China people knew about smoking, probably during the Jiajing period of Sejong in the Ming Dynasty. The Portuguese live in Macau. They have been smoking for a long time. As I said before, it is a fact that they came to live in Macao and their habits have not changed. The second volume of A Brief History of Macao written by Yin and Zhang Rulin said: "People living in Xiangshan and Macao ... smoke snuff, eat tobacco, roll paper like a pen, and burn fire to smoke food." Although people in China know that there is tobacco, no one has directly imported it or smoked it. When the wind of smoking rose in Ming Shenzong, Bohr's "History of Tobacco" said in Chapter 6: "/kloc-At the beginning of the 7th century, trade was prevalent in the Philippines, where Guangdong was occupied by the Spanish, so the wind of smoking invaded China like lightning and thunder. In the world of Emperor Zongshen, this new trend is even worse than the traditional tea-eating style. " The same is true of Qi Jiwen's annotations in Lu Yong County Compilation. "Tobacco comes from overseas, and China and Turkey have to grow and manufacture it according to law. He is good at national industry and was born in Luzon. During the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty (Zongshen period), Zhang Quan Ma Shi began to manufacture cigarettes and spread them from Jiubian. " According to Yi Ming's "Lu Shu", it is also said: "The state-owned grass in Luzong is light and fragrant, and it is called canary. Smoke enters the throat from the pipeline, which will make people drunk and produce miasma ... Zhangzhou people brought it from the open sea, and Putian also planted it, more than Luzon. " Chinese transliteration of Tobauo. For Tampa (see the article "Food and clothing" in A Brief History of Macao, Volume II, The Australian Fan). And call it tobacco, which means sucking grass. This kind of tobacco seems to be imported from Ming Shenzong, and its origin is Fujian, which is beyond doubt. There is only the so-called "Zhang Quan Ma Shi", and I don't know who it is, which remains to be verified. It is regrettable that there is a shortage of books after tobacco import. It is not clear whether he Qiao Yuan has read more than 100 volumes. The second volume of Zhou Lianggong's Min is prepared to record foreign objects, only adding sweet potatoes in detail and lacking tobacco. I don't know why. Although tobacco was listed in the fifty-nine "property" of the "Re-edited Fujian Annals" compiled in the light years of the Qing Dynasty, only "tobacco leaves are as big as taro leaves, planted in the cover of Xichan Temple in central Fujian, and only one in the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty", how to input and spread paper money is difficult to verify. (Excerpted from Huang Xianfan's Investigation on the Spread of Smoking Custom (IV), published in Sweep Newspaper (Weekly of Literature, History and Geography) No.48, 194 1 year 65438+February 24th; It also includes Huang Xianfan's "A Preliminary Study on the Interpretation of Ancient Books-Selected Academic Papers of Huang Xianfan", 195 page, Guangxi Normal University Press, July 2004, 1 version).

harm

brain

Smoking can cause various brain diseases, reduce oxygen and blood circulation in the brain, lead to cerebral vascular bleeding and occlusion, and lead to paralysis, mental decline and stroke. The cause of stroke is that smoking leads to cerebral vasospasm, which makes blood coagulation easier. Smokers are twice as likely to have a stroke as nonsmokers.

laryngeal

Smoking can cause laryngeal cancer. Laryngeal cancer patients are mostly male.

Heart and blood vessels

Studies have found that smoking can increase the viscosity of platelets in the blood, making it easier for blood to coagulate, thus easily forming thrombus in the coronary artery. At the same time, smoking will also increase the low-density cholesterol in the blood, making it easy for fatty substances to deposit in blood vessels and form coronary atherosclerosis. If the coronary artery hardens, its lumen will become thinner. Once the blood coagulates inside, the artery will be blocked. At this time, oxygen can not be sent to this part of the myocardium, and myocardial cells will fail and die due to lack of oxygen. This is a myocardial infarction. Local myocardial infarction can cause angina pectoris, while large-scale myocardial infarction can make people go into shock or die because of sudden cardiac arrest. This is acute myocardial infarction. Smoking will constrict blood vessels, slow down the circulation of blood and oxygen, and eventually lead to thickening of blood vessel walls, leading to coronary heart disease and stroke. Smoking will completely block the blood circulation of hands and feet, leading to amputation.

