One of the graceful schools of Song Ci. Gracefulness means tactfulness. Ci is originally a ode to joy, a song of hospitality, and its content is nothing more than parting from sorrow and resentment. The Five Dynasties formed a fragrant and soft ci style represented by Huajianji and Li Yu's ci. Yan Shu, Ouyang Xiu, Liu Yong, Qin Guan, Zhou Bangyan and Li Qingzhao. Song Ci inherited the legacy of the Northern Song Dynasty poets, and developed in content, with more exquisite brushwork and unique charm. Ming people summarized this style of ci as graceful school. Its main feature is that the content is mainly children's customs, with fine structure, soft melody, round and beautiful language, with an elegant and gentle beauty, but the content is relatively narrow. Graceful and restrained ci style occupied a dominant position in the ci world for a long time. Until the Southern Song Dynasty, a large number of ci writers such as Jiang Kui, Wu Wenying and Zhang Yan were influenced.
One of the styles of bold and unconstrained Song Ci. Bold as a literary style, bold and hungry works should be unrestrained and unconstrained. The characteristics of the uninhibited school, in general, the creative career is broad and magnificent; I like to write words with poetic techniques, syntax and spelling; Words are broad, more words are used, and they are not constrained by rhythm, but sometimes they are rough and straight. Su Shi is a representative poet of the uninhibited school in the Northern Song Dynasty. Huang Tingjian, Chao and He Zhu all have works of this style. Xin Qiji became a master and leader of a generation who created bold words.
Liu Yong was a famous poet in the Northern Song Dynasty. Formerly known as Trilateral, the word Jingzhuang, also known as Liu Qi. He was depressed and frustrated in his career and was famous for his words. He is a bohemian and has been down and out all his life. His poems mostly describe the prosperity of urban life, the joys and sorrows of geisha, their wishes, the love between men and women, and are especially good at describing the feelings of traveling and serving. In addition, there are some things that reflect the miserable life of workers, such as chanting things, chanting history, traveling around the mountains and so on. There are many slow words. Description, scene blending, popular language and harmonious melody were widely spread at that time, which had a certain influence on the development of Song Ci. Yulin, Klang, Ganzhou and Wang Haichao are all famous. But there are decadent ideas and low tastes in his works. There are only a few poems left, "Boiling the Sea Song" describes the poor life of the salt people, which is very painful. There is an action set.
Li Qingzhao's Ci Li Qingzhao, alias Yi An Jushi, was an outstanding poetess in the Southern Song Dynasty, with achievements in poetry, ci and prose. He is famous for his ci, and is a representative writer of "Graceful School". He is good at both poetry and prose, and enjoys a high reputation in the history of China literature. Li Qingzhao's poems before Nan Du mostly describe the boudoir life of young girls and young women, such as A Dream, Hating the King and Hating the Sun, etc., which show the author's cheerful mood and relaxed life with vivid pictures. After crossing the south, the hardships of life made her ci style tend to be subtle and deep. Ode to Yule is the representative work of later ci. Li Qingzhao's poetic style is graceful and graceful, and her artistic features are as follows: (1) She is good at lyric creation. She is good at casting strong feelings in artistic images and creating an artistic realm of blending scenes. She is also good at showing touching artistic conception by describing a relationship and a turning point of thought. (2) Coinage is simple and novel. Li Qingzhao's ci language is both simple and natural, novel and magnificent, and expressive. She doesn't use many words, but she is good at using spoken and common sayings to make her words clear and homely.
Xin Qiji's Ci Xin Qiji, a poet in the Southern Song Dynasty, was called You 'an and Jia Xuan. There are many poets in the Southern Song Dynasty, and Su and Xin are equally famous. Xin Qiji is brilliant and ambitious, and his words or tragic encouragement convey his deep affection; Or let it flow freely and write its twists and turns. The style of ci is famous for its boldness, just like Su Shi's. Because of different life experiences and personality reasons, Xin Qiji's ci shows an irresistible heroism. When expressing his ambition to serve the country, his words often show the bravery and heroic self-confidence of soldiers. This heroic nature, unwilling to spend his life in mediocrity, always shines in Xin Qiji's words along with his life. It played the strongest sound of Song Ci. Strong subjective feelings always show heroic pride and grief, which is a major feature of Xin Ci. Another great contribution of Xin Ci in the history of Ci is to expand the range of materials, enrich the content and broaden the social and aesthetic functions of Ci.
