With the development of information communication technology, the collection, exchange, transmission, processing and sharing of information in buildings are also developing towards networking, intelligence and integration. Paper opening report format.
Opening report of marketing channel paper 1. Thesis title: accurate, concise, eye-catching and novel.
2. Table of Contents: A table of contents is a brief list of main paragraphs in a paper. (Essays don't need to be listed in the table of contents)
3. Abstract: It is an excerpt from the main content of the article, which requires short and pithy content. The number of words can be as few as dozens, and it is advisable not to exceed 300 words.
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Subject words are standard words. When determining the subject words, the paper should have a theme, and according to the indexing and collocation rules, it should be converted into standardized words in the subject glossary.
5. Text of the document:
(1) Introduction: Introduction, also known as preface, preface and introduction, is used at the beginning of the paper. The introduction should generally write the author's intention, explain the purpose and significance of the topic, and point out the scope of the paper writing. The introduction should be short and concise, and stick to the theme.
(2) Text of the paper: The text is the main body of the paper and should include arguments, arguments, argumentation process and conclusions. The main part includes the following contents:
A. Propose-demonstrate;
B. analyzing the problem-arguments and arguments;
C. solving problems-demonstrations and steps;
D. conclusion.
6. The references of the paper refer to the main documents listed at the end of the paper that can be referenced or quoted in writing. References should be marked on a new page in accordance with GB77 14-87.
English: Title-Author-Publication Information (Edition, Publisher, Publication Date): Author-Title-Publication Information
The requirements of the listed reference documents are:
The references listed in (1) should be official publications for readers' textual research.
(2) The listed references shall be marked with serial numbers, titles of works or articles, authors and publication information.
The opening report (I) 1. Title:
Software development of multi-story and multi-span reinforced concrete frame
2. Research background of the project:
The structural scheme to be written is the design of concrete frame structure, and buildings refer to all kinds of houses and their ancillary structures. A building structure is a plane or spatial system that bears the action (or load) by connecting several components such as beams, plates and columns.
3. The significance of the project research:
In architecture, structure is an important part of providing safety, reliability, durability, energy saving and material saving for buildings and satisfying architectural functions. It is closely related to the industrialization level of building materials, products and construction, and is of great significance to the development of new technologies. New materials play an important role in promoting mechanization and automation.
Because there are many mathematical formulas involved in structural calculation, and the norms and standards involved are very scattered. And the amount of calculation is very large. In recent years, with the further development of economy, urban population is concentrated, land is tight, and business competition is fierce, which further aggravates the complexity of residential design, and many multi-storey and high-rise buildings are constantly built. These buildings objectively need computer program-aided design in terms of time and labor. In this way, structured software development is particularly important.
Whether the structural design of a building is reasonable or not mainly depends on the structural system, structural layout, section size of components, material strength grade and the rationality of the main mechanism structure. These problems have been solved correctly, and structural calculation and drawing construction drawing are another arduous concrete program design work. Therefore, the manual calculation method originally used in the school will be applied to the specific program code, and the energy will not only be focused on how to use the learned structural knowledge to design the practice, but also on how to realize these practices with the code.
4. Literature review
In different types of structural design, some contents are the same. The key to designing a frame structure is to reduce omissions and errors, and so is the computer.
Unified Standard for Design of Building Structures (gbj68-84) This standard is the basic principle for reasonably unifying the design of building structures with various materials, and it is a guide to be followed when formulating the load specifications for industrial and civil building structures, steel structures, thin-walled steel structures, concrete structures, masonry structures, wood structures, foundations and buildings. These specifications shall be formulated according to the requirements of this standard. When formulating other civil engineering structural design specifications, you can refer to the principles stipulated in this standard. This standard applies to the overall structure of buildings (including general structures), as well as the components and foundations that constitute the structure; It is suitable for the use stage of the structure and the construction stage of the production, transportation and installation of structural members. Modern structural reliability design theory is introduced into this standard, and the limit state design method based on probability theory is adopted for analysis and determination, that is, all factors affecting structural reliability are regarded as random variables, and the design concept and method are based on statistical mathematics, and the reliability of the structure is measured by the failure probability determined mainly according to statistical analysis, which belongs to "probabilistic design method", which is an important evolution in design thought. This is also the general trend of the development of engineering structure design methods in the contemporary world, and the probabilistic limit state design method is the most widely used country in China's design codes (or standards) so far.