Doctors advise smokers to quit smoking immediately if they have high blood pressure, hyperlipidemia, heart disease or family history of heart disease, because smoking will increase your risk of myocardial infarction by dozens of times. The death rate of heart disease caused by smoking accounts for 25% of the total. The prevalence of smokers over 50 has doubled. The prevalence rate of smokers under 50 years old increased 9 times, reaching 14 times.

lung

Smoking can cause lung cancer. 90% of the total mortality rate is caused by smoking. The prevalence rate of a person who smokes ten cigarettes a day is ten times that of a non-smoker. Damaged cells can't return to normal. The initial symptoms will not be found until the cancer cells spread to blood vessels and other organs. Up to now, lung cancer is the most deadly cancer in human beings, and it is almost impossible to occur in the early stage. The survival rate of patients diagnosed with lung cancer is less than 5% after 3 years and almost zero after 5 years. Doctors advise smokers to have a chest X-ray every 3 to 6 months. If there are symptoms such as dry cough, bloodshot sputum, dull pain in the chest, fever, etc., you should not take it lightly. They should go to the hospital immediately for sputum exfoliated cells examination. Only in this way can the possibility of early detection of lung cancer be increased. Smoking can also cause emphysema, and toxic substances accumulated in the bronchi of the lungs will hinder the normal exhalation of the air inhaled by the human body, causing lung cells to expand or burst, resulting in difficulty breathing. The patient with severe emphysema is in great pain. In order to inhale enough oxygen, they have to stand up and gasp at high frequency. Even on the flat ground, they should walk slowly. Some more serious patients have to rely on oxygen bags to maintain their lives, and they must concentrate all their energy on a simple action-breathing in their lifetime.

Some doctors think that compared with emphysema, lung cancer should be regarded as a very kind disease, because it makes people suffer for a much shorter time.

stomach

People with gastrointestinal diseases, smoking is enough to make gastrointestinal diseases worse. People with gastric ulcer or duodenal ulcer will slow down the healing of ulcer and even become chronic diseases. Smoking can stimulate the nervous system, accelerate the secretion of saliva and gastric juice, make the gastrointestinal tract often tense, and lead to the loss of appetite of smokers. In addition, nicotine can also contract gastrointestinal mucosal blood vessels and reduce appetite.

skeleton

The recovery period of fracture of smokers is longer than that of non-smokers. It may be that nicotine and carbon monoxide contained in cigarettes slow down the process of bone regeneration. Nicotine constricts blood vessels and reduces blood flow to new bones. The carbon monoxide inhaled during smoking also reduces the speed at which oxygen enters the body. Smoking can lead to osteitis and back pain. Smoking more than ten cigarettes a day will double the prevalence of periostitis. Most people with severe back pain are addicted to smoking, because smoking will reduce the blood flow of the articular disc and the articular disc will degenerate early. Smoking can lead to arthritis. Smoking a pack of cigarettes a day will increase the prevalence rate by 50%. Female smokers are more likely to suffer from fractures and arthropathy after menopause. Smoking will lead to faster bone loss. Women smoke a pack of cigarettes every day from adolescence to menopause, and their bones are 5% to 10% less than those of non-smokers. When smokers enter menopause, the bone loss rate is faster. Smoking can interfere with estrogen, which is an important hormone in bone development.

bronchus

Smoking is the main cause of chronic obstructive tracheal disease. Because smoking can cause the cilia of bronchial epithelial cells to become shorter and irregular, cause dyskinesia, reduce local resistance and be susceptible to infection.

liver

Smoking will increase the burden on the liver. Regular smoking will affect the lipid metabolism of the liver, increase blood lipid, decrease benign cholesterol and increase malignant cholesterol. This has caused the burden of detoxification function of the liver to increase.

intestines

Smoking can lead to colon cancer. The risk of this kind of cancer is directly proportional to the amount of smoking. Research shows that although quitting smoking can reduce the risk of heart disease, lung cancer and other diseases, the risk of colon cancer is still high.

ocular region

Smoking can lead to cataracts and affect vision. Research shows that there are twice as many cataract patients who smoke more than one pack a day as those who never smoke.

genital system

Smoking inhibits the nerve center of the spinal cord, making men's sexual desire weak, and because smoking can make blood vessels contract and spasm, it causes peripheral blood circulation disorder. Therefore, smoking is the main cause of impotence. Australia and Canada have printed this information directly on cigarette packets. In addition, smoking will affect sperm motility and increase abnormal sperm, and it will take three to six months to return to normal after quitting smoking. If you want a smart and healthy child, baby experts advocate that you must give up smoking for three to six months.

