Reading knowledge and skills of argumentative essays 1. Three elements of argumentative writing: argument, argument and argumentation. Second, demonstration methods: reasoning, example, comparison, quotation and metaphor. Third, the way of argument: argument and rebuttal. Argumentative essays can be divided into two categories: argumentative essays and argumentative essays. (4) Frequently asked questions and answering skills. 1, the function of analysis and demonstration method: two main points of function. The details are as follows: ① Demonstration: By citing specific examples, the demonstration will be more specific and convincing. Format: Use examples to demonstrate and cite … (summarize examples) to prove … (if there is a sub-argument, write the sub-argument it proves, otherwise write the central argument), thus making the argument more specific and convincing. (2) Reasoning argument: prove the argument through reasoning, making the argument more general and profound. Form: demonstrate the viewpoint with the method of rational argument ... so as to make the argument more universal and deeper. 3. Metaphorical argument: use metaphor to prove and make the argument vivid and easy to understand. Format: Metaphorical argument is a comparative argument for comparison; the function of comparative argument is to highlight. Format: Compare … with … by means of comparative argument, and highlight the viewpoint of …. ⑤ Citation arguments: Citation arguments are complicated and related to the specific cited materials, such as quoting famous sayings, aphorisms, authoritative data, anecdotes of celebrities, jokes and anecdotes. , its role should be analyzed in detail. For example, quoting famous sayings, aphorisms and authoritative data can enhance the persuasiveness and authority of the argument; Citing celebrity anecdotes and anecdotes can enhance the interest of the argument and attract readers to read. Format: Use the argument method of quoting arguments, and quote … to prove the viewpoint of … to make the argument more convincing. (or more interesting, attracting readers to read) 2. Types and functions of analysis and argumentation: Argumentation can be divided into two types: reasonable argumentation and factual argumentation. There are two key points: (1), which defines the types of arguments; (2) Specific analysis. The essence of this topic is to examine the relationship between arguments and arguments, whether it is the relationship between central arguments and sub-arguments, it is the relationship between proof and proof. So the standard answer format is as follows: this is an argument, which plays the role of proof ... (argument, if there is a sub-argument, write the sub-argument it proves, otherwise write the central argument. Supplementary argument is very popular as a new type of question. When doing this kind of questions, we should pay attention to the following two aspects: (1), and see clearly the types of arguments that need to be supplemented, that is, whether they are famous sayings or examples; (2) Pay attention to the word limit when adding celebrity cases. Of course, as an exam, you can prepare celebrity examples and famous sayings with common themes such as "diligence" and "dealing with the world". Words of famous aphorisms should be few, things should be familiar, and long famous aphorisms or unfamiliar celebrity examples should not be prepared for novelty. 3. The ways in which the article puts forward the central argument are as follows: ① The title of the article points out the central argument; ② Put forward the central argument at the beginning of the article; ③ At last, the article summarizes the central argument; 4. In the middle of the article, put forward the central argument with a connecting sentence. ⑤ The article does not directly put forward the central argument, but always focuses on …4. To analyze the argumentation ideas of the article, we must first understand the structure of general argumentative papers: asking questions (introduction)-analyzing problems (papers)-solving problems (conclusions). In fact, analyzing the argumentation idea of argumentative essays is to add some words such as "first", "then", "then" and "last" on the basis of paragraph level. When you do this topic, you should pay special attention to the opening and closing sentences. The content at the beginning is: (1), putting forward the central argument; (2), lead to the topic; In the above two aspects, it is necessary to specifically answer the specific tests that put forward the central argument or lead to the topic, some through famous sayings, some through celebrity anecdotes, and some through anecdotes and jokes. The final content: (1), deepen the central argument and put forward the conclusion of …; (2) Repeating or strengthening the central argument ...; (3) Issue a call ... or exhort people ...; (4) Supplementary argumentation. (Sometimes, the role of this aspect is to make the argument more rigorous. Doing this topic is to specifically state the introduction, theory and conclusion of the article. For example, in the article "Man's nobility lies in the soul", we can express it like this: firstly, we quote Pascal, a famous French thinker, "Man is a thinking reed" and put forward the central argument that "Man's nobility lies in the soul", then we quote Archimedes and Wilde to prove that "inner spiritual wealth is more worth cherishing than external material wealth", and finally, we quote a girl who is studying on a train as an example to exhort people that "one should keep a pure spiritual pursuit. 