Renaissance refers to the upsurge of European classical culture revival since14th century. Italy is14-16th century, and other European countries are15-17th century. Renaissance arts and crafts are not a simple repetition of ancient Greek and Roman culture, but marks the germination of bourgeois culture and reflects the requirements of the emerging civil class. Under the banner of humanism, the arts and crafts of the Renaissance, like painting, sculpture and architecture, created a brand-new situation, and its supporters were city citizens, businessmen and craftsmen of various guilds. Renaissance arts and crafts pay more attention to the proportion and sense of harmony in all aspects, such as modeling or color. For example, interior decoration and furniture design pay attention to the coordination with the proportion and color of various parts of the building, and the modeling of general utensils also takes into account the factors of applicability and convenience.
Baroque and Rococo are two artistic styles popular in Europe from 17 to 18, both of which belong to aristocratic art. Baroque is the general name of European art in 17 century, which originated in Rome, then quickly became popular in Italy and spread to France, the Netherlands and other countries at that time. /kloc-in the 0/8th century, the light, delicate, slender and elegant rococo style replaced the gorgeous, exaggerated and artificial baroque style and became the mainstream of all European artistic styles.
Baroque means movement, pursuit of novelty, enthusiasm, uneasiness and contrast to infinity, and bold integration of various art forms. It opposes the calmness and restraint of Renaissance art and shows drama, luxury and exaggeration.
Although Rococo style retains the comprehensive characteristics of Baroque style, it lacks the religious flavor and exaggerated emotional expression of Baroque style, with special emphasis on delicate and soft atmosphere and extensive use of light.
I. Renaissance arts and crafts
Renaissance originally meant the rebirth of classical culture, and the arts and crafts of Renaissance improved the value of aesthetic ideal and the humanistic connotation in works.
1, pottery craft in the Renaissance
Renaissance pottery first developed in Italy and then influenced all parts of Europe. The low price of pottery caters to the needs of emerging citizens, and its status is valued, and its creation presents an extremely active situation. The main representatives are Italian Mallorca pottery, French pastoral pottery and German khalaf pottery.
Mallorca pottery
A. The pottery in Mallorca, Italy is decorated with rich, lively and concise symbolic line drawing patterns, which have a great influence on many European countries.
B, process: first molding and firing, then applying white pottery clothes, drying, painting and decorating, and then firing.
C, content: early patterns. Late stage-expressing myths or daily life in a realistic way.
2. Metal craft during the Renaissance
During the Renaissance, metal handicrafts also made remarkable artistic achievements.
1. France has become the center of noble metal technology in Northern Europe.
C many great artists have been involved in metalworking: architect Bruni Lesko, sculptor ghiberti and painter Diu Lei.
Germany's Nuremberg is the center of German silverware making, with exquisite craftsmanship, vitality and clarity.
3. Glass craft in Renaissance.
This period is famous for its "village glassware", which mostly imitates the shapes of metal utensils and pottery, and expresses myths and fables and real life in the form of painting, with beautiful shape, exquisiteness and elegance. Italian glass production center, which inherits the essence of European traditional glass craft and is influenced by Islamic glass craft, is known as "Murano Glassware".
Technological characteristics of Venice glass
Early enamel painting
B, the middle-completely transparent glass.
C, late mosaic glass, mosaic glass, ice glass, Venetian glassware;
4. Dyeing and weaving technology during the Renaissance
Brocade is the best, both the production process and pattern design are influenced by oriental art. The decorative themes include religious myths and stories, medieval knights, ladies and various flower patterns, and the techniques are realistic.
5. Wood technology during the Renaissance
Italy in the Renaissance was the earliest place where wooden handicrafts flourished, which was mainly reflected in the design and production of all kinds of furniture. The three centers of furniture technology are Florence, Rome and Venice. Renaissance furniture first flourished in Italy in the second half of the15th century, and soon became popular in France, Britain, Germany and other countries. Renaissance furniture technology greatly promoted the progress of western furniture design, manufacturing technology and decoration technology.
Second, the arts and crafts in the Baroque period.
It was originally used by neoclassical theorists to ridicule the Italian artistic style of17th century. Later used by historians, it only refers to the whole17th century European art.
1, pottery craft in baroque period
The pottery-making technology of Delft kiln is the most outstanding.