Common structural effects are:
1. Internal force.
Axial force, that is, normal tension or pressure acting on the normal section of a structure or member;
Shear force, that is, the tangential force acting on the cross section of a structure or member;
Bending moment, that is, the internal moment on the cross section of a structure or member caused by action;
Torque, that is, the even moment formed by the shear force on the cross section of a structure or member caused by action.
2. Stress, such as normal stress, shear stress and principal stress.
3. displacement. Point change (linear displacement) or line segment direction change (angular displacement) caused by action in a structure or member.
4. Deflection. Linear displacement of a point on the axis or median plane of a member perpendicular to the axis or median plane in the short bending plane.
5. deformation. Relative displacement between points in a structure or member caused by action. Deformation is divided into elastic deformation and plastic deformation.
6. Strain: such as linear strain, shear strain and principal strain.
Limit state If the whole structure or a part of the structure exceeds a certain state, it cannot meet a certain functional requirement specified in the design. This state is called functional limit state. Limit states can be divided into two categories:
1. limit state of bearing capacity. The structure or structural member reaches the maximum bearing capacity or reaches the deformation limit state that is not suitable for continuous bearing;
(1) The whole structure or a part of the structure is out of balance as a rigid body (such as overturning);
(2) Structural members or connectors are damaged (including fatigue damage) due to exceeding the strength of materials, or they are too plastic to bear continuously;
(3) the structure is transformed into a mobile system;
(4) the structure or structural members lose stability (such as buckling, etc.). ).
2. Limit state of normal use. The limit state that a structure or structural member reaches a certain limit allowed by the use function. When one of the following situations occurs, it is considered as exceeding the normal use limit state:
(1) Deformation that affects normal use or appearance;
(2) Local damage (including cracks) affects normal use or durability;
(3) Vibration that affects normal use;
(4) Other specific circumstances that affect normal use.
The basic task of structural design is to choose a reasonable balance between structural reliability and economy, and strive to make the completed structure meet the predetermined functional requirements of safety, applicability and durability under the specified conditions and within the specified service life at the lowest cost. In order to achieve this goal, people have adopted a variety of design methods. From a modern point of view, it can be divided into two categories: fixed value design method and probability design method.
2. Probabilistic design method: a design method that regards the main factors that affect the reliability of the structure as random variables and measures the reliability of the structure with failure probability or reliability index mainly determined by statistics, that is, non-deterministic method. This method requires the structure to be designed according to the concept of probability, that is, the structural load effect 3 is greater than the structural resistance R (S >; The probability of r) should be less than the acceptable specified value. This method was put forward in the 1940s, and by the end of 1970s, it had entered the practical stage in the world. In China, from the mid-1980s, the structural design method began to transition from fixed value method to probability method.
object-oriented programming
The key technology to make it easier to create windows programs is object-oriented programming, or oop. This technology can create reusable components, which are the building blocks of programs.
Several definitions
Reusable objects that control the provider's visual interface. Examples of controls are text boxes, labels, and command buttons.
Actions triggered by the user or the operating system. Examples of events are keystrokes, mouse clicks, time limits, or receiving data from ports.
A method is a program code embedded in an object definition, which defines how an object processes information and responds to events. For example, a database object has a method to open a recordset and move it from one record to another.
The basic elements of an object program, including attributes that define its characteristics, define its tasks, and identify the events it can respond to. Controls and forms are examples of all objects in visual basic.
A code fragment written by a procedure to complete a task. Procedures are usually used to respond to specific events.
The characteristics of an attribute object, such as size, position, color, or text. Attributes determine the appearance and sometimes the behavior of an object. Properties are also used to provide data to and retrieve information from objects.
The key words of this concrete frame structure design are concrete, frame, structure, report, design,
5. The main content of the design
The software is suitable for the design of cast-in-place reinforced concrete multi-storey and multi-span frames. The work to be completed in graduation project includes:
1. Modification of analysis program for plane steel frame
Modify and supplement the analysis program of plane steel frame in the teaching and research section of structural mechanics. Requirements:
(1) Write a program to automatically generate node coordinates and unit node numbers, or input a calculation diagram graphically.
(2) Modify the program to make it suitable for multi-condition internal force calculation;
(3) According to the characteristics of input and output data, design an appropriate man-machine interface. The output should optionally show the end force and internal force diagram of each component.
2. Write the component design program of reinforced concrete multi-story and multi-span frame mechanism.
(1) According to relevant codes, calculation methods of various loads (dead load, building roof live load, wind load, earthquake action, etc.). ) should be defined, and the program for automatically generating node load and unit load under various loads should be written on a quadratic basis.