5. Analysis of the language characteristics of argumentative essays: The angle of analysis of the language characteristics of argumentative essays is relatively fixed, with only two angles: (1) language characteristics; (2) Stylistic features. To do this kind of topic, we should master some key words of language style: concise and plain, vivid and humorous, implicit and euphemistic, rich in literary talent and so on. The stylistic feature is that it is enough to make a fuss about the word strict logic. One thing that needs special attention is that doing this kind of topic must be supported by specific sentences, that is, using specific example sentences in the article as examples for analysis. 6. Analysis of the characteristics of argumentative writing There are many angles to analyze the characteristics of argumentative writing, such as rhetoric, argumentation methods and writing skills. (1), rhetoric: for example, metaphor can be combined with the characteristics of metaphor, that is, vivid image; For example, parallelism enhances the momentum of the article argument; For example, quoting ancient poetry makes the article rich in literary talent. (2) Model Law: Talking about the function of reference model law. (3) The writing techniques are relatively fixed, and the common ones are: (1), the combination of example and argument (narrative and discussion); (2), give priority to ... model law. Similarly, doing this kind of topic must be supported by specific sentences, that is, using specific examples in the article as examples of analysis. 7. The function of paragraph structure: (1), leading out (all) below; (2) Summarize the first (full) articles; (3) connecting the preceding with the following. As an argumentative paragraph, it must be answered in combination with stylistic features. If the function of the opening paragraph is often to lead to the central argument (topic), then we can refer to the following two examples of the standard answer format to use or adapt it: ① At the beginning, we put forward the central argument … (or lead to the topic of …) by writing an example of …. (2) At the beginning, by quoting famous sayings, put forward the central argument … (or lead to the topic of …). (3) At the beginning, by quoting interesting stories of celebrities (or …) to put forward the central argument … (or …) also played a role in attracting readers to read and enhancing the interest of discussion. For the function of the ending paragraph, please refer to 4: "The content at the end". Explain the knowledge and skills of reading. Classification 1. From the object of explanation: transactional explanation and rational explanation. 2. From the linguistic features of expository writing: simple expository writing and vivid expository writing. Second, the order of interpretation, chronological order, spatial order, the logical order of concrete analysis: subject-time, cause-result, phenomenon-essence, feature-use, general-individual, generalization-concrete, whole-part. Typical question: What is the order of interpretation in this article? What's the role? Answer format: This paper uses the order of explanation to make the explanation more organized. (The first blank should be filled in with the specific order of description, and the second blank should be filled in with the specific name or description of the thing. If it is a rational exposition, but it cannot be accurately expressed, it can be expressed in vague language such as "rationality" and "science". Third, the interpretation method 1, the common interpretation methods are: example, classification, definition, imitation, explanation, analogy, column number, column diagram, and quotation. 2. Functions of common explanation methods: ①. Example: Explain the characteristics/reasons of things by giving specific examples, so as to make the explanation more specific and convincing. (2) Classification: Explain the characteristics/reasons of things in different categories to make the explanation more organized. (3) Compare: Compare and emphasize the characteristics/reasons of things. (4) Interpretation: Explain the characteristics/reasons of things in detail to make the explanation easier to understand. ⑤ Analogy: comparison, thus vividly explaining the characteristics/reasons of things. 