Secondhand smoke

Secondhand smoke is a kind of mixed smoke that is burned or exhaled by cigarettes, pipes or cigars when smokers smoke. Secondhand smoke is the most common pollutant in many smoking places. Smoke emitted during smoking can release more than 4,000 kinds of gases and particles, most of which are very strong irritants, and at least 40 of them can cause cancer in humans or animals. After smokers quit smoking, these particles can still stay in the air for several hours, can be inhaled by other non-smokers, and may be mixed with the decay products of radon gas, causing great harm to human health.

When smoking harms smokers' own health, second-hand smoke will also affect non-smokers. In addition to irritating eyes, nose and throat, it will significantly increase the risk of lung cancer and heart disease in non-smokers. If children live with some smokers, their respiratory system will be more susceptible to infection. Other symptoms include increased cough, asthma, excessive phlegm, impaired lung function and slow lung development.

The benefits of quitting smoking

I. Overview

According to scientists' experiments for many years, after smokers quit smoking, a series of beneficial changes will take place in their internal organs, which are roughly as follows:

Within 20 minutes: blood pressure drops to the standard level; Pulse drops to standard speed; The temperature of hands and feet rose to standard body temperature.

Within 8 hours: the content of carbon monoxide in blood drops to normal level; The oxygen content in the blood increased to normal level.

Within 24 hours: the risk of myocardial infarction is reduced.

Within 48 hours: the function of nerve endings gradually began to recover; Smell and taste are more sensitive to foreign substances.

Within 72 hours: no more bronchospasm, greatly relaxed breathing and increased vital capacity.

2 weeks to a month; Stable blood circulation; Steady and light; Lung function improved by 30%.

1 to 9 months: symptoms such as cough, sinus congestion, fatigue and shortness of breath are relieved; New cilia appear on trachea and bronchial mucosa, and the function of handling mucus is enhanced; Less sputum, cleaner lungs, less chance of infection and higher energy reserve; The weight can be increased by 2 _ 3kg.

1 year: the risk of coronary atherosclerosis is reduced to half of that of smokers.

Within five years: the mortality rate of lung cancer is lower than that of ordinary smokers (one pack a day), that is, from 1.37% to 0.72%, or close to that of non-smokers; The incidence of oral, respiratory and esophageal cancers dropped to half that of smokers; The incidence of myocardial infarction is almost reduced to the level of non-smokers.

10 years: precancerous cells were replaced by healthy cells, and the incidence of lung cancer dropped to the level of non-smokers; The incidence of cancer in oral cavity, respiratory tract, esophagus, bladder, kidney and pancreas decreased significantly.

/kloc-within 0/5 years: the risk of coronary atherosclerosis is the same as that of non-smokers.

Therefore, it is never too late to quit smoking, and it is best to quit smoking before your health is seriously damaged. A cohort study by British doctors shows that if smokers can quit smoking before the age of 35, the risk of dying from tobacco-related diseases is significantly reduced, which is almost the same as that of non-smokers

Non-smoking food

◆ Carrots: Reduce the incidence of cancer (anti-cancer products, anti-cancer information).

Water chestnut: It has the functions of clearing away heat and toxic materials, resisting bacteria (antibacterial products) and diminishing inflammation.

◆ Chinese cabbage: It has the functions of clearing away lung heat, relieving sore throat, and clearing away heat and toxic materials.

◆ Milk: It can protect the trachea and reduce the damage of some factors to the gastrointestinal tract.

◆ Loquat: It has protective effect on respiratory mucosa damage caused by frequent smoking.

◆ Almond: It can greatly reduce the incidence of lung cancer in smokers.

