After the October Revolution, Marxism-Leninism was introduced into China, but the introduction and spread of Marxism-Leninism did not mean that all the problems faced by the China Revolution were solved. The producers of China, represented by Mao Zedong, combined the universal principles of Marxism with the special national conditions of China, criticized and abandoned the wrong idea of "city-centered theory", persisted in proceeding from the reality of China, and creatively opened up a new city-centered theory suitable for China's national conditions in practice with great theoretical courage and revolutionary wisdom.
First of all, the essence of the China revolution is the peasant revolution. Old China was a backward agricultural country, and farmers accounted for the vast majority of the population. How to treat farmers is the key to the success of China Revolution. "The peasant problem is the central issue of the national revolution. The national revolution will not succeed unless the peasants get up and take part in and support it. Most of the so-called national revolutionary movements are peasant movements [1]. " Mao Zedong pointed out in "Investigation Report of Hunan Peasant Movement": The peasant movement is that the broad masses of peasants rose up to complete their historical mission, and the rural democratic forces rose up to overthrow the rural feudal forces. Overthrowing this feudal force is the real purpose of the national revolution [2]. During the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period, Mao Zedong pointed out: "The revolution in China is essentially a peasant revolution, and the present anti-Japanese is essentially a peasant anti-Japanese. War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression is essentially a peasant war. " "Eighty percent of the population in China are farmers, and the people we are talking about are mainly farmers [4]." At the Seventh Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC), Mao Zedong emphasized: "Without peasants, there would be no revolution in China, and without socialist revolution in China, there would be no revolution. We have read many Marxist books, but we should be careful not to forget the word' peasant'; If you forget these two words, it is useless for you to read a million Marxist books, because you have no power [5]. " Secondly, the idea of "armed separation of workers and peasants" was put forward. 1927 After the failure of the Great Revolution, it is actually not feasible for China to take the city as the center, and a new path must be found. After the Autumn Harvest Uprising, Mao Zedong led the uprising team to Jinggangshan and began the struggle to create a base area. Mao Zedong profoundly analyzed the reasons for the existence and development of the red regime, fully expounded the idea of "armed separation of workers and peasants", and pointed out that under the leadership of the * * * production party, armed struggle is the main form, agrarian revolution is the basic content, and rural revolutionary base areas are strategic base areas, which are closely combined. Mao Zedong thought that the theory of "winning over the masses first and then establishing political power in the whole country, including all places" was not suitable for the reality of the China Revolution, "while Zhu De's Mao Zedong-style and Fang Zhimin-style plans to establish political power, deepen the agrarian revolution and expand the people's armed forces were undoubtedly correct" [2]. "Finally formed a complete theory of rural surrounding cities. The establishment of Jinggangshan revolutionary base does not mean that Mao Zedong's theory of encircling cities from rural areas has been recognized by the whole party. On the contrary, the dogmatic idea of copying foreign experience is still prevalent in the party. Therefore, Mao Zedong criticized the wrong view of "city-centered theory" and scientifically discussed why the China Revolution had to take the road of encircling cities from rural areas, that is, the national conditions of China decided that the China Revolution had to take the road of encircling cities from rural areas and seizing political power by armed forces. The main form of struggle is war, and the main form of organization is the army. " "The task of the production party is basically not to enter the long-term legal struggle of uprising and war, nor to occupy the city first and then the countryside, but to take the opposite road [3]." To take the road of encircling cities from rural areas and seizing political power by armed forces, we must establish a solid rural base area and turn backward rural areas into revolutionary positions, so as to oppose attacking the enemies of rural areas with cities and win the victory of the China Revolution in the long-term struggle. Emphasizing rural struggle does not mean ignoring urban struggle. We must correctly handle the relationship between rural struggle and urban struggle, so that they can cooperate and promote each other. The practice of the new-democratic revolution has proved that the road of encircling cities from rural areas is the only correct way for China's revolution to win.
From the founding of New China to the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee, the Party made three serious mistakes: economic construction was eager for success, ownership structure was eager for purity, and class struggle was enlarged. These mistakes have brought great losses to the party, the country and the people. However, all these mistakes occurred in the process of exploration, and the reasons for the mistakes are also very complicated, so we should analyze them concretely and carefully.
The relevant historical summary is: after the socialist transformation is basically completed, the biggest problem that Mao Zedong thinks about day and night is to speed up the construction, and it is to speed up, speed up and speed up again. To this end, in the second half of the 1950s, together with other leading comrades of the CPC Central Committee, he led the people of the whole country to make great efforts. However, how to speed up this problem has not been well solved, so this tortuous and tragic history has been formed. This period of history, from the second half of 1955 to the middle of 1958, began with rash advance, "anti-rash advance" and criticized "anti-rash advance", and passed the general line of "building socialism with all efforts, striving for the upper reaches, and building socialism quickly and economically" formulated by the second meeting of the Eighth National Congress of 1958. In the meantime, theory and practice, success and frustration, right and wrong are intertwined. But generally speaking, the whole process of economic construction, which is eager for success, not only causes great waste of manpower and financial resources, but also disrupts the normal order of the national economy and causes a serious imbalance in the proportion of the national economy.
