When the world entered the second decade of 2 1 century, the digital transformation of economy and society accelerated, and the digital economy developed rapidly under the catalysis of the COVID-19 epidemic. According to statistics, the output of digital economy in dozens of countries has been almost the same as that of traditional economic forms. The growth rate of digital economy is far ahead. Internationally, the formal implementation of the digital trade agreement between the United States and Japan marks the world's first economic and trade agreement with numbers as the basic element. World-class bilateral and plurilateral economic and trade agreements all have digital economic and trade content, and even set up a special chapter to make detailed provisions. Since 2020, the newly emerging unicorn enterprises in the world have started from the digital economy. The biomedical industry fighting the COVID-19 epidemic has also joined the digital bright color.
In recent years, at the policy level, major countries in the world have introduced digital strategies to promote the development of digital economy and form a new layout of national competitiveness. At the end of 20 19, the United States issued the Federal Data Strategy and Action Plan for 2020, which clearly listed data as an important national strategic asset and led the strategic vision of digital development in the United States in the next decade with data governance of the federal government. In 2020, the European Union introduced a digital strategy, accelerated a series of legislative processes related to digitalization, and focused on building and strengthening a digital development model with EU characteristics, thus promoting the development of the digital economy. As soon as the Cabinet of Suga Yoshihide in Japan was established, it set up a digital minister, made the digitalization of government affairs an important part of the policy agenda, and proposed the establishment of a digital hall, hoping to lead the development of digital economy in Japan. China leads the innovation of digital economy in the world, and clearly lists data as an important factor of production. On April 9, 2020, the Opinions on Building a More Perfect System and Mechanism of Factor Market Allocation issued by the Central Committee and the State Council clearly stated that data is a new type of production factor alongside land, labor, capital and technology, and deployed the development task of accelerating the cultivation of data factor market from three aspects: promoting the openness and enjoyment of government data, enhancing the value of social data resources, and strengthening the integration and security protection of data resources. This is the first time in history that the fundamental attributes of data have been clarified at the national level. It lays a solid foundation for the orderly flow of data within the market framework. In terms of data usage system, China has led the world.
Data flow is the core of digital economy development, and data security is the bottom line of digital economy development. Major economies have also made many attempts to ensure data security and prevent data abuse. The EU focuses on prevention and punishment. Through the strict implementation of the General Data Protection Regulations and other laws and regulations, the protection of personal information and the management of non-personal data have been continuously improved and strengthened, and a data firewall has been formed around the EU. The United States advocates data flow, but in terms of security, most of them hope to reach mutual recognition with other countries on data security systems. This work is being carried out intensively on the basis of bilateral and multilateral economic and trade agreements in which the United States participates. Obviously, the differences between the European Union and the United States in data security and personal privacy protection are huge, which even led the European Court of Justice to rule that the privacy screening agreement between the United States and Europe was invalid. At the same time, it also shows how difficult it is to maintain the balance between data flow and data security from another angle.
The practice of the two major economies in the United States and Europe shows that both unilaterally promoting the free flow of data like the United States and almost harshly protecting data security and personal privacy like the European Union have brought strong side effects. This side effect is reflected in the rampant technology giants in the United States, whose influence and control even exceed that of the US government. On June 7th, 2020, 10, the US House of Representatives released an investigation report on the monopoly of four technology companies, including Google, claiming that these technology companies have effectively acted as gatekeepers in today's digital market and have the right to choose winners, acquire or dispose of competitors. Similarly, the EU's too tough data protection has obviously hindered the development of its digital economy. Since the implementation of the General Data Protection Regulations, hundreds of cases have been punished, ranging from local governments and medical institutions to ordinary furniture manufacturers and even football clubs. At present, the European Union is accelerating the formation of its new digital strategy and supporting legislation, which also shows their urgent psychology of rebalancing data flow and data security. From the practice of the United States and Europe, it is not only costly but also inefficient to rely solely on the government to maintain the balance between data traffic and data security. American technology giants rely on data advantages, and Luo Zhi's interest network has reached an unbreakable level. The structural splitting of these companies by antitrust means alone will greatly hurt the vitality of the digital economy in the United States in the short term. On the other hand, the EU's strongly regulated data protection framework has become a trend, which will go through a painful process and pay a huge price to achieve rebalancing.
