Introduction:
Eight-part essay (English translation: eight-part essay; Eight-part essay is a style of imperial examination in Ming and Qing Dynasties, which is also called "Zhiyi", "Zhiyi", "Shi Wen" and "Barbie essay".
Eight-part essay refers to the eight parts of the article, and its style has a fixed format: it consists of eight parts: breaking the topic, receiving the topic, opening the lecture, entering the topic, starting the stock, middle stock, rear stock and bundle stock. The topics are all from the original texts in the Four Books and Five Classics. The last four parts each have two parallel dual words, which add up to * * * stereotyped writing. In the old imperial examination, the eight-part essay should be spoken in the tone of Confucius and Mencius, and four pairs should be plain, and the allusion to love affairs should not be used to blaspheme the saint. Each article includes four parts: from stock to stock.
Eight-part essay was originally the recommended format for writing argumentative essays, which was neither good nor bad in itself. However, it was opposed by many intellectuals later, because the imperial examination stipulated that this format must be adopted. Eight-part essay became a scapegoat for the shortcomings of the ancient imperial examination system. At the same time, the topic of the eight-part essay comes from The Analects of Confucius and Mencius, which is not innovative enough, and even has the phenomenon of splitting the original sentence into pieces. What's more, the topic of a question is only punctuation marks, all of which are aimed at stumping most candidates.
Basic introduction:
Eight-part essay is also called? Shi Wen? 、? Making art? 、? Does that make sense? 、? Eight words? 、? Four books? , is a special style stipulated by the examination system of the Ming Dynasty. Eight-part essay emphasizes form and has no content. Every paragraph of the article is rigidly adhered to a fixed format, and even the number of words is limited. People just perfunctory according to the meaning of the topic.
Style stipulated by imperial examination system in Ming and Qing Dynasties. Each article consists of eight parts: title, title, beginning, beginning, beginning, middle, back and beam. The last four parts are formal discussions, and China stock is the focus of the whole article. In these four paragraphs, there are two parallel antithetical sentences, which are * * * eight-part essays.
Origin:
Yanwu, "Lu of the day? The format of the trial text explains in detail the origin, format and evolution of the eight-part essay: Jing Yi's text? , vulgar call it? Stereotyped writing? Gai began in Chenghua (Ming Xianzong) (1465? 1487). Shares, with dual names. In the twenty-third year of Chenghua, he will try the book "Lotte Defends the World". Say three words first, that is, talk? Lotte? Four strands, four sentences in the middle, repeat? Protect the world? Four strands, four sentences, and then a big knot. Between every four strands, one is positive and one is negative, one is virtual and one is solid, and one is shallow and one is deep. So from generation to generation, this is called it? Stereotyped writing? . If it is a long topic, it is not limited to this. The first two or three sentences, what is this called? Break the question? Generally speaking, there are many dialogues, which were handed down by Song people. Explain what it means, make four or five sentences, that is? Take questions? . Then ask the master why he said that, that is? Original? . In Wanli, two sentences are broken and three sentences are continued, not starting from the original. What the sage said and saw at the end of the article, or counted crosses or hundreds of words, was it called? Big knot? . The system in the early Ming dynasty can be related to the current affairs of the dynasty. Later works are closely related, afraid that someone will show off themselves, but they are not as good as the current dynasties. By the end of Wanli, three or four sentences had come to an end, so all the important events of the country were in vain, and the ministers in power were timid, and their images had been seen in the articles that should be quoted. ?
The origin of stereotyped writing (l? N shāng) Northern Song Dynasty. Wang Anshi's reform thought that it was not practical to choose scholars by poetry and prose in Tang Dynasty, so many subjects were regarded as scholars, all of which were changed to Confucian classics, and the style was not standardized. The imperial examinations in the Yuan Dynasty basically followed the Song Dynasty. The imperial examination was held in the first year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty (1368), which had clear requirements on system and style. However, the initial writing is not fixed. During the Chenghua period, under the advocacy of Wang Yong, Zhang Mao and others, a set of strict procedures was gradually formed. It has been used ever since. From the middle of Ming dynasty to the whole Qing dynasty, you must answer questions in eight-part essay. It was not until the Reform Movement of 1898 that it was abolished with the cessation of the imperial examination.