Whether it was the anti-rash advance or the Great Leap Forward at that time, although it objectively caused huge mistakes, it all poured into Mao Zedong's strong and beautiful desire to change the backward face of the country as soon as possible, surpass the western countries that bullied us as soon as possible, and let the people live a better life as soon as possible. There is nothing wrong with this wish. So, what's the matter?
Fundamentally speaking, the mistake lies in the lack of correct understanding of what is the real high speed and how to realize it. Therefore, the three-year high-speed and the unrealistic high-speed have seriously violated the laws of economic construction and brought serious consequences to the development of the national economy. First of all, the "Great Leap Forward" movement started with "steelmaking by the whole people", thinking that as long as the steel output doubled, the whole national economy could be driven, which itself lacked economic and scientific basis. Secondly, on the question of how to increase the steel output, it is considered that the steel output can be doubled in one year at the expense of labor and "indigenous methods", which also ignores technical requirements and lacks scientific basis. Thirdly, it is unscientific to launch it on a large scale in the whole country without investigation, research and pilot. Finally, exaggerating subjective initiative is unscientific in methodology. So today, it seems that there are several lessons worth summarizing: (1) The goal can only be achieved at a height allowed by objective conditions, so it is the real high speed. At that time, it just violated this principle, and all indicators were subjective. It is a conservative right-leaning view to think that high speed can only be achieved by desire and as fast as you want, otherwise it is a wrong idea. (2) Only in proportion can the speed be high, and the optimal proportion is the most suitable speed. The positive experience in this regard is that during the first five-year plan period, the proportional relationship arrangement of the national economy was reasonable. The biggest problem of the Great Leap Forward is the serious imbalance between the major proportions of the national economy. For example, the proportion between accumulation and consumption, industry and agriculture, between industries within industrial transportation, and between social purchasing power and commodity supply is seriously unbalanced. This is a serious violation of the laws of economic construction. (3) To achieve high speed, it is necessary to make a comprehensive balance. This is a fundamental problem in economic work. Originally, it was the policy of economic construction put forward by the Eighth National Congress of the Communist Party of China to advance steadily in proportion, overall balance.
The "Great Leap Forward" just violated this correct policy, but criticized the work carried out according to the requirements of comprehensive balance as negative balance. (4) We should maintain steady growth, but there should be no ups and downs. This was repeatedly emphasized by Chen Yun. To keep the pace of progress steady, we must avoid repeated and big saddle shape, avoid ups and downs, and cause losses. However, in the period of anti-rash advance, Great Leap Forward and anti-Right deviation, it violated this law and was punished as a result. (5) Improve efficiency, but don't fight for manpower, material resources and financial resources, so as to achieve real high speed. The Great Leap Forward was also the opposite. It pursues speed, output value and output unilaterally, but it does not hesitate to spend money, regardless of consumption, fighting for physical strength and equipment, high consumption and low quality, regardless of economic benefits and benefits. On the surface, the speed is not low, but in fact, social wealth has not increased correspondingly, the people have not benefited much, and the country has lost a lot. Such a high speed is not only useless, but also harmful.
As Mao Zedong said, "The victory of our revolution and construction is the victory of Marxism–Leninism. It is our party's consistent ideological principle to closely link the theory of Marxism-Leninism with the practice of the China Revolution. "
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China is a big country and a small country. The so-called big country means a large population and a large territory. The so-called small country is China or a developing country, which is still relatively poor, with a per capita GNP of only $300. China is a veritable small country, but it can be said that China is a veritable big country. China is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council. China's vote belongs to the third world, an underdeveloped country in the third world. We have said many times that China belongs to the third world and will never become a superpower when it develops in the future.
The level of economic development in China is still relatively low, which is not commensurate with our status as a populous country. In the thirty-five years since the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), our achievements have been great. But after some twists and turns in the middle, some time was delayed. The biggest turning point was the "Cultural Revolution". Without these twists and turns, the face of China would certainly be different. Over the past six years, we have changed some "Left" policies in the past. Now we are wholeheartedly engaged in economic construction. In the past six years, we have achieved more than expected results. It seems that it is achievable for us to reach the goal of 800 US dollars per capita GNP by the end of this century. In order to develop China and realize our grand goal, we need a peaceful international environment. We love peace.
Recently, the Third Plenary Session of the Twelfth Central Committee of our Party adopted a decision on economic system reform. At present, the focus of economic system reform is cities. The reform of cities is much more complicated than that of rural areas. In the process of reform, there may be some minor problems, but it doesn't matter. In another three to five years, we can prove that the decision adopted by the Central Plenary Session is correct. If we follow the policies formulated in the decision, China's economic development can be accelerated.
If there is any experience, it is a reaffirmation of the principle of seeking truth from facts advocated by Comrade Mao Zedong in recent years. The success of the China Revolution was the result of Comrade Mao Zedong's own way of combining Marxism-Leninism with China's reality. China should combine Marxism-Leninism with the reality of China and go its own way in its construction. In the past six years, the rural areas of China have followed this principle, followed their own path and achieved success. The recent decision to focus on urban reform is also aimed at combining the basic principles of Marxism-Leninism with the reality of China and taking our own road. This is the experience we have summed up through hardships. We may make mistakes in the future. However, first, don't make big mistakes, and second, correct mistakes as soon as they are found.
Excerpt from a talk with Maldivian President gayoom. )
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