Petroleum can be refined into gasoline, kerosene, diesel, asphalt, lubricating oil, paraffin and so on. , can be used for the country's economic production and the daily life of residents. \ x0d \ x0d \ Petroleum, also known as crude oil, is a brown-black flammable viscous liquid mined from deep underground. Mainly a mixture of alkanes, cycloalkanes and aromatics. It is a mixture formed by long-term evolution of organisms in ancient oceans or lakes, and it belongs to fossil fuels like coal. \x0d\ x0d \ The origin of petroleum \ x0d \ The word petroleum was first put forward in the Taiping Guang Ji compiled by China in 977 AD. Officially named "Oil", it was named after Shen Kuo (1031-kloc-0/095), an outstanding scientist in the Northern Song Dynasty in China, who wrote "Talk about Meng Xi" according to the fact that this kind of oil was "sand and stone born in water, mixed with spring water, and came out disconsolately". Before the word "oil" appeared, foreign countries called oil "devil's sweat" and "glowing water", while China called it "stone grease water", "fierce fire oil" and "stone paint". \ x0d \ x0d \ We can see oil or its accessories everywhere in our daily life. Have you noticed? Such as gasoline, diesel oil, kerosene, lubricating oil, asphalt, plastics, fiber and so on! These are all extracted from oil; And the natural gas (liquefied gas) we use every day is produced from special gas fields! It is delivered to all families through gas pipelines and gas stations. \ x0d \ x0d \ At present, there are two theories about the origin of oil: ① Inorganic theory holds that oil is formed in basic magma; (2) Organic theory: all kinds of organic matter, such as animals and plants, especially lower animals and plants, such as algae, bacteria, mussels, fish and so on. After many physical and chemical actions, they were buried in sunken and anoxic bays, lakes, deltas, lakes and other places, and finally gradually formed oil. \x0d\ x0d \ Morphology and composition \ x0d \ Crude oil is very rich in red, golden yellow, dark green, black, brownish red and even transparent; The color of crude oil itself is the content of gum and asphaltene. The higher the content, the darker the color. The lighter the color of crude oil, the better its oil quality! Transparent crude oil can be directly added to the automobile fuel tank instead of gasoline! The main components of crude oil are: oiliness (the main component), colloid (a viscous semi-solid substance), asphaltene (a dark brown or black brittle solid substance) and carbonaceous (a non-hydrocarbon). \ x0d \ x0d \ petroleum is a kind of colored flammable liquid with special smell, which is mainly composed of hydrocarbons! Natural gas is a colorless combustible gas mixture, which has a special smell and is composed of many gases, mainly gaseous hydrocarbons. \x0d\x0d\ The division of labor of the whole petroleum system is also relatively detailed: \ x0d \ Geophysical prospecting: using various geophysical prospecting equipment and combining with geological data, it is responsible for determining the location of oil and gas layers in areas that may contain oil and gas; \x0d\ Drilling: drilling an oil well in the oil-gas bearing area by using drilling machinery and equipment, and collecting geological data of this area; \x0d\ Downhole operation: use downhole operation equipment to run various downhole tools or production strings into the well on the ground to obtain various production materials of the well, or make the well produce crude oil or natural gas normally, and be responsible for the maintenance of the oil well in the future; \x0d\ Oil production: in the normal production process of oil wells, collect the production data of oil wells and carry out daily maintenance on the production equipment of oil wells; \x0d\ gathering and transportation: responsible for crude oil export; Refining will refine the crude oil delivered to the refinery into different petroleum products such as gasoline, diesel oil and kerosene as required! \ x0d \ x0d \ The nature of petroleum varies with the place of origin, with a density of 0.8 ~ 1.0g/cm3, a wide viscosity range, a great difference in freezing point (30 ~-60℃), and a boiling point ranging from normal temperature to over 500℃. It is soluble in various organic solvents, insoluble in water, but soluble in water. The chemical elements that make up petroleum are mainly carbon (83% ~ 87%), hydrogen (1%~14%), and the rest are sulfur (0.06% ~ 0.8%) and nitrogen (0.02% ~1. Hydrocarbons formed by carbon and hydrogenation constitute the main components of petroleum, accounting for about 95% ~ 99%. Compounds containing sulfur, oxygen and nitrogen are harmful to petroleum products and should be removed as much as possible in petroleum processing. The structure and proportion of various hydrocarbons in petroleum from different producing areas vary greatly, but they mainly belong to alkanes, cycloalkanes and aromatics. Generally, petroleum mainly composed of alkanes is called paraffin-based petroleum; Naphthenic petroleum, mainly naphthenes and aromatics; In between, it is called intermediate base oil. The main crude oils in China are characterized by high wax content, high freezing point, low sulfur content, moderate nickel and nitrogen content and low vanadium content. Except for a few oil fields, there are few gasoline fractions in crude oil, and residual oil accounts for 1/3. Different kinds of petroleum have different processing methods and products, so we should make good use of them. Daqing crude oil is characterized by high wax content, high pour point and low sulfur content, belonging to low sulfur paraffin-based crude oil. \ x0d \ x0d \ There are four main links from oil exploration to oil utilization, namely, oil exploration, oil field development, oil and gas gathering and transportation and oil refining. The following are four links to trace the development history of petroleum industry. \ x0d \ x0d \ There are many methods of "oil exploration", but whether there is oil underground depends on drilling. The progress of drilling technology in a country often reflects the development of its petroleum industry. Therefore, some countries compete to announce that they have drilled the first oil well in the world, which shows that they have taken the earliest step in the development of the oil industry. \ x0d \ x0d "Oilfield development" refers to the confirmation of oil and gas distribution range through drilling, and the wells can be put into production to form a certain production scale. In this sense, the Ziliujing gas field in Fushun County, Sichuan Province, which was developed in 182 1 is the earliest natural gas field in the world. \ x0d \ x0d "oil and gas gathering and transportation" technology is also produced with the development of oil and gas. Around A.D. 1875, Ziliujing Gas Field used locally abundant bamboo as raw material, cut knots, wrapped in linen and coated with tung oil to form what we now call a "gas pipeline", with a total length of 200-300 miles, which crisscrossed the Ziliujing area at that time. \ x0d \ x0d \ As for "oil refining", it started earlier. The Northern Wei Dynasty's Water Mirror Note is about 5 12~5 18, which introduces the situation of refining lubricating oil from oil. Yue Se, a British scientist, pointed out in his paper: "In the 10 century, China already had oil and it was widely used. Therefore, before this, China people distilled oil. " . It shows that as early as the 6th century A.D., oil refining technology sprouted in China. \ x0d \ x0d \ Petroleum is a liquid mineral product with hydrocarbons as the main component. Crude oil is oil extracted from underground, or natural oil. Artificial petroleum is a liquid hydrocarbon extracted from coal or oil shale. The main elements that make up crude oil are carbon, hydrogen, sulfur, nitrogen and oxygen. \x0d\\x0d\ A brown, dark green or black liquid, which is mainly composed of hydrocarbon mixtures with different structures.