound, admirable and thought-provoking. In the Qing Dynasty, Wu Jiansi's "Historical Records and Papers" said: "Eight thousand people crossed the river and marched westward, suddenly twenty thousand, suddenly sixty or seventy thousand, suddenly hundreds of thousands, suddenly more than eight hundred people, and more than one hundred people rode twenty-eight times until no one returned. Its prosperity is also like a river; Its death is like snow. It' s embarrassing. " The change of these figures shows the value difference of Xiang Yu's bravery in two periods. The "mutation" of the former shows that Xiang Yu's bravery is constantly appreciating and the situation will flourish; The latter "mutation" shows that Xiang Yu's bravery has been devalued, and the people have abandoned him and died suddenly. At the Hongmen banquet, Fan Kuai accused Xiang Yu of being a "descendant of Qin" and pointed out the root cause of Xiang Yu's failure. In Historical Records, Jia Yi's theory of crossing the Qin Dynasty was quoted twice. The first part ends with "benevolence and righteousness are not applied, and the offensive and defensive trends are different". The middle part points out that "Qin ruled the world from the Warring States period, and its way was not easy, and its politics remained unchanged, so it was taken and kept." The end of the anti-Qin struggle and Xiang Yu's enfeoffment of princes were actually the beginning of "defending the world". Xiang Yu lacks the political vision to unify the whole country, does not understand the truth of "taking the inverse and obeying it", blindly believes in his bravery and good fighting, and is willing to be the overlord of the western Chu. Before the enfeoffment system was completed, he immediately conquered it. At the end of the article, the commentary clearly opposes "ruling the world by force", which shows that the theme of Xiang Yu's biography is quite similar to that of Qin Shihuang. The difference is that Xiang Yu's image shows reverence and sympathy for this riot hero. Biography of Xiang Yu is unique in writing and represents the highest artistic achievement of biographical literature in Historical Records. First of all, the material selection is precise and meticulous. The third part is the most wonderful. Biography of Xiang Yu is based on a profound understanding of history itself, and its material selection is very accurate, which can truly and vividly reflect the true face of history. Although Xiang Yu's life was short, he experienced many great events, including more than 70 wars. In full swing, it looks complicated. Sima Qian confirmed that the three major events, the Battle of the Julu, the banquet at the Hongmen Gate and the siege at Gaixia, were very important in Xiang Yu's life, so he intercepted these three important cross sections and used various artistic techniques to reproduce Xiang Yu's heroic image of being brave, tenacious, impassioned and desperate. Xiang Yu's character, temperament, talent, courage and martial arts have been fully demonstrated in these events. Other historical facts interspersed among them, supplemented the cause and effect, and enriched the complete image of Xiang Yu. The second is to show Xiang Yu's heroic qualities in conflicts. The Battle of Julu is a strategic decisive battle between the rebel army and the main force of Qin Jun, which is related to the success or failure of the anti-Qin struggle. The life-and-death struggle between the rebels and Qin Jun is the main contradiction. There were sharp contradictions between the monarch and the minister in the Qin dynasty, between the generals who commanded the army and the ministers who used things. There are also sharp contradictions between Chu Jun and his ministers, and between the commander-in-chief and other generals. As an anti-Qin strategist, one must have great vision overlooking Qiang Qin and correct strategic deployment. Xiang Yu killed Yi Song, removed the fetters that hindered the anti-Qin struggle and solved the internal contradictions; Then the Dangyang Army and General Pu were sent to cross the river with 20,000 troops to save Zhao, so as to stabilize the morale of Lucheng rebels. Then cross the rubicon, March on a large scale, take counter-encirclement, eliminate the king from the army at the gate of Julu, remove the siege of Julu, and then panic in Qin Jun, forcing Zhang Han to surrender and Qin Jun to fall apart. The "Hongmen Banquet" was a confrontation between Xiang Yu and Liu Bang when the anti-Qin struggle ended, the Chu-Han dispute was about to begin and the Chu-Han dispute rose to be the main contradiction. The Hongmen Banquet is the prelude to the dispute between Chu and Han. Cao Wushang's reporting, Xiang Bo's intercession and sheltering Liu Bang are internal contradictions between Liu Bang and Xiang Yu respectively, and they are all secondary contradictions. Cao Wushang's whistle-blowing intensified the main contradiction, while Xiang Bo's intercession and sheltering Liu Bang, coupled with Fan Kuai's account breaking, blamed Xiang Yu, eased the main contradiction. The sword shadow at the Hongmen banquet means that the contradiction within Xiang Yu Group diluted the contradiction between the two groups. The contradiction, conflict and transformation of the Hongmen Banquet showed Xiang Yu's character of attaching importance to feelings, being less worldly, simple and tolerant, and also exposed Xiang Yu's lack of political foresight and indecision. Xiang Yu cut off the head of the guard, the head of the general Song Yizhi, and cross the rubicon to save the giant deer. How decisive! But in the face of Liu Bang who fought side by side, he couldn't bear to start. Before the banquet, you can strike or not, during the banquet, you can kill or not, and after the banquet, you can chase or not, while Liu Bang and his entourage are hard and soft, and muddle