2. An essay on Confucius and Mencius' thought Confucius and Mencius are the representatives of Confucian school, and the essence of his thought is to advocate "benevolence and righteousness".
Confucius takes "benevolence" as the core of his thought, which means "love". Put forward the arguments of "don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you" and "stand if you want, and reach if you want", advocate the principle of "loyalty and forgiveness", and think that the implementation of "benevolent policy" should be based on "courtesy": "self-denial, courtesy is benevolence". He is skeptical about the religious superstition of ghosts and gods since the Yin and Zhou Dynasties, and thinks that "you can't be a ghost if you don't know his life" and "you can't be a gentleman if you don't know his life". It also pays attention to the combination of "learning" and "thinking", and puts forward the viewpoints of "learning without thinking is useless, thinking without learning is dangerous" and "reviewing the old and learning the new". Advocate the atmosphere of teaching in private schools, advocate teaching students in accordance with their aptitude, "teach without distinction", "never tire of learning, never tire of teaching", and emphasize that "a gentleman learns to love others, while a villain learns to learn easily". Politically, he put forward the idea of "correcting the name", thinking that "Jun Jun, minister, father and son" should be worthy of the name, and put forward the viewpoint of "not suffering from inequality, not suffering from poverty, but suffering from worry". Since the Western Han Dynasty, Confucius' theory has become the cultural orthodoxy of feudal society for more than two thousand years, with great influence.
Mencius inherited and developed Confucius' thought of ruling by virtue, and developed it into the theory of benevolent governance, which became the core of his political thought. He applied the principles of "pro" and "long" to politics, eased class contradictions and safeguarded the long-term interests of the feudal ruling class.
Mencius closely combined ethics with politics, emphasizing that moral cultivation is the basis of doing politics well. He said: "The foundation of the world is in the country, the foundation of the country is at home, and the foundation of the home is in the body." Later, the idea of "nourishing qi and calming the world" put forward by University was developed according to this idea of Mencius.
Mencius summarized moral norms into four categories, namely, benevolence, righteousness, courtesy and wisdom. At the same time, the human relations are summarized into five types, namely, "father and son are close, monarch and minister are righteous, husband and wife are different, parents are orderly, and friends are trustworthy."
The highest category of Mencius' philosophical thought is heaven. Mencius inherited Confucius' thought of destiny, removed the residual meaning of personality god, and imagined heaven as a spiritual entity with moral attributes. He said: "Honest people, heaven is also." Mencius defined the moral concept of honesty as the essential attribute of heaven, and believed that heaven was the origin of the inherent moral concept of human nature.
Zhuangzi is a representative of the Taoist school, and the essence of his thought is advocating "morality".
Zhuangzi inherited and developed Laozi's thought, so it was called Laozi and Zhuangzi in history, and Taoism also called Laozi and Zhuangzi's thought.
The value of Zhuangzi Thought lies in its simple materialistic view of nature and dialectical factors. He believes that "heaven and earth are great, yin and yang are great, and Tao is numerous" (Zhuangzi Ze Yang). Qi, that is, material nature, is inseparable from the air tightness of objective nature. Zhuangzi inherited and developed the idea of denying the concept of destiny after the Spring and Autumn Period, and thought that "people are born with qi, and when they gather, they are born, and when they disperse, they become qi" (Zhuangzi's Travel to the North). ), death is also an objective and natural thing, and there is no difference between a monarch and a minister. This reveals the natural attribute of human beings and denies the rationality of enslavement of people by power. He pointed out that all objective things are changeable, "Things are born suddenly, and they are fixed", "Things are infinite, infinite, impermanent and ultimately unprovoked" (Zhuangzi Qiushui).
The change of objective things is caused by the interaction between the two contradictory parties: "Easy security, lucky life, priority, and successful convergence" (Zhuangzi Ze Yang). )]。 While recognizing the change of objective things and the role of both sides of the contradiction, Zhuangzi further believed that the opposing sides could be transformed, and "stinky rot can be turned into magic, and magic can be turned into stinky rot" (Zhuangzi's Journey to the North). )] Undoubtedly, this is the positive side of Zhuangzi's inheritance of Laozi's simple dialectics and the essence of Laozi's thought.