Successful ways to quit smoking

As far as quitting smoking is concerned, the bad news is that as many as 80% of all successful smokers relapse and start setting off fireworks again; The good news is that people who realize their first failure will be more likely to succeed if they quit smoking again; The good news is that those who insist on quitting smoking and regard failure as the mother of success finally quit smoking. Unfortunately, Dr. Freud didn't understand this truth. If he had known this, he could have avoided the extreme pain caused by jaw cancer that eventually led to his death and lived for a few more years.

The process of quitting smoking is like a circular road, but it is more like a circular coil, and its end point is the addiction to quitting smoking at the center of the circle. Every time the quitter walks around, he gets closer and closer to the center of the circle and finally reaches the center of the circle. Of course, not all smokers can reach the center of the circle. Each circle is divided into four stages: denial-conflict-action-change.

1. Overcome negative attitudes

To give up smoking addiction, get twice the result with half the effort, that is, to correct my denial that smoking is a chronic suicide, and to overcome the ambivalence that smoking will make people's lives miserable and shorten their lives, but it can make people satisfied for a while.

Make a decision-the key to success

When a smoker came to discuss quitting smoking with me, he had entered the second stage of the factory, that is, the stage of overcoming ambivalence. Thank God, I don't need to correct his attitude about whether smoking is harmful or not. This problem has been solved by his wife. The doctor finally solved the severe pain in his chest. What's more, the increasing number of smoking bans in public places and the expanding atmosphere of smoking bans are naturally conducive to solving this understanding problem. No one can ask you to give up smoking unless you make up your mind to give up smoking. At this time, only in this way can others do their best to help you quit smoking. Whether or not to quit smoking, let smokers decide for themselves, this is the key.

If he doesn't make a definite decision to quit smoking, you should ask him to quit smoking, no matter how hard you try to quit smoking, hypnotize or nail your ears. This is Du Ran. In this regard, I dare to exchange 100 dollars for some doughnuts or whole wheat bagels. On the contrary, if you really quit smoking and have a clear and firm attitude, you will certainly succeed.

Promise to change your lifestyle.

As the psychologist said, after the so-called Portney-style complaints, let's start practical actions. The actual action stage should start with commitment. Once you make a promise, you must keep it, stick to it and finally quit smoking successfully. In other words, stick to all stages of the method you choose to quit smoking. The methods and techniques you choose to quit smoking must be combined with lifestyle changes, which is the fourth stage of the circle mentioned above.

4. If it is the first time you fail to quit smoking.

For most people who successfully quit smoking by implementing the above four stages, however, for whatever reason, they still need to go through a new whole process of denial, conflict, action and change. It's not easy, but as long as you persist, you will succeed. You know, every time you walk around, you will understand that it is easier to walk around, because the closer you get to the center of the circle, the smaller the inner circle is. Stick to it, why not!

Related movies

Thank you for smoking.

Pursuit of profit or moral decay?

Thank you for smoking.

Thank you for smoking.

Thank you for smoking.

Director: Jason Reitman Jason Reitman

Starring: aaron eckhart aaron eckhart

Robert duvall robert duvall

Katie holmes, katie holmes

Sam elliott Sameliot

Genre: comedy/drama

Duration: 92 minutes

Level: R level (involving swearing and some content)

Produced by: Fox Fox Searchlight

Date of Issue: March 2006 17 (USA)

Official website: www.foxsearchlight.com/thankyouforsmoking

IMDB score: 8.0/ 10(3432 votes)

Recommended index: ★★★★★

abstract

Nick Naylor (played by Allen Eckhardt) is the chief spokesman of the Tobacco Research Association, but in fact, he is responsible for the real sponsors of the Tobacco Research Association-tobacco tycoons to help them make more profits. Nick's only purpose and work focus is to keep talking about persuading others to smoke, and to persuade all kinds of public welfare, health and government organizations and individuals who oppose smoking and try to block the profits of the tobacco industry ... His views and positions are: "We should put all kinds of advantages and disadvantages in front of people, but whether it is harmful in the end should be a personal choice, and others should not interfere ..."