Influenced by oriental ceramics, although local soft pottery is used to imitate Far East hard porcelain, it is completely designed according to western aesthetics. /kloc-in the second half of the 0/7th century, the pottery-making technology of Delft kiln in the Netherlands began to lead the whole of Europe.
2. Metal Craft in Baroque Period
First, at this time, European metal technology entered an unprecedented glorious period.
B, there has been an upsurge of arts and crafts production with the metal industry as the core in Europe. At the same time, many famous production centers have appeared.
3. Baroque glass process
A, divided into two systems, the north and the south, with Venice and Germany as the center respectively.
B, Venice is mainly carved glassware, and it has developed complex branch binding patterns.
C, Germany still maintains the traditional enamel painting process, and the turntable grinding technology appears.
4. Dyeing and weaving process in Baroque period
/kloc-in the 0/7th century, tapestry technology in Europe presented an unprecedented situation and often appeared as indoor decorations. The tapestry made by Gobeland Fabric Research Institute is the most representative, which shows the exquisite craftsmanship.
1662, the prime minister of Louis XIV, Goebbels, gathered the brocade workshops scattered in Paris and established the Gobeland Fabric Research Institute. Head is the court painter Charles lebrun, "Gobelan tapestry" (that is, from this. The design samples of Gobeland Fabric Institute are all made by court painters, especially those of lebrun.
5. Woodworking in Baroque Period
The design and production of furniture in Baroque period showed different characteristics from the whole Baroque art style. Baroque furniture is very concise, meets the applicable requirements in function and has a unified overall effect in form.
The establishment of Boolean mosaic method has a far-reaching impact on furniture technology in European countries.
Andre? Xia Lu? The best furniture craftsman of Louis XIV. 1680 or so, he overlapped the metal sheet and tortoise shell, carved the same pattern, and then inlaid it on the surface of furniture, which is called "Boolean inlay method".
Third, arts and crafts in Rococo period.
Date of birth:18th century, French Regency and Louis XV.
1, Ceramic Art in Rococo Period
From 16 to 17 century, oriental porcelain became a symbol of status and wealth in Europe. Countries compete to imitate porcelain. 1March 709, the first European porcelain was successfully fired in Germany. /kloc-In the 0/8th century, Maisen Kiln, Vienna Kiln, Seville Kiln and Spottel Kiln all wrote a glorious page in the history of world ceramics.
German Mei Sen kiln
171065438+1October 23rd, the "Mei Sen Royal Porcelain Kiln" was established. The production of Easter royal porcelain made it famous. Important ceramic artists: Bertiger, Stezel, Groot, Candler, etc.
France saifuer porcelain kiln
Seifer Kiln is the most famous porcelain producing area in France, and its patron is Madame Pembadou, the darling of Louis XV. The decorative feature is that the center of both sides of the container is painted with rococo-style patterns, mostly with blue, green, yellow or rose as the bottom. /kloc-In the mid-8th century, most of the products were in the rose background that Madame de Pompadour liked, also known as "Rose Pompadou Style".
British ceramic technology
/kloc-In the 8th century, Britain inherited the tradition of medieval kiln industry, and Wilton, Wedgwood and josiah appeared in Taudu-Stratford area. Famous potters, such as spot and his son, started a new era in the history of British ceramics. 1748, Thomas? Frey invented cartilage porcelain. Little Joshua? On the basis of Fry, Sput further developed hard cinerary porcelain, which made the quality of cinerary porcelain reach the first-class level. Hard gray porcelain is made of mixed ashes of Cornwall porcelain clay and kaolin.
2. Metal craft in Rococo period.
During the Rococo period, metal handicrafts were mainly embodied in palace daily necessities, and were also widely used in the decoration of picture frames and furniture.
* * * Same features: It can make hard and cold metal soft and delicate.
3. Glass craft in Rococo period.
The glass art center of Rococo is still Venice. During this period, Venetian glass reached a new level in material, shape and decoration, and quickly adapted to the Rococo style that pervaded Europe.
4. Dyeing and weaving process in Rococo period.
From the 1930s of 18, rococo-style dyeing and weaving patterns were generally formed. The center of European fabric technology is France, and gold and silver wires are also widely used in fabrics.
The main characteristics of dyeing and weaving technology in Rococo period are: a, it is the expression of naturalistic plant patterns;
B, pay attention to asymmetry in composition.
C, more embodies the characteristics of painting.