However, since Laozi affirmed that objective things are contradictory and mutually transformed, he ignored the conditions for the transformation of contradictions and the difference between the old and the new. It is on this basis that Zhuangzi led naive dialectics to relativism. He believes that "the world is nothing more than late autumn, and Mount Tai is small; Mo Shou is a martyr and Peng Zu is a martyr "(Zhuangzi's Theory of Everything). ], there is no right and wrong, good and evil, beauty and ugliness in the world. "Confucianism and Mohism are right and wrong, so it is what they are not, not what they are" (ibid.)] Both sides are self-righteous, but they are wrong about each other. There is no absolute right or wrong. Zhuangzi's relativism will inevitably lead to skepticism, such as Dream Butterfly in Zhuangzi, which vividly reflects the agnosticism and skepticism of this epistemology. Zhuangzi suffered from war all his life, and he could never get rid of the cruel and heartless reality. Therefore, he is skeptical about everything and loses confidence in exploring the truth, which is a typical manifestation of the thought of "small country with few people". Zhuangzi's relativism is an idealistic system, but he realized the relativity of knowledge and pointed out the uncertainty of matter, which is instructive for the further development of materialist dialectics.
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3. Composition: 800 words Confucius thought Confucius said: "I/kloc-started studying at the age of 0/5, and I can stand on my own feet at the age of 30. I'm 40 years old, and I'm not confused. At the age of 50, I learned what fate is. At the age of 60, I can listen to different opinions. At the age of 70, I can do whatever I want without crossing the line. "
Confucius said: "if you learn without thinking, people will be blinded by the appearance of knowledge;" Ignorant thinking will be more dangerous because of doubt. "
Zi Gong asked, "Why can Zi be called Wen?" Confucius replied: "Confucius is smart and diligent, and he is not ashamed to learn from people with lower status and less knowledge than himself, so he can use the word' Wen' as posthumous title!"
Confucius said, "For example, if you build a mountain out of a mound, you only need a basket of earth to complete it, and then I will stop." For example, building a mountain on the flat ground, although only one basket has dropped, then I will move on. That's what I want to move on. "
Mencius said: "There is nothing incomprehensible about the rashness of kings. Even if there is a plant that is the easiest to grow in the world, even if it is dried for one day and frozen for ten days, it will not grow. I seldom meet the king. As soon as I left the king, those who' frozen' his evil spirits left, even if he had a little bud of kindness, they would freeze. what can I do? For example, playing chess as a skill is only a small skill; But if you don't concentrate on your studies, you won't learn. Benqiu is a famous chess player in China. He asked Benqiu to teach two people to play chess at the same time. One of them was absorbed and only listened to Qiu Yi. Although the other one was listening, he always felt that a swan was coming, and he was bent on how to shoot it with a bow and arrow. Although this person studies with that devoted person, he can't compare with that person. Is it because he is not as intelligent as that man? The answer is clear: of course not. "
Mencius said,' It is better to have a book without a book. I wrote an article about Shangshu, but I only got two or three bamboo slips. A benevolent man is invincible in the world. How can a very kind man Zhou Wuwang fight a very inhuman man Shang Zhouwang, so that even the pestle of war is floating in his blood?