The seismic action is determined by the bottom shear method. The natural vibration period is determined by empirical formula.
(2) Calculate the internal force of each component of the frame when various loads act alone. The calculated structures are stored in their respective rod end force (random) files.
The bending distance of beam end under vertical load is plastic amplitude modulation.
(3) According to the end force file generated in (2), calculate the internal force of beam and column control section under various possible load combinations. The calculation results are stored in an appropriate file.
(4) Select the most unfavorable combination from the file generated in (3), and give the requirements that seismic design should be considered when determining the reinforcement of beam and column sections.
(5) Some students skilled in programming can draw the reinforcement diagram of beams and columns with auto-cad vba according to the calculation results and structural regulations.
5. Form of results
The results of this graduation project should include:
1. An operation source program that can give correct calculation results.
In the floppy disk where the source program is stored, there must be at least one instance data file, which can display the correct operation results on the premise of basically not inputting additional data.
2. Software User Manual
This is a written material for users about how to use the software, operating procedures and other necessary materials.
3. Software description
This is the working document of the software author and the basic information of software maintenance. This should include:
(1) Detailed description of the working document, mechanical and engineering structural models on which the software is based, main calculation formulas and meanings of symbols used, and written descriptions of important algorithms:
(2) the structure of the program: the division of modules, the relationship between modules, and the functions of each module;
(3) Source program text with detailed annotations. The meaning of each identifier should be indicated (the symbols in the general formula should be used as far as possible). Description of the function, corresponding mathematical formula and special algorithm of each program segment;
(4) Other materials necessary for others to understand your program according to the software description.
(5) Some students skilled in programming can submit a beam-column reinforcement diagram.
Step 4 evaluate your own plan
(1) Make necessary analysis on the rationality of the calculation results of the example;
(2) Summarize the experience and lessons in the process of software design, and put forward suggestions for design improvement.
The source text of the above materials is submitted in the form of floppy disk, and the rest are printed by computer.
6. Schedule
The first week, graduation practice, visiting projects and collecting information.
The second week needs analysis: describe the computer model and write some preliminary software specifications.
The third week of software design: choose the module division scheme
The fourth week module design: data input interface design (beam-column section data)
Or data input interface design (visual graphic input)
The fifth week data input interface design (frame data, additional load)
The sixth week module design: load calculation (dead load and live load) and corresponding internal force calculation.
The seventh week load calculation (wind load, earthquake action), the corresponding internal force calculation.
Week 8 module design: calculation of beam reinforcement
The ninth week beam load combination, determine the beam reinforcement.
The tenth week beam load combination, determine the beam reinforcement.
Module design in the first 1 1 week: calculation of column reinforcement
The twelfth week column load combination, determine the column reinforcement.
The thirteenth week column load combination, determine the column reinforcement.
In the fourteenth week, software testing or drawing beam-column reinforcement diagram with autocad vba;
Week 15 software testing
Sixteenth week, sort out the source program, write the software description number and user manual.
In the seventeenth week, write software manuals and user manuals, form all graduation design documents, and prepare for defense.
Graduation defense in the eighteenth week
The opening report of the thesis (2) 1. The purpose and significance of the topic selection and the domestic research status.
1. The purpose and significance of the topic.
Project cost control is the core part of project management, which is implemented in the whole process of project construction. It is to take effective measures in the investment decision-making stage, design stage, bidding and construction stage to control the expenses incurred in the construction of the project within the approved limit, and correct the deviation at any time to ensure the realization of management objectives such as investment estimation, design budget and final accounts. In order to make rational use of manpower, material resources and financial resources in the construction process and obtain greater investment benefits and social benefits, based on the characteristics and laws of project investment movement, the control of project investment involves all aspects, and its basic control principles are: whole process and all-round control; Control over different investors; Reasonable setting of control objectives; Control based on active control and combining technology with economy.
When it comes to project cost control, the first thing that comes to mind is budget and final accounts. Indeed, from the current domestic system and reality, project cost is the main work of project cost control, that is, the budget and final accounts personnel calculate the engineering quantity according to the established construction drawings and prepare the construction drawing budget, or prepare the final accounts according to the drawings, construction organization design and site construction visa records after the construction. This is of course necessary and useful, but we should also see that when the budget and final accounts personnel prepare the construction drawing budget or final accounts, the construction plan and design drawings have been determined, and the construction is based on the principle of construction according to the drawings. Then what the budget and final accounts personnel do at this time is only to calculate the cost changes caused by design changes to prevent overestimation and risk calculation. If the economic decision-making is unreasonable at first, there will be mistakes in the decision-making; Thirdly, if the design scheme is technically wrong or infeasible, the budget and final accounts personnel can do nothing. That is to say, under the current system, the editing work of the budget and final accounts personnel only accounts afterwards, and can only passively reflect the completed engineering quantity and the design and construction situation. This is obviously one-sided and insufficient. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor the whole process of construction project cost.