Love oriental styles and themes
5. Wood craft in Rococo period.
Furniture is the most representative, forming a certain artistic style:
A, it has formed the style characteristics of beautiful modeling, gorgeous decoration and exquisite workmanship, and has obvious aristocratic atmosphere of the court.
B, design and production are influenced by oriental craft style.
C, there are some differences in furniture craft styles in different countries.
French rococo furniture
It can be divided into regency period and Louis XV period. The former is a transitional stage. Its characteristic is to modify some shortcomings of baroque furniture in the later period. The latter is the stage of prosperity. It is characterized by the continuous emergence of new furniture and the extensive use of new decorative forms.
The Furniture of "George Age" in England
/kloc-end of 0/7/beginning of 0/8, British furniture technology was strongly influenced by the European continent, especially advocating French luxury furniture. But it didn't take long for the British furniture technology to reflect the national characteristics more and more obviously, with simple modeling and simple decoration.
Chippendale Thomas? Chippendale (17 18-1779) was the most outstanding British furniture designer and producer in the18th century. The furniture technology in various countries has been extensively studied. Many books compiled by him were of guiding significance to British furniture technology at that time.
Generally speaking, the three styles are different and have their own characteristics, which can be roughly summarized as follows:
Renaissance arts and crafts
A. Form: classical realism, solemn and elegant.
B. Spirit: Humanism, affirming the real world and praising secular life.
C. Status: Artists and artisans separated, differences between different categories began to appear, and the status of artists rose.
D, from religious arts and crafts to palace arts and crafts.
E. The production of handicrafts is more closely related to people's daily needs.
F, arts and crafts have been able to more reflect the artist's creative enthusiasm.
G. Traditional arts and crafts are declining, while furniture, glass and pottery are developing.
H, pay more attention to the proportion and coordination of various aspects such as modeling or color.
Arts and Crafts in Baroque Period
A, showing opposition to classical art forms and pursuing originality.
B, the creative style is luxurious, gorgeous and full of masculinity.
C, pay attention to external forms of expression, and the work is full of strong momentum.
Arts and Crafts in Rococo Period
A, pure court art with obvious hedonism.
B, style characteristics: multi-S-shaped curves and gorgeous colors, showing feminine charm and affectation temperament, keen on fine expression techniques.
C, promoted the development and improvement of technical skills in European countries.
Under the influence of humanism, Renaissance art made its works authentic and contemporary, which laid a solid foundation for modern western art, including arts and crafts. Baroque art is very different from classical art, which breaks through the rational, symmetrical, static and elegant style of classical art since the Renaissance and emphasizes passion, movement and drama. Rocco is the logical and natural evolution of Baroque style, which is the result of Baroque's decline and becoming gentle and charming. It pays attention to decorative performance, slim, gorgeous, complicated and exquisite, and pursues visual pleasure, comfort and practicality. It is a highly skilled decorative art. They all had a far-reaching impact on the later development of arts and crafts.
Renaissance is not a simple repetition of ancient Greek and Roman culture, but marks the germination of bourgeois culture and reflects the requirements of the emerging civil class. Under the banner of humanism, the arts and crafts of the Renaissance, like painting, sculpture and architecture, created a brand-new situation, and its supporters were city citizens, businessmen and craftsmen of various guilds. Compared with the Middle Ages, the arts and crafts of the Renaissance have undergone several important changes: first, the activity center of arts and crafts gradually got rid of the control of the church, and the court workshops of feudal monarchs appeared, that is, the so-called religious arts and crafts became court arts and crafts, of course, this is only in its main aspects; Second, the production of handicrafts is more closely related to people's daily needs, leading to unprecedented prosperity of arts and crafts; Third, although arts and crafts are restricted by materials and practical factors, generally speaking, the expression of artists' creative personality is not obvious, but the handicrafts of this period can better reflect the artists' creative enthusiasm, indicating that the artists' talents and wisdom have been fully exerted; Fourth, the traditional arts and crafts in the Middle Ages, such as sacred book binding and precious metal handicrafts, have declined, while wooden furniture, glassware and pottery that meet the needs of the general public and have low material value have gained broad development. In addition, Renaissance arts and crafts seem to pay more attention to the proportion and sense of harmony in all aspects, such as modeling or color. For example, interior decoration and furniture design pay attention to the coordination with the proportion and color of various parts of the building, and the modeling of general utensils also takes into account the factors of applicability and convenience.