Ouyang Xiu was a politician and writer in the Northern Song Dynasty. One of the eight masters of ancient prose in Tang and Song Dynasties. The word uncle Yong, drunk Weng, sixty-one layman. Ouyang Xiu was the leader of the poetry innovation movement in the Northern Song Dynasty. His literary achievements are the highest and most influential in prose, and he is one of the eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties. He inherited the spirit of Han Yu's ancient prose movement, vigorously advocated a simple and accurate, smooth and natural style of writing, and opposed frivolous carving and eccentricity. He not only set out from reality, but also set an example with his outstanding creative achievements.
Su Xun, an essayist in the Northern Song Dynasty, and his sons Su Shi and Su Zhe are also called "Three Sus", and they are listed as "Eight Masters in Tang and Song Dynasties". The name of this word is cloud, and the name is. Su Xun's prose has distinct arguments, strong arguments, sharp language and strong persuasiveness. The artistic style is mainly gorgeous, but changeable. Important representative works include Jimmy Shu Shang Tian, Zhong Xiong Fu Ziwen, etc. Su Xun's lyric prose is not much, but there are also many wonderful chapters. Such as "Send Shi Bei to the North" and "The Portrait of Zhang Yizhou". Su Xun's paper is also full of penetrating insights. He opposes flashy and weird prose and advocates learning ancient prose; Emphasize that the article should be "sincerely convinced" and write "from the heart"; It is advocated that articles should be "made for things" and "words must be in the present". The same requirements and different writing styles of * * * are also discussed. He is especially good at evaluating the styles and artistic features of various essays from comparison. For example, the first book "The Connotation of Shang Ouyang" commented well on the articles of Mencius, Han Yu and Ouyang Xiu. Su Xun doesn't write many poems, but he is good at writing five ancient poems, which are simple and vigorous, but his overall achievement is far less than that of prose.
Su Shi (1), a famous writer, painter and calligrapher in Song Dynasty, was called "Dongpo lay man". He, his father, Su Xun, and his younger brother, Su Zhe, are famous for their literature, and they are called "Su San" in the world. It is the same as "Cao San and his son" (Cao Cao, Cao Pi, Cao Zhi) at the end of Han Dynasty. (2) Su Shi's poems have a wide range of themes and rich contents. Sympathy for the people and concern for production are the prominent contents of Su Shi's poems. For example, Man Zi Su Shi's landscape poems and rational poems have the highest artistic value and are the most popular. Representative works include: Looking at the Mountain on the River, Wushan Mountain, Entering the Gorge, Topic Xilin Wall, etc. (3) Su Shi made great efforts in prose. With his solid skill and unrestrained talent, he developed Ouyang Xiu's carefree brushwork and opened up a new world for prose creation. Such as the story, fu's red wall, etc. (4) Su Shi's works have a wide influence. His works were widely circulated in the Song Dynasty and played an important role in the development of literature in the Song Dynasty. Su Shi's contribution to the development of Ci-poetry —— In the literary world of the Northern Song Dynasty, Su Shi broke through the barrier that Ci must be fragrant and soft, and created a number of ci chapters with novel styles, which opened the way for the rapid development of Ci-poetry. Judging from the existing 345 Dongpo ci poems, Su Shi's innovation in ci style is various: (1) Su Shi expanded the function of ci to reflect social life. He not only wrote traditional themes such as love, parting and travel, but also wrote his ambition to serve the country, rural life and exile life, which expanded his ci realm. (2) Su Ci is innovative in brushwork and system. He writes poems with heroic momentum and vigorous brushwork, which makes his poems seem to be "stormy at sea", mostly heroic, frustrated and passionate. Su Shi introduced the brushwork and syntax of writing poems into ci, which expanded the expressive force of ci style. (3) Su Ci has a distinct ideal color. Some works are imaginative and unconstrained. Such as "Water Tune". (4) In language and temperament, it also reflects Su Shi's innovative spirit. The language of Su Ci mostly absorbs the words of poetry and fu, adopts both historical biography and spoken language, and is famous for its clearness and boldness, which has changed the previous fashion of poets choosing the wrong words with gold. He attaches great importance to melody, but he is not rigid.