2. Research status quo
Since the reform and opening up, in order to adapt to the socialist market economy, China's engineering cost industry has been continuously reformed. Especially since China's entry into WTO, China's engineering cost industry is facing a more severe international situation, which needs constant adjustment and integration with the international community.
At present, China's cost industry started in the 1950s. Drawing on the experience of the former Soviet Union, it gradually established a budget quota system to meet the needs of the planned economy at that time. The price of labor, materials, machinery, etc. Unified by the state, the traditional budget estimate quota, as the basis of construction project cost valuation, played an active role in strengthening planning management, reducing investment waste and building the country faster, better and more economically in the 1990s. With the gradual transition from planned economy to market economy in China, the level of economic development has been continuously improved and the economic structure has become increasingly complex. The original pricing method can no longer meet the needs of the development of market economy. Therefore, China has carried out a series of reforms on the valuation method of construction project cost, such as adjusting the cost items of project price, revising the calculation standards of related expenses, profits and taxes, and changing the expenses calculated according to the project category to meet the needs of project bidding and market competition to form project cost.
Of course, there are some problems. Due to the imperfection of the current construction market, especially the nonstandard investment system and investment agency behavior, "winning the bid" is not necessarily the real market competitive price for some projects priced by bill of quantities. However, with the continuous development and improvement of the market economy, I believe that bill pricing will become the main pricing method in the construction market.
(1) The innovation in the design stage is quota design.
The so-called quota design is to control the preliminary design according to the investment estimate of the approved feasibility study report, and to control the technical design and construction drawing design according to the approved total budget estimate of the preliminary design. At the same time, under the premise of ensuring the use of functions, all majors control the design according to the allocated investment quota, strictly control unreasonable changes, and ensure that the total investment does not break through. Investment decomposition and engineering quantity control are the main methods to realize quota design.
(2) Innovation in the construction stage
(1) Review the project construction drawing budget.
According to the progress of construction drawing design and the actual progress of on-site construction, timely approve the construction drawing budget. For the part of construction drawing design whose budget exceeds the corresponding budgetary estimate, we should analyze it in detail, find out the reasons, communicate with the project leader in time, adjust or correct the control objectives, and implement dynamic control on the project cost.
(2) Select subcontractors and material suppliers through bidding.
In engineering construction, some special professional work has to be entrusted to professional construction units, such as substation installation, communication engineering, greening engineering, fire protection, door and window installation, decoration materials, etc. Back-to-back bidding is often used to determine professional subcontractors or product suppliers.
Second, the research content (outline)
The first chapter introduces the current situation of cost control at home and abroad.
1. The formation and course of China project cost.
2. Research status quo
1. 1 Status of domestic cost control
3. The current domestic cost control problems
The second chapter is the importance of participating in and participating in the whole process control of project cost.
1. Project cost control mode and control theory
2. The necessity of the whole process control of project cost
3. Project cost control under the condition of market economy in China
Chapter III Problems in the Development of Project Cost
1. Reasonable low price
2. About project quality and project cost
The fourth chapter is how to effectively control the project cost.
1. investment decision-making stage control
2. Design stage control
3. Bidding stage control
4. Construction stage control
Chapter V Conclusion
Three. refer to
[2] Fu Qinyu. On the reform of engineering cost management in China. No.5, 2005, pp. 48-49.
[3] The construction unit in Zhang Chunlin manages the airport construction in the bidding stage of the project construction. 2006(4)
[4] Liang,,, Wang Yongyong et al. Bidding evaluation methods. Journal of Qingdao Institute of Architecture and Engineering, 2003,24 (4):16-18.
[5] Li, Qi Weifeng. Problems and countermeasures of project cost management [J]. Henan Communications Technology, 2000, (2): 60-62 pages
[6] Zhao Meiyun on foreign-related project cost management Shanxi Water Conservancy Science and Technology 2000 1 1 supplement (totalNo. 136) 108- 109.
[7] Zhang Maobing on China's project cost management after China's entry into WTONO. 1 Science and Technology Information 2006: 139- 140 Page
[8] Zhang Lei talked about the project cost management of construction enterprises under the valuation of bill of quantities. 2006(4)
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