4. Write an essay on the practical significance of Confucianism according to a viewpoint of Confucianism \x0d Confucianism has attracted much attention since it came into being. Its values of social orientation, political views with ethical characteristics and moral views of pursuing self-improvement have long been the official ruling ideology in China's feudal era. Confucianism is rational in world outlook; In the purpose of life, it is utilitarian; In dealing with interpersonal relationships, it is harmonious. All these are similar or interlinked with the concepts of modern society. Therefore, in today's market economy, Confucianism still has its positive value and influence. It can be said that Confucianism is an indispensable and important ideological resource for building socialist market economy ethics. Excavating its positive side will play a constructive role in market economy and have important reference significance for modern management. X0d world outlook, Confucianism is a rational culture, which is consistent with the rational world outlook of modern society. Its basic world outlook and social policy-making principles are interlinked with modern bourgeois ideology. Therefore, we can quickly understand and accept modern rational culture, so that East Asian society can choose the road of modernization before other backward areas. \x0d Thus, it is understandable that the specific practical principles of Confucianism are formulated in a certain environment with a rational spirit and according to people's interests. Confucianism is similar or more consistent with the concept of modern society. It is precisely because of the rational way of thinking that South Korea, Taiwan Province Province and Singapore, despite the lack of resources, rationally chose the road of modernization and achieved economic take-off. \x0d In the purpose of life, Confucianism is utilitarian. East Asian Confucianists put the goal of life in this world, pursue success in this world, have strong achievement motivation, and have similarities with the values of modern society. \x0d Most people in China are utilitarian under the control of Confucianism. Since Qin and Han Dynasties, China has been permeated with a strong utilitarian thought. Under the influence of Confucianism, East Asians generally despise laziness and lack of progress, and advocate thrift and success. People from all walks of life get up early, get greedy for the dark, and manage their families diligently, but in terms of family consumption, I am very frugal in order to get rich. Due to the low level of productivity in ancient times, it took a long time to accumulate wealth by relying on agriculture. In the long run, China people are world-famous. Because the accumulation of wealth in agriculture is slow and difficult, being an official is a convenient way to get rich. Since the Qin and Han Dynasties in China, except for the monarch, all administrative officials have been open and meritocratic. The imperial examination system was established from the Sui Dynasty. Therefore, the general public regards reading as a shortcut to success and glory. \x0d The powerful achievement motivation of Confucian culture in the view of life purpose is exactly advocated by modern society, which has played a positive role in promoting the success of East Asian modernization. \x0d Therefore, East Asian Confucianism has a strong utilitarian motive in the view of life purpose. It is connected with modern society and is needed by modern society. It provides strong psychological support for the modernization of East Asia. \x0d In terms of social relations, the eastern society under the rule of Confucian culture emphasizes the rule of law, but pays more attention to the rule of courtesy, so it has strong harmony and stability in education. This way is conducive to a socialized modern society with close division of labor and cooperation, and this high degree of social integration is the order guarantee for East Asian economic take-off. \ x0d The content of Confucian moral preaching is summarized as "eight virtues and four dimensions" by later generations, namely "loyalty, filial piety, benevolence, faith, harmony" and "courtesy and shame". The central spirit of "four dimensions and eight virtues" advocated by Confucianism is to emphasize responsibility and obligation, pay attention to collectivity and harmony, and pay little attention to individual rights. In the process of modernization in East Asia, * * * pays attention to the overall harmony, perfection and stress. To gain the understanding and help from all sectors of society, we must listen to opinions from all sectors, collect materials extensively, strive for extensive social participation, think about it repeatedly, and finally win recognition from all sectors before putting it into practice. So it can usually be completed smoothly. The spread of Confucianism has a history of thousands of years. Although today's reform and opening up is far from the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, it still has vitality. This is because with the change of social situation, it is constantly given new meanings. The construction of enterprise culture is not once and for all. In today's rapidly changing market economy, there is no best, only better. Only by adjusting yourself in time can we be better. As the first designer of corporate culture, entrepreneurs should grasp all kinds of changes in time, make new breakthroughs on the basis of inheriting tradition, and pay attention to opening up new channels outside the old communication channels. Let employees get new ideas in time on the basis of accepting corporate values. These can be classified as: creating a learning organization with teamwork as the basic form, learning from each other and learning from each other as the basic methods, and going all out to achieve the same vision. Confucianism, represented by Confucius and Mencius, has attracted much attention since its establishment. In the long feudal society, it has long been regarded as social orthodoxy and washed by the drive of life. It has been deeply rooted in people's hearts, cultivated and cultivated the noble personality and noble husband spirit of intellectuals in previous dynasties, and it still shines today. We should re-examine, interpret and study it from a historical and developing perspective, carry forward the excellent culture of the Chinese nation, and make the ancient Confucianism make new contributions to the all-round rejuvenation of the Chinese nation today and in the future.