6. Imitation: A vivid description of the characteristics/events of things, which makes the explanation more concrete and vivid. ⑦ Definition: To reveal the object/science in concise and scientific language, so as to reveal the characteristics/science of things more scientifically, essentially and generally. ⑧ Numbering: Use specific data to explain the characteristics/facts of things, so as to make the explanation more accurate and convincing. ⑨ Charting: Explain the characteristics/events of things by means of charts to make the explanation more concise and intuitive. Attending, citation: citation has the following forms-a, citing specific cases; (The function is the same as the example) B. Cite specific data; C. quote famous sayings, aphorisms and proverbs; The function is to make the explanation more convincing. D, citing myths and legends, news reports, riddles, anecdotes, etc. The function is to enhance the interest of the explanation. (The reference description is at the beginning of the article, which also leads to the description object. Fourth, the language analysis of the explanatory text 1, the analysis of the whole language, generally from two angles: a, accuracy; B, vivid or concise. This is also the characteristic of general expository writing. B is from the perspective of different language styles. To comment on the language features of the whole article, we must combine the specific content of the article, for example, we can choose a sentence as an example. The format is as follows: This paper fully embodies the characteristics of Chinese, such as the sentence "……", and explains the characteristics/reasons of things "……" accurately/vividly/concisely. 2. The function of commenting on specific articles/sentences/words is basically the same as above. The function of words can be examined in the following ways: a. What is the function of adding words? B, can you change the word? C. Add some words that can be deleted? This kind of questions often need to be answered in combination with the characteristics of the accuracy of the interpretation language (sometimes reflecting the vividness of the language) The second question type should also compare the differences in answers between the two. The third question type should also add the expression "after deletion, it does not conform to people's understanding of objective things or to objective facts". V. Explanatory text analysis 1. On the mode by means of explanation: This paper mainly uses the explanation method of … (content: the characteristics of things or things) to explain … (function: refer to the previous explanation method to clarify its function) 2. Talking about Modality by Rhetorical Means: This is a vivid exposition, which uses a lot of rhetorical devices. 3. Combine narrative, description and expression to make the explanation more specific; Expressing opinions makes explanations more emotional. Then, from this point of view, the format of explanatory text is as follows: this paper comprehensively uses a variety of expressions, in addition to explanation, there are … (from "narrative, description, explanation and discussion" according to the content), such as … (specific examples), which makes the explanation more specific/emotional by using … (expression). 6. Explain the function of the paragraph There are three angles to answer this question: (1), Structure and content function: Lead out the following, connect the preceding with the following, and summarize the full text/previous article. Sometimes at the beginning of the article, it also plays the role of leading out the object of explanation/explaining things. (2), combined with interpretation. Explain ... (features or things) by the method of interpretation of ..., so as to explain ... (functions). Narrative reading knowledge and skills 1. What is the genre of the article? This article is an article: poetry, novel, prose (lyric prose, narrative prose), script, expository essay and argumentative essay. Narrative? The time, place, person, reason, process and result of the incident 3. Looking for a topic sentence? Look for lyric sentences in the first or last paragraph. 4. Content of the article (center)? Methods: Look at topics, people (events) and events, and make a comprehensive induction. Format: This article narrates (describes and explains) ... and shows (praises and reveals) ... 5. What are the characteristics of material organization? Select typical events closely surrounding the center, and carry out appropriate clipping and detail processing. 6. Hierarchical? (1) Divide by time (find the phrase indicating time) (2) Divide by place (find the phrase indicating place) (3) Divide by the development process of things (find every event) (4) Total score (from the beginning to the end) 7. Describe clues and their functions? Clues: (1) the core figures (2) the core things (3) the core events (4) the time (5) the place (6) the author's emotional function: it runs through the context of the whole text, organically connecting the characters and events in the text, and making the article coherent. 8. Write a title for the article. Find the clue or center of the article (1) the core people (2) the core things (3) the core events (6) the author's emotions 9. Fill in the reading card. Find the original text as required, and then fill it in. Pay attention to the title, author, publishing house and other items of the original text (sometimes in brackets). 10. Narrative sequence and function? (1) The function of sequential narrative (according to the sequence of events): The narrative has a beginning and an end, and it is clear and impressive to read. (2) Flashback (write the results first, and then explain what happened before. ) function: create suspense, attract readers, avoid monotonous narration and enhance the vividness of the article. (3) insert (interrupt the clue when telling, and insert another related thing. ) function: complement and set off the plot, enrich the image and highlight the center. 