Under the background of vigorous development of digital economy and increasingly active data flow, it is particularly important to explore a market-oriented mechanism, give full play to the advantages of data as an important production factor, and realize the dynamic balance between data flow and data security. Clarifying data property rights, ensuring the security of digital economy as much as possible and stimulating the activity of market players will be effective ways to achieve this dynamic balance.
1. To clarify the property rights of data and ensure the security of digital economy, we must first clarify the ownership of data and determine the property rights of data. That is, on the basis of determining the ownership of data, relying on blockchain to register property rights, forming a series of institutional arrangements, such as who owns the value-added wealth generated by data, who bears the cost of maintaining data security, how to exercise the right to use, control, income and disposal of data, and related conventions and ethics.
2. Clarify data property rights and ensure the security of digital economy. Secondly, design data transaction mode and pricing model. On the one hand, the rights of data desensitization and privacy protection are completely handed over to the owners of data property rights, and the rights and responsibilities are unified. Encourage data owners to protect privacy and core sensitive data according to their own wishes through market rules and price principles; Explore the establishment of data property rights transfer and data utilization principles, and further improve the degree of data tradability and standardization by refining the division of labor in the data trading industry chain. On the other hand, in the early stage of data transaction, a more concise data value evaluation scale should be formed as soon as possible according to the utility and scarcity of data. Then, according to the empirical data of the transaction, an optimized pricing model such as "second price sealed auction" is initially formed, which not only conforms to the data characteristics, but also hedges the information asymmetry risk.
3. To clarify data property rights and ensure the security of digital economy, it is also necessary to improve the institutional framework of data transactions and eventually form a broad data market. On this basis, the owner of the data can decide whether to sell the data according to the consideration, and the data collector can also consider whether to buy it according to the price. To some extent, this avoids the abuse of data because it is "priceless". The dynamic balance between data flow and data security is expected to form. The key to establishing a data transaction system with clear property rights lies in the confirmation of data. Because the problem of confirming the right has always relied on the support of the government or intermediary agencies, the confirmation of massive data requires great economic costs, which has become one of the important reasons for the disorderly flow of data for a long time. At present, blockchain technology has made data validation economical. The distributed bookkeeping and unchangeable characteristics of blockchain technology greatly reduce the cost of data confirmation and data property discovery, and promote the cost of data flow. Therefore, in addition to those data related to the core interests of the country, the security issues of other data can be transformed into price issues that encourage data transactions to a certain extent. When data becomes property, the more important data, the higher the price and the higher the security.
At present, China is gradually forming a new development pattern with the domestic big cycle as the main body and the domestic and international double cycles promoting each other, and the digital economy will surely become a strong support for this new pattern. It is timely to clarify digital property rights, which has the potential to become an important bridge to communicate the international and domestic double cycle. The orderly, safe and efficient cross-border flow of data is the fundamental guarantee for the development of digital economy in the world, and data property rights transaction has become a key node inside and outside China Unicom. Bilateral, plurilateral and multilateral digital economic agreements between countries can be developed from this, and the security problems in the process of cross-border data flow are also simplified because of property rights transactions. In the transaction process, the price of data will be found more accurately, and those data related to the core interests of the country will be identified and protected more quickly and accurately.
Of course, a data trading system with clear property rights and smooth circulation is not achieved overnight, and it needs to repair loopholes, adjust direction and try and make mistakes during operation. In order to turn the beautiful vision into reality, we need to conduct more in-depth research on design confirmation methods and pricing models, and the government also needs to further guide, cultivate and deepen the data factor market.
(This article was published in China Information Security,No. 1 1 in 2020).