5. Write an argumentative essay of about 800 words about Confucius and Mencius in my heart. What I know about Confucius and Mencius' five thousand years of wind, frost and rain is exposed to Joe, which has created a long-standing traditional culture and morality. Chinese civilization with a long history is brilliant because of Confucius and Mencius' thought. Confucius and Mencius' thoughts, style of study and spirit have a far-reaching influence on us. Are you happy? "He advocates reviewing the past and learning the new?" Know is know? I don't know, I don't know " Tell us to have an honest attitude in our study? "Benevolence" is the essence of his theory? He advocates "love"? Think rulers should observe people's feelings? Cherish people's resources. "Governing the country by virtue"? He opposes tyranny and arbitrary execution? His theory became the orthodox thought of feudal culture? Have a profound impact on future generations? He is the founder of Confucianism? The great educator and thinker Confucius. "The weather is not as good as the right place? Geographical location is not as harmonious as humanity "? He insists that "harmony between people" is more important than anything else? "This word is more helpful? People who lose their way are helpless " He advocates that "those who win the hearts of the people win the world"? Born? What do I want? What do I want? You can't have it both ways? Those who give up their lives for righteousness are also "? He advocated "sacrifice one's life for righteousness" in his life. He opposes all wars? Think that "the people are precious and the monarch is light"? Think rulers should be frivolous? Implement "benevolent government." He also advocates cutting down trees on time? Not too much fish and shrimp? His idea of sustainable utilization of natural resources? It has played a guiding role in our socialist modernization. He is another representative of Confucianism-Mencius. The wheel of history is rolling forward? In today's increasingly advanced technology? Do their thoughts still have an impact on our lives? ""Benevolence "or the traditional virtue of the Chinese nation? People-oriented is still the focus of our attention? The Analects of Confucius is still the focus of our study? From it, we can learn the knowledge of being a man and doing research. Poor people can't move? Can't you bend over? "This is called a gentleman? Mencius taught us the truth of being a man? Can't senior officials be greedy? Poverty can't shake the will? Can't give in to the threat of force? Sacrifice your life for justice in front of interests? It's always a shameful act to forget justice and gain. Feel the benevolence and righteousness of Mencius? We will benefit for life. The wind of history blew everything away? But can't blow away their spirit? The snow of history covers everything? But we can't hide their influence on us? The rain of history washed away everything? But it can't wash away their righteousness. Make the past serve the present? The profound Confucian culture deserves our lifelong exploration. Review writers are good at accumulating? From the influence of Confucius and Mencius' thought on later generations? In fresh language? Free and easy writing? Delicate mind? Explain to the reader. Is the article cleverly conceived? Charming? Ambitious? Intriguing? This is a rare masterpiece. Quote many famous sayings of Confucius and Mencius, plus the author's understanding? It can be seen that the author studied Confucius and Mencius thoroughly? Learn more? Extracurricular reading is more extensive. Articles * * * are flying all over the sky? Parallelism is light and smooth? If the cheerful wind takes readers to the depths of history? Make readers have infinite reverie in poetic artistic conception.
6. Traditional culture in China: Many poorly written old cultures are still the shackles of people's thoughts. The "golden mean" mediates social contradictions, which makes people confused. The idea of loyalty to the monarch made people submit, and the feudal hierarchy formed the idea of "official standard", which hindered the legal process in China. However, centered on male chauvinism, women's status was subordinate to subordinate governors, and women's liberation was also influenced by Confucius and Mencius' thought to some extent. All this is still permeated with ideology in today's society. In today's reform and opening up, Confucianism is still the biggest obstacle in the ideological field. In the novel A Madman's Diary, Lu Xun completely denied the way of Confucius and Mencius. Lu Xun borrowed a madman's words: When I looked at history, it had no time, but the words "benevolence, righteousness and morality" were written on every page, but I didn't see it until midnight. It was originally written as "cannibalism". When you take a tour train to visit the tomb of Confucius, if the big garden buries descendants of the extended family from Confucius to the 74th generation, the tomb of Confucius' family will be surrounded by thick high walls just by taking the tour bus. Ancient trees are towering in the cemetery. Feudal emperors in previous dynasties may pay homage to the tomb of Confucius, a descendant of Manchu Temujin. Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty also married the princess to the Confucius family, which shows the respect of the feudal dynasty for Confucius. Including Chiang Kai-shek, also admired Confucianism. The descendants of Confucius were cared for by the feudal dynasty, and the family flourished for more than two thousand years. This is a miracle of China culture. The Confucius family is a big family, and the eldest son has a strong family concept. The Confucius family established a feudal family according to "father and son" and moved out of Confucius' house. It is said that the incense was almost shortened in the 1960s, and was later extended by several concubines. Now family planning, I don't know how many people will be broken. The descendants of Confucius still live in Qufu and definitely don't agree with family planning. How can a large family with a prominent culture break and a large family finally disappear from the ancient land? The descendants of Confucius moved to the United States to enjoy modern material civilization, leaving us with how to abandon Confucianism ideologically, which is a subject entrusted to us by the times. We drove away from Qufu and stood in the Confucius Temple in the deep courtyard of Qilu high wall. Soon my eyes disappeared, and I seemed to understand the history of the rise and fall of a feudal family. Modern culture is built on the ruins of traditional culture in China, and the development of culture in an era is the symbol of social civilization.