Nick in life has two close friends, Polly, who speaks for the alcoholic beverage industry, and Bobby, who speaks for the gun industry. Although the products they endorse are different, they are all "life-threatening" things, so they call themselves the M...d trio (arms manufacturers). They get together every weekend, eat junk food in restaurants, exchange anecdotes at work, and make suggestions for each other.

In order to counter the plan of a group of fanatical healthy living advocates and a senator opportunist to unite and print a skeleton on a cigarette box. ...

be in the background

The film is adapted from the best-selling novel of the same name by Christopher Buckley (1994). Through the interesting work and life experience of a tobacco business spokesperson, Christopher's writing style is famous for its satire and acrimony. Last year, he won the 9th American Thurber Humor Award for his novel "N Way Treat a First Lady", and the novel's goal was more clear. This glib wit once poured out his grievances in Time magazine, complaining and self-deprecating about the hardships of adapting his novels into movies.

The film was shot in Washington and Los Angeles, and it took only 35 days to complete all the shooting work. Compared with the compact and fast shooting cycle, Jason Reitman, who directed the comedy feature film for the first time, made enough preparations in the film preparation stage, and even reached the state of "verbosity". He once wrote a long letter to every main actor who received an invitation to participate in the film, in which he took pains to explain to the other party why he/she got/was suitable for the role. As a result, actors such as Allen Eckhardt and william macy were moved by Jason's sincere words. Jason was more patient on the set. Actor Sam Elliot once expressed his opposition to a scene clip of the role. It took Jason three hours to persuade stubborn Sam to perform according to the script. ...

A brief review of movies

Director Jason Reitman is a famous Hollywood commercial film director Ivan lattmann (masterpiece: Ghostbusters1&; 2, brother mouse, kindergarten cop, six days and seven nights, etc. ), Jason spent most of his childhood on the set and was deeply interested in filming since he was a child. /kloc-at the age of 0/0, he picked up his father's home camera and started shooting a short film, 65438+. From 65438 to 0998, Jason participated in Sundance Film Festival with the comedy short film Action, and began to formally set foot in the directing industry. After years of experience in short films and TV commercials, Jason finally regained his confidence and ushered in his first comedy feature film, Thanks for Smoking.

The movie is full of stars. In addition to a bunch of leading roles, there are many supporting roles. For example, maria bello, who was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for best drama actress for her outstanding performance in A History of Violence, has only a few scenes in the film. William macy, who plays the senator, is the husband of Golden Globe winner Felicity Hoffman. His wonderful interpretation of the hypocrite senator in the film fully proves that there is an excellent man behind an excellent woman. ...

Smoking, not smoking.

Director:

Allan Ray Nai alain resnais

Starring:

Pierre arditi, pierre arditi

Sabine Azéma, Sabine Azéma

Type: comedy

More Chinese titles:

Smoking, not smoking.

Duration: UK: 298 minutes

Country/Region: France

Dialogue language: French

Release date:199365438+February 15, France

Synopsis: An ordinary town, an ordinary couple and an ordinary housewife.

One morning when she was cleaning the house in the yard, she found a pack of cigarettes on the table and naturally hesitated: Do you want to smoke one?

At this time, please choose whether to smoke or not.

There are too many "or's" in this movie. Just like life, everywhere is full of choices, everywhere is full or if you are not careful, life will be completely different.

These are two brother-in-law's films, which are adapted from Akbourne's six short plays (* * * eight). The two actors * * * played nine roles, both from a school in Yorkshire, England, and were in various marriages. At the beginning of every story, Celia, a female school employee, went to the balcony, found a pack of cigarettes and decided whether to smoke or not.

Behind the scenes production:

There is no feeling of pursuing truth in the background. The whole movie is like a cubist painting about marriage, with a strong stage atmosphere, which makes a philosophical dialectic on the choice of life, but it is not too boring. It is the masterpiece of the late master Reynet, and won many Cesar Awards, including best film, best director and best actor.

Eight plays adapted from Alan Ayckbourn, made into two films, each 140 minutes. The story tells the story of a series of characters in a small village in Yorkshire. To the surprise of the audience, all the roles in the film were played by two actors. The film discusses the different endings caused by coincidence, and the choices made will lead to completely different life paths. The audience can also decide the development order of movies according to their own choices.

Summarize it yourself.

References:

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