Every article in an eight-part essay is composed of eight parts: title, topic, beginning, head, middle, back and beam, according to a certain format and number of words. Solving a problem means telling the meaning of the problem in two sentences, and accepting the problem means explaining the meaning of the problem. The speech is the beginning of the discussion. What is the first word? Meaning? 、? What if? 、? Think? 、? What about the husband? 、? Smell? Wait for the start. ? Start? This is where the lecture begins. Starting stocks, mid-term stocks, late stocks and clustered stocks are formal discussions, and mid-term stocks are the focus of the whole article. In these four copies, each copy has two parallel dual words, which are * * * stereotyped writing, hence the name stereotyped writing. The topic is mainly taken from the four books and five classics. The main content of the discussion is Song Zhuxi's Notes on Four Books and Sentences, and it is not allowed to play freely and cross the line. The number of eight-part essay was set at 550 words in Shunzhi period of Qing Dynasty, increased to 650 words in Kangxi period, and then changed to 700 words. Eight-part essay pays attention to composition and style. Originally, it was an ancient prose with reasoning, but it can be merged with parallel prose to form a new style and has its own position in the history of literature. However, from the perspective of education, stereotyped writing, as an examination style, is rigid in content and form, leaving no room for free play. It not only greatly fetters scholars' thoughts, but also corrupts the style of study.
The emergence of stereotyped writing has experienced a long historical process. Most scholars of past dynasties believe that it originated from Confucian classics in the Northern Song Dynasty. Jingyi is a style of imperial examination in Song Dynasty, which is expounded by the proposition of sentences in Confucian classics and the composition of candidates. Although there is no fixed format of Confucian classics in Song Dynasty, it has laid the embryonic form of eight-part essay on behalf of saints. Jingyi later absorbed some elements of prose and Yuanqu after the Southern Song Dynasty, and was determined to be an independent eight-part style in the early Ming Dynasty. After Chenghua, it gradually formed strict procedures and evolved into a rigid bureaucracy.
In the 28th year of Guangxu (1902), stereotyped writing was abolished. Although there are still four book meanings and five classics meanings in the rural examination and the general examination, the article format is not limited.
In the thirty-first year of Guangxu (1905), Yuan Shikai and Zhang Zhidong wrote the book "Measures to Stop Imperial Examinations, Widen Learning and Properly Cultivate Learning", which was awarded, so the 700-year-old eight-part essay died. Since then, it has been regarded as lost, dirty and dismissive by the world. In fact, the eight-part essay has had a glorious page in history, and many works that are still charming have been handed down. Some critics even think that in 270 years of Ming Dynasty, there were dozens of stereotyped writing such as Hu Siquan, Jin-Hee Kim and Zhang Dali, who established portals after Chu Sao, Han and Tang poetry and Yuan Qu. ? (Jiao Xun's "Yu Yi Land Rover") It is true that the poetry of the Ming Dynasty is not enough to compete with different generations, and only the eight-part essay dominates.
The prosperity of stereotyped writing in Ming Dynasty is not only the call of the times, but also the accumulation of culture. Li jinxi's Outline of the History of China Language Movement says: Eight-part essay flourished gradually in the early Ming Dynasty, but it shined brilliantly in the literary world. It was originally an ancient prose of reasoning, but it can be integrated with parallel poetry and fu, into the beautiful language of poetry, and attack the expression techniques of traditional Chinese opera. This is actually the rarest style. ? During the 300 years of the Ming Dynasty, famous writers of eight-part essay came forth in large numbers, such as Qian Fu, Gui Youguang, Jin Sheng, Zhang Shichun, Luo Wanzao and Chen. Yu Changcheng's "One Hundred and Twenty Masterpieces" said: Wang (Yan) is the righteous Lord, Longmen (Sima Qian) is the Jewish historian, Shaoling (Du Fu) is the poet, Youjun (Wang Xizhi) is the calligrapher, and there are immortal and incomparable people. ? Qin Wang's works had a great influence on later generations, and all the literati in Ming and Qing dynasties took this as the standard, and almost every family had a copy. Wu wrote the daughter of Mi Zi Gong Sun in Chapter 11 of The Scholars. When he was eleven or twelve years old, he told books and read articles, and read one of Wang's manuscripts thoroughly first? . Girls are still like this, let alone scholars.