7. About the cultural composition of Confucius and Mencius 500 words Confucius and Mencius believe that people with filial piety can be officials. And those who have no filial piety and can't be filial to their parents are not worthy to be officials. Confucius and Mencius are the founders of Confucianism. Confucius was the first educator in history hundreds of years before Mencius. Although he is only a small official in Qi, there are more than 1000 people studying under his door. Mencius lived hundreds of years later than Confucius, but this did not affect his love for literature, which may be thanks to his mother. Mencius' mother wanted her children to love reading, so she moved three times.
Mencius was naive and lively when he was a child, full of energy. His father died when he was four years old, so he had to live with his mother. Fortunately, Mencius' mother is persistent and tells Mencius some stories every day, such as Fuxi gossip, Goddess mending the sky, Shennong tasting a hundred herbs, Houyi shooting at the sun, the Goddess Chang'e flying to the moon, the emperor building a ship, Dayu controlling water, cutting Zhou, and Confucius' Spring and Autumn Period. Little Mencius was completely immersed in Meng Mu's narrative. Mencius' residential area is really too noisy. Either laughing or crying makes Mencius unable to study hard and make progress every day. This makes his mother very nervous. Mencius' mother thought: How can he study in such an environment? As the saying goes, "People close to the ink are black, and those close to the ink are black." "Benevolence is beautiful, but if you choose to be unkind, how will you know?" Therefore, Mencius' mother had the idea of moving. In fact, Mencius' mother moved three times, not really three times.
Confucianism said: "All virtues put filial piety first." Filial piety should be the first of everything, which is also the basis of being a good official.
8. What do you think of Confucius' thoughts? Write an 800-word composition 2500 years ago, the north wind from Mount Tai blew the skirt of an old man who was sitting and meditating, but in the wind, Duke Lu was still meticulous. This majesty shines with the adjacent Mount Tai in the windy sunset, and after many twists and turns, it greets the sunrise one by one. He is a famous teacher, thinker and educator Confucius.
The birth of every great man is accompanied by tempering and baptism before his death. Confucius' life is undoubtedly the life of an ascetic monk. He was born in a noble family, but he had to face the reality that his family had fallen. He created the idea of benevolence, but he had to deal with the world of intrigue. Poverty in his youth did not kill his lofty aspirations, frustration in his middle age did not shake his fighting spirit, and loss in his later years did not stop the sublimation of his thoughts! At the age of 30, he began to run education and private schools, allowing poor people to enter the knowledge hall. His teaching thought of "teaching without class" is that the knowledge dissemination of the Chinese nation has broken through the gap between birth and class. His idea of "teaching students in accordance with their aptitude" is that knowledge has taken off, making it accessible to people and facing the public. It was he who made the Chinese nation a well-known nation more than 2,500 years ago.