Su Zhe was an essayist in the Northern Song Dynasty. Su Zhe's life knowledge is deeply influenced by his father and brother, mainly Confucianism, and he is good at political theory and historical theory. In political theory, he talked about world events and analyzed the political situation at that time, which hit the nail on the head. Historical theory, like Father and Brother, is aimed at the disadvantages of the times and serves the present. Su Zhe also has his own views on ancient prose writing, which is reflected in his Secret Letter to Qiu Wei. Su Zhe's fu is also quite excellent. Such as Zhu Mo Fu. Su Zhe tried to catch up with Su Shi in writing poems, but he was inferior in both thought and talent.
Ceng Gong was a litterateur in the Northern Song Dynasty and one of the eight masters in the Tang and Song Dynasties. Among the eight great writers, Ceng Gong's prose is less emotional and literary. His argumentative essay analyzes whispers. Clarify doubts, stand on one's own feet, analyze and distinguish difficulties, and show no edge, as in the Tang Dynasty. His narratives, such as Mo Chi Ji and Zhao Gong Yuezhou Disaster Relief Ji, are rich in information, rich in emotion and vivid to the point. His book, preface and inscription are also good articles. "Letter to Mr. Ouyang Scheeren" and "Ruling Book of Upper Fuzhou" have always been regarded as model essays. Ceng Gong
He is also good at writing poems, either magnificent or euphemistic, all of which are profound and interesting.
Shen Kuo's "Meng Qian Bi Tan" Shen Kuo, the word is in the middle. He was the first person to discover oil and name it. He was a great scientist in the ancient history of China. Dream and Pen Talk is a scientific classic presented by Ctrip in the form of notes, with a wide range of contents. It can be said that it is a brilliant masterpiece of the previous generation's scientific achievements, a database of China's ancient scientific and technological achievements, and an outstanding work in the world's scientific and technological history.
Chen Liang is a politician, philosopher and poet in the Southern Song Dynasty, with the same character as his peers, and his name is Longchuan. Writing "On the Ancient", I was brilliant, and I made friends with heroes for a while. Chen Liang's writing is impassioned and bold. His political essays are sharp and colorful. His works include Longchuan Anthology and Longchuan Ci. Notes in the Song Dynasty Notes in the Song Dynasty are a style recorded in prose. The pen of "notes" is the pen of writing, which refers to essays, essays and trivial notes. Notes include historical notes, textual research notes and notes.
Go ahead. It existed in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, and its origin can be traced back to the Eastern Han Dynasty. There were many notes in the Tang Dynasty, which developed in the Song Dynasty. The use of the word "Notes" as the title of a book began with Song Qi's Notes in the Northern Song Dynasty. The history of the Song Dynasty is more prosperous than before, with famous scholars and many excellent historical pens, so the notes of the Song Dynasty are the most developed. Its main features are as follows
Yu Duo narrated the anecdotes of this dynasty by means of "personal experience", "personal experience" and "personal news". The content is more practical and there is no lack of first-hand information. This part of the notes is worth paying attention to first. With the development of commerce and the prosperity of the city, there appeared notes in the Song Dynasty that specifically described urban life and customs, such as Meng Yuanlao's Dream of China in Tokyo.