through. The Hongmen Banquet depicts the differences in personality and knowledge between Xiang Yu and Liu Bang through the wits and courage of both sides, thus revealing the inevitable trend of the prosperity of the Han Dynasty and the downfall of Chu State. The conflict around Gaixia is manifested in Xiang Yu's life and death choice in a "dilemma". In a similar situation, Liu Bang has encountered many times, but they all survived and saved the day. Xiang Yu also had a chance to escape and make a comeback, but he didn't escape but broke through, just to show that "the devil takes the hindmost, not the crime of war"; Breakthrough and reunion, "I want to cross the Wujiang River eastward", but I have not completely given up the hope of making a comeback. When director Wujiang Pavilion advised him to cross the river in a hurry, he decided not to cross the river. I am ashamed to see my elders in Jiangdong again. A word "shame" made him completely give up the desire to escape. It is not difficult for Xiang Yu to be ashamed of life and happy to die. Even at the last moment, Xiang Yu gave the head of his neck to an old friend. What a hero! If the Battle of Julu is a heroic triumph, then Gaixia is a heroic elegy. Writing the scene of beating Kay is easy to show strength, and the ending of writing failure is easy to fade. The siege of Gaixia is heroic and dry, tragic but not sad, and there is no sense of decline. Thirdly, the combination of reality and fiction sets each other off and becomes interesting, which has a strong novel factor. Sima Qian described the strategic deployment and implementation of the Battle of Julu from the front, but described the specific scene of killing the enemy from the side. In the positive description, the lines are full of Xiang Yu's fearless heroism and strategic determination to oppose the elimination of Qin, which perfectly shows Xiang Yu's outstanding command ability. For Xiang Yu's heroic fighting and the situation of Chu army soldiers bravely killing the enemy, use the side to compare. This paper describes the special feeling of "everyone is afraid" from the perspective of watching the battle on the barrier, which sets off the brave momentum of the Chu army. This paper describes the special behavior of princes who "kneel on their knees and dare not look up" from the perspective of meeting Xiang Yu at Yuanmen, which sets off Xiang Yu's invincible courage and prestige. The battlefield description of the Julu War focuses on "emptiness", while the banquet description of the Hongmen Banquet focuses on "reality". Such as banquet seating arrangement, Fan Zengju _ gesturing, giving a sword, smashing a jade bucket, Fan Kuai rushing into the account with a shield, spitting meat and drinking, and self-effacing Xiang Yu, Xiang Yu should not be silent, Xiang Zhuang and Xiang Bo dancing swords, Liu Bang escaping from the banquet, leaving Xie and so on. The description is exquisite and vivid, and the scene is vivid and dramatic. Among these two figures, Xiang Yu and Liu Bang, Fan Zeng and Sean, Xiang Zhuang and Fan Kuai, Xiang Bo and Cao are opposite, which add drama to each other. The description of Gaixia's perimeter is even more realistic. Elegy of Concubine is concrete, but it is pure fiction. Taking Xiang Yu's culture as "enough to register his surname", how can you write Gaixia Song? Zhou Lianggong of the Qing Dynasty said, "What time is it? Yuji died, her children were separated, the horse ran away, and she was infatuated with Ozawa. Why do you have time to write songs and poems? Even if there are works, who will smell them? Who remembers? I call this number of words, whether it is there or not, it must be supplemented by Taishi Gongbi, which will be vivid. " Xiang Yu was not discouraged in the face of failure. He was intoxicated with the courage to conquer the world, refused to admit his incompetence and negligence, and blamed the failure on objective luck. The content of songs and poems completely conforms to Xiang Yu's psychology. In the end, the heroes in the world are unable to protect themselves, thus leaving a strong tragic mark on Xiang Yu's heroic image, which is also the reason why he is cute and sad. Breakthrough warfare is a positive and true writing method, which not only writes the fighting style of charging and rushing, but also writes the command art of dispersion and aggregation. Xiang Yu thinks this is a proud "quick battle", but it is actually the most meaningless battle. It just proves that "the death of heaven is not a war crime." This practical article is closely related to Song of the Missing. Xiang Yu lacked the political foresight to unify and stabilize the world, but he split the world and dominated the princes, which violated the historical trend. Finally, I bet on just 28 rides to save face for my failure, which is immortal. Yin Fu fell into osawa and treated Wu Jiang Tingchang as a boat. These two details are not idle. On the one hand, it shows that some people hate and others love Xiang Yu, and Xiang Yu is at a loss for people's hearts. On the other hand, Xiang Yu felt ashamed, which means "knowing shame", and knowing shame is the premise of "courage". When I lost my way, I looked for ways to escape, but when I was faced with ways to escape, I decided to commit suicide. Hu Ceng's Wu Jiang Fu in the late Tang Dynasty said: "I am ashamed to set out for Wu Dong again without crossing the Wujiang River." As the saying goes, "Ask questions with shame and go forward bravely." When the world needed to resist Qin most, he was duty-bound to stand at the forefront of history, galloping on the battlefield in blood shed and sweeping Qin Jun. When I realized that I had failed my elders in Jiangdong, I resolutely ended my short life. This is the true nature of a hero and the tragic implication of Xiang Yu's image. Source: China Teaching and Research (Integrated World)