This kind old man not only told his students and thousands of Chinese sons and daughters in Qian Qian behind him the purpose of learning knowledge, but also gave the world a way to learn. He can govern the country in a big way and cultivate himself in a small way. He taught the world to explain the idea of benevolence with righteousness and propriety, and spread the idea of benevolence with wisdom and faith. study
Immortal thoughts always keep pace with the times. Confucius, an old man from Lu, was a great philosopher who worked hard to implement education, spread benevolence and righteousness, and show the general plan of governing the country. His thought still shines brilliantly in the 2 1 century, and it is also endowed with new significance by the times. In today's world, "clash of civilizations" can be seen everywhere, local wars are filled with smoke, and chaos and turmoil destroy life. Need "harmony"! Isn't Confucius' ideal a harmonious society that cares about people's livelihood and does its duty? Confucius said: "Not suffering from poverty, but suffering from inequality; Don't suffer from poverty, but worry. " This is in line with our country's current pursuit of narrowing the gap between the rich and the poor and taking the road of socialist prosperity! More than 2500 years have passed, but Confucius' thoughts have always stood in the East and gone to the world!
This is Confucius in my mind, a great man who has made great contributions to the education of the Chinese nation.
9. Ask for an article about Confucius and Mencius Thought or Zhuangzi Thought. On the Value of Zhuangzi's Thought of "Moral Education" to Middle School Students' Mental Health.
Yang Fuding, No.1 Middle School, Lijin County, Shandong Province (257400)
The author is Jiao Yuelu Edition &; lt； & amplt； Ordinary high school curriculum standard experimental teaching material? History? Compulsory (Ⅲ)? History of cultural development &; gt； & ampgt； In the second lesson about Zhuangzi Thought, I found that Zhuangzi's thought of "getting the truth" is of great significance and value in promoting middle school students' mental health, so I want to discuss this aspect.
Zhuangzi? The master described real people like this: I don't know how to live happily, I don't know how to die miserably; Be born without joy, die without rejection, go without holding, come without restraint; Know your own source and not pursue your own destination; Accept things when they come, and let them return to nature when they are forgotten. Don't use ideas to damage the Tao, and don't use ideas to assist the Heaven. In Zhuangzi's view, as long as they have the above-mentioned ideas and behaviors of real people, they are "enlightened".
Pre-test anxiety is common among middle school students, which is mainly manifested in the following mental and emotional conditions: always worried about failing to get into the exam, afraid of being sorry for the hard work of parents and the teachers' inculcation, afraid of holding one's head up among classmates, afraid that one can't prove that one's learning ability is poor in the exam, the prospects for further study are slim, and the psychological burden is heavy, often accompanied by negative mental emotions such as irritability, nervousness, sleepless nights and good temper. We use the spirit and culture of Zhuangzi's thought of "learning the truth", "coming freely" and "taking things as they please" to educate students, telling them not to think about everything before and after the exam and the results of the exam, so as to achieve "going to the end" and "learning the truth freely" and just face and "accept" the exam calmly. This will help them to adjust their mentality, maintain psychological peace, ease their anxiety before exams, and gradually change these negative psychological emotions. So as to greatly improve the psychological quality of candidates and improve their mental health.
Middle school students often have symptoms of mental compulsion, and their typical mental characteristics are the coexistence of conscious self-compulsion and conscious self-anti-compulsion. I know I shouldn't think about it, and it doesn't make any sense to think about it, but I still can't help thinking about it myself, which makes people very painful, often accompanied by loneliness, sensitivity, paranoia, rigidity and timidity, which seriously affects the psychological personality health and learning development of middle school students. We use the cultural spirit of "Forget about life and let it return to nature" in Zhuangzi's thought of "Realizing Tao" to educate students, and let them know that when the compulsive concept appears, don't care about it, don't pay attention to it, don't try to stop it by your own will, and study and live naturally. If we persist in this way, the emotional concept of mental compulsion will be alleviated and conscious. This is consistent with the basic connotation of "letting nature take its course", the core of Morita therapy in Japan.
It can be seen that Zhuangzi's thought of "moral integrity" is of positive significance for relieving and getting rid of anxiety and compulsion before exams, thus contributing to improving and improving the mental health level of middle school students. Of course, we should abandon the negative outlook on life in Zhuangzi's "moral education" thought, give full play to its positive value in daily psychological counseling for middle school students, and promote their healthy development.