1 1. Language features? Choose from the following sentences by combining context and rhetorical methods: vivid, fresh and beautiful, concise, accurate and rigorous, incisive and profound, easy to understand, harmonious in phonology and strong in rhythm. Note: Be sure to analyze it in combination with specific sentences. 12. Writing skills and functions? (1) personification: endow things with human character, thoughts, feelings and actions, personify things, and thus achieve vivid images. (2) The role of metaphor: describe things vividly and concisely, and explain the truth. (3) The role of exaggeration: highlight the characteristics of people or things, reveal the essence, and give readers a clear and strong impression. (4) The function of symbol: giving specific meaning to the things described, expressing emotions ... enhancing the expressive force of the article. (5) The role of contrast: through contrast, highlight the characteristics of things and better express the theme of the article. (6) Set-off (side contrast): Set off the main person or thing with the secondary person or thing, and highlight the characteristics, personality, thoughts and feelings of the main person or thing. (7) The function of satire: Use metaphor, exaggeration and other means and methods to expose, criticize and ridicule people or things, strengthen profundity and criticism, and make the language spicy and humorous. (8) The role of wanting to promote before restraining: first belittle and then praise the object described, contrast the context, highlight the object written, and receive unexpected and touching results. (9) The role of front and back care (echo from beginning to end): make the plot complete, the structure rigorous and the center prominent. (10) Set suspense function: arouse readers' attention and thinking, arouse readers' reading interest, and make the plot of the article tortuous 13. Rhetoric method and function (1) Metaphor: describe things vividly and concisely, and explain the truth. (2) personification: endowing things with human character, thoughts, feelings and actions, and personalizing things, so as to achieve vivid images. (3) Exaggeration: highlight the characteristics, reveal the essence, and give readers a clear and strong impression. (4) Parallelism: the organization is clear, the rhythm is distinct, the language potential is enhanced, and it is longer than lyric. (5) Duality: the form is neat, the phonology is harmonious, and they set off each other and complement each other. (6) Repetition: emphasizing a certain meaning, strong lyricism and appeal. (7) Question: Ask yourself and answer yourself, attract attention and inspire thinking. (8) rhetorical question: clear attitude, strong tone and strong lyricism. Note: Be sure to analyze it in combination with related sentences. 14. What are the meanings and functions of specific words? Methods: According to the original meaning of the word, explain the meaning of the text (extended meaning, figurative meaning, pun meaning) and find out the specific content it refers to (make the unclear clear; Reduce metaphors and symbols). Format: The word "××" originally refers to …, and here refers to …, playing the role of …. 15. What does this sentence mean? Grasp the key words, analyze their characteristics and significance, and then explain them in context. (Method as above) 16. What is the function of sentences in structure? (1) connecting the preceding with the following (2) opening the following (3) connecting the preceding with the following (transition) (4) paving the way for the following (5) taking care of the front (beginning) 17. Expression? Narration, discussion, explanation, lyric, description 18. What is the role of discussion in narrative? Inspire readers to think, point out the meaning of people or events, highlight the center, sublimate the theme, and play the role of making the finishing point. 19. What is the role of lyricism in narrative? Express the author's sincere and profound feelings, arouse the feelings of readers, and make the article have strong appeal. 20. What is the type and function of description? (1) Character description (2) Appearance description (3) Manner description (4) Action description (5) Language (dialogue) description (7) Psychology description (8) Scenery description (9) Scene description (10) Environment description (1/kloc) 22. What kind of prose? (1) Narrative Prose (2) Lyrical Prose 23. What kind of novel? Novels, novellas, short stories and short stories 24. What are the three elements of a novel? People, environment and plot 25. What are the types and functions of the environment? (1) The natural environment explains the time and place of the story and the space of the characters' activities, which sets off the emotions of the characters. (2) The social environment explains the social background and characteristics of the times, sets off the characters' personalities, promotes the plot development and reveals the theme of the article. 26. What are the parts of the plot? (preface) beginning, development, climax, ending (ending) 27 Continue to write the ending of the novel. Continue to write according to the law of the development of novels and stories, and be concise, implicit, philosophical and thought-provoking.