Nederland Renaissance Art
In Renaissance Europe, in addition to Italy becoming the pioneer of culture and art, various countries and regions north of the European Alps, with cities as the center, gradually emerged the dawn of new culture and art. As far as painting art is concerned, the Netherlands and Germany at that time have become another prosperous place of painting in the European Renaissance.
The word "Netherlands" means low-lying land, including the lower reaches of the Rhine River, the Muse River, the Mulder River and the coastal areas of the North Sea, which is equivalent to parts of the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg and northeastern France today. It faces the Atlantic Ocean and Britain, and the south is connected with the whole western Europe through the Rhine River. As early as the Middle Ages, it became one of the major international trade centers in the North because of its geographical advantages. 13 and 14 centuries, the handicraft industry here, especially the wool spinning industry, was quite developed. In the15th century, especially in the early16th century, due to the further development of Dutch trade and wool spinning industry, urban construction was extremely rapid. Among them, Bruges, ypres, Ghent and Liè ge are the most prosperous cities. At the same time, in the struggle with feudal lords, citizens gained a series of privileges for the development of the city, thus gaining relative independence. In addition, due to the royal marriage and agreement, most parts of the Netherlands became the territory of the powerful Burgundy Principality, which completed the initial political unity and promoted the rapid development of Dutch cities. Therefore, the Netherlands at that time has become the only advanced region in Europe that can be compared with Italy. Although the Italian Renaissance broke through the prison of the Middle Ages with great momentum and developed rapidly, the Dutch art is still in the late stage of Gothic art, but this does not hinder the Dutch national art form, especially making creative contributions to the emergence and development of European oil painting art. At the same time, we can see Nederland artists working in the court of urbino and appreciate the works of Master Nederland in the church of Florence. The oil painting techniques and woodcut techniques they created also attracted Italian painters.
/kloc-Holland has not yet formed its own independent artistic system in the 0/4th century, and its artistic activities are mainly closely related to France. At that time, many Dutch sculptors and painters were active in France, and a large number of Dutch artists' works were left in the courts of duke of burgundy and the Duke of Burry, two major French art patrons. At the same time, in the south of France, Pope Yu once settled in Avignon, so Italian art, especially Siena School, was very popular here, and its great influence was as far away as Paris, the center of artistic activities at that time. Therefore, Dutch artists were influenced by Italian art through France.
Poerxiusi.
Poerxiusi was born by Zeus and Shen Jianing in Greek mythology. He bravely killed Medusa, the gorgon, and took off her head (every hair of her was a snake).
Sculptors create the image of bodybuilding champions. Holding a knife in his right hand and holding Medusa's head high in his left hand, he stood on the banshee and carved a series of accurate nude figures, which showed the sculptor's exquisite anatomical skills and artistic accomplishment and had Michelangelo's style characteristics.
Stylistic sculpture pays too much attention to the aesthetic feeling of form, and its exquisite and gorgeous morphological structure makes the human body both generalized and diverse. Compared with Renaissance sculpture, the deficiency is that the composition of body space is too complicated, which leads to the unclear outline and affects the integrity and solemnity of modeling.
Hermes
Hermes was the son of Zeus. He is the messenger of the Olympians, in charge of transportation, commerce, competition and speech. He is versatile, has a pair of flying legs, and comes and goes without a trace. In legend, his image is wrapped in robes, cloaked, wearing a feathered helmet and hat, holding a peace stick, holding two snakes in his hand and wearing high boots on his feet. Later, the West regarded him as the patron saint of commercial traffic information.
Sculptor Jan Bologne portrayed Hermes as a naked young man, making a soaring gesture, holding a snake stick in his hand, with wings on his feet and his left foot stepping on a person's head. The statue is as smooth and wet as a mirror. Under the sunshine, it looks lively and smooth, light and pleasing to the eye. As the decoration of the fountain, this statue not only has the characteristics of stylism, but also shows the bud of the fierce movement of Baroque style.
the rape of the sabine women
The Rape of Sabine Women depicts the plot of Roman soldiers robbing the wives of neighboring Sabine women.
Group sculpture shapes three characters into a group, forming an artistic whole. According to the confrontation and balance between forces in opposite directions, people can watch from all angles. The sculptor skillfully interweaves the three forms of movements, and at the same time, these movements are accurately balanced. Continuous postures and movements lead people's eyes to the upper end in a spiral way. Therefore, with its complex composition and powerful combination, this work indicates that the Baroque sculpture group is coming soon.