★★★★★ Song and Yuan Storybook The original books used by speakers in the Song and Yuan Dynasties. (including novels, stories and other scripts of speaking artists, scripts of various palace tunes, film and television dramas can also be called scripts, and some people call short vernacular novels written by Ming and Qing dynasties scripts. ) Novelists are called novels, all of which are short stories; Historians' words, originally called Pinghua, are generally long and tell historical stories. According to the different text details, it can be divided into traditional version and simplified version. The traditional version is quoted or revised, and the language is popular and fluent, close to spoken language. Jane is an outline material, and only notes some story outlines, which are often extracted from legends and note novels. Most of the existing Song and Yuan scripts are simplified versions. The script is the creation of folk speakers, which not only has the characteristics of fresh and lively oral literature, but also carries forward the fine traditions of ancient novels such as strange stories and legends, and has outstanding achievements in ideology and artistry. At the same time, it is also an important development stage in the history of China's novels. Vernacular novels in Ming and Qing Dynasties were mainly developed on the basis of scripts. Literary masterpieces such as Water Margin, Romance of the Three Kingdoms and The Journey to the West were the products of the continued development of scripts in Song and Yuan Dynasties.
Bai Pu, Bai Pu, formerly known as Heng, the word Renfu, later renamed Park, the word, the name. A famous writer and dramatist in Yuan Dynasty. In Bai Pu's plays, there are many historical legends, and the plots are mostly about talented people and beautiful women. He is good at using historical themes and acting stories, because the topics are old, the ideas are new, the words are beautiful and the feelings are deep. His position and role in the history of literature and drama, as well as his achievements in drama art, have long been an important topic in the study of literature and art. His representative works include Wu Tongyu on an Autumn Night in Ming Taizu and Yuanyang Playing on the Water Wall.
Guan Hanqing is the greatest writer in the history of China drama, the founder of Yuan Zaju and the leader of early drama. Among the writers of Yuan Zaju, he created the earliest, produced the most works and had the greatest influence. His opera creation focuses on describing the miserable life of the lower classes, reflecting their rebellious spirit and exposing the ugly behavior of corrupt officials and hooligans. The dramatic conflict is sharp, the plot is compact, the scene is vivid and the language is simple. Dramatic masterpiece "One Knife Meeting", comic masterpiece "Saving the Wind and Dust" and tragic masterpiece "Dou Eyuan".
Wang Shifu, whose name was Xinde, was a drama writer in Yuan Dynasty. There are only thirteen kinds of Wang Shifu's zaju, such as The West Chamber, Broken Kiln and Beautiful Spring Garden. Among them, the five most famous Romance of the West Chamber is Wang Shifu's masterpiece, which was highly respected in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties and was called the crown of zaju. Artistic features of The West Chamber: The West Chamber adopts realistic creative methods, launches complex drama conflicts, and completes the image-building of Cui Yingying, Zhang Sheng and the matchmaker with distinct personalities. (2) Be good at depicting scenery, brewing atmosphere, and setting off the inner world and psychological activities of the characters. His psychological description is very delicate, and most of the scenes are poetic and picturesque, forming a unique and beautiful style of his works. (3) Choose and integrate the beautiful words and phrases in ancient poetry and refine the lively spoken language of the people, casting them into natural and gorgeous lyrics.
Ma Zhiyuan was a drama writer named Dongli in Yuan Dynasty. Ma Zhiyuan has been engaged in the creation of zaju for a long time and has the reputation of "the number one composer". His works are recorded in 15 kinds. The masterpiece "Autumn in the Han Palace". Today, there are more than 20 Ma Zhiyuan Sanqu/kloc-0, which is the highest among Yuan people. The content of the works mainly includes three categories: sighing the world, chanting the scenery and expressing feelings. His poems "Tianjingsha" and "Old Tree with Dead Vines" are highly regarded as masterpieces of Yuan Dynasty.
Commentary on the Three Kingdoms is one of the representative works of the Song Dynasty, which began with Sima Zhong's intermittent imprisonment and ended with Zhuge Liang's death. It tells the story of the struggle between Wei, Shu and Wu. The content is not only taken from the official history, but also absorbed unofficial history's biographies and folk stories. It has the main plot of the Romance of the Three Kingdoms and is an important material for studying the formation and evolution of the Romance of the Three Kingdoms.