First of all, public safety is a very important social issue that the government and people pay special attention to.
Public safety is a necessary condition for the development and progress of human society. The existence and development of any society need public safety. Public safety is of great significance to the survival and quality of life of members of the whole society. Without a good public safety system and measures, the existence and development of this society and people's survival and life will be unimaginable. Therefore, maintaining public safety is a major event related to the national economy and people's livelihood, social stability and development; Implementing laws and governing the country is an important function of the country. Strengthening public management and building a powerful country is a systematic project. The meaning of public security can be investigated from two aspects: law and management.
From the legal analysis, experts and scholars have different understandings of the meaning of public safety. What is public security? The second chapter of the current Criminal Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) does not define its meaning legally, and there is no special judicial interpretation, but it is discussed in criminal law textbooks and related papers in China. There are mainly four different views on the meaning of public safety in the theoretical circle of law. The first view is defined as: the so-called public safety refers to an act that is intentionally or negligently carried out or is enough to endanger the life and health of an unspecified majority or the safety of major private property. The second view is defined as the so-called public safety, which refers to the act of intentionally or negligently endangering the life and health of unspecified people or the safety of major public and private property. The third view is defined as public safety, which means intentionally or negligently endangering the life, health, major public and private property and the safety of public production, work and life of unspecified majority. The fourth view holds that the so-called public safety refers to intentionally or negligently endangering the life, health, major property safety, major public property safety and other legitimate public interests of unspecified majority.
From the analysis of management theory, some experts believe that public safety is composed of natural factors, ecological environment, public health, economy, society, technology and information. The concept of modern national security has gone beyond the traditional military and national defense, including people's health, ecological environment, internet security, biological species security, scientific and technological secrecy, mineral resources protection, smooth international trade, monetary and financial stability, and public psychological stability. At present, according to the classification, the main factors affecting public security are: First, natural factors. Including geological disasters, such as earthquakes, landslides, bank collapses, collapses, mudslides, etc. Meteorological disasters, such as rainstorm, flood, drought, strong wind, hail, snowstorm, frost, lightning, rime, cold wave, sandstorm, waves, tsunami, beach, etc. The second is the health factor. Including human health and safety, such as various infectious diseases, epidemics, occupational diseases, sudden diseases, poisoning and so on. ; Animal epidemic prevention safety, such as various infectious diseases, epidemics, sudden diseases, poisoning, etc. ; Aquatic organisms are safe in epidemic prevention, such as fish, shrimp, crab and shellfish. The third is social factors. Including criminal security, such as beating, smashing, robbing, stealing, killing, burning, bombing, kidnapping, poisoning X and so on. Social unrest, such as unrest, illegal assembly and procession and illegal religious activities; Social disasters, such as fires. The fourth is ecological factors. Including marine ecological security, such as red tide, coastal erosion,
Seawater invasion, seawater pollution, fishery ecological imbalance, coastal engineering damage, etc. ; Natural ecological security, such as animal and plant and species protection, biodiversity protection, crop and forest diseases and insect pests, forest fires, soil erosion, etc. The fifth is environmental factors. Including waste gas, waste water, waste residue, noise, toxic gases, corrosive substances, photochemical smog, radioactive hazards, etc. Sixth, economic factors. Including production safety, such as explosion and various accidents; Financial security, such as credit, foreign exchange, stock market, etc. Transportation safety, such as railways, highways, aviation, shipping, pipelines, ropeways, important bridges, etc. ; Energy security, such as coal, oil, electricity, gas, water, fire and heat. Seventh, the information factor. Including state secrets, computer information, network information, core technologies, business secrets, etc. Eight is the technical factor. Including the protection of important public technical facilities, such as TV stations, radio stations, communications and other important information hubs; The negative harm of high-tech such as cloning technology and transgenic technology. Nine is the cultural factor. Including ethnic conflicts and cultural conflicts. Ten is political factors. Including political turmoil, national division, political struggle and so on. There are also national defense factors, including foreign invasion and sovereignty damage.
The above two aspects have investigated and analyzed the connotation of public safety. The former tries to give a scientific definition of the concept of public safety from the perspective of legal theory; The latter attempts to scientifically classify the factors affecting public safety from the perspective of management practice. In my opinion, no matter from the legal theory or management theory, from the overall direction and basic point of view, they are not mutually exclusive, but complement each other. Analyzing and understanding the meaning of public safety from many aspects and levels will help us to understand and grasp the scientific meaning of public safety from many angles and all directions. Can we think that the meaning of modern public safety is a complex system, which can be analyzed and studied from many angles and sides?
Second, in recent years, all walks of life at home and abroad have paid more and more attention to public safety, mainly because in people's social life practice, they feel that public safety is becoming more and more important.
In the eighth issue of Wang Xin Weekly in 2004, it was pointed out that people who had just recovered from SARS were now anxiously watching the spread of bird flu, and various natural and man-made disasters occurred from time to time. Hundreds of people were killed in Kaixian county's catastrophic blowout accident; During the Lantern Festival, 37 people in Miyun County were trampled to death while enjoying lanterns. On the same day, fires broke out in Zhong Bai Commercial Building in Jilin City and Haining in Zhejiang Province, killing 53 people and 40 people respectively. We seem to be entering an increasingly unsafe society. Hong Dayong, a professor of sociology at Renmin University of China, told Wang that these phenomena seem isolated, but they all indicate the coming of a high-risk society, especially the public safety in China is facing very severe challenges. Chen Changzhi, vice chairman of the Central Committee of the Chinese Revolutionary Committee and vice minister of the Ministry of Supervision, pointed out that the upward trend of serious accidents in 2003 was unstoppable. A fatal accident occurred in China, with 10 to 29 people, of which 1 15 people died and 1732 people died. An accident with more than 30 deaths 14, with 830 deaths. Serious accidents in the field of public safety are on the rise. From June 65438+1 October1day to February 65438+5, 2004, there were 27 major safety accidents with one-time death 10 or more in China, including 26 in the field of public safety.
The above-mentioned accidents and incidents endangering public safety are caused by both the international community and the special reasons in China's transition period. Fundamentally speaking, society is the sum total of interrelated people based on the same material production activities, and it is the product of interaction between people. In modern times, this basic feature of society has become more and more distinct, and its reflection in various fields has become more and more prominent. On the one hand, from the perspective of "people", the population has surged and the density has increased. With the development and progress of society, the breadth and frequency of urban and rural personnel flow and communication have greatly increased, and social relations have become countless and more complex networks. On the other hand, from the "material" point of view, the social production activities of * * * have been greatly expanded, and its facilities, equipment and means of transportation have not only been greatly increased, but also constantly updated, and science and technology have been rapidly popularized and significantly improved, creating a lot of wealth. With the socialization of production and economic activities, the acceleration of modernization and the ever-changing situation, all kinds of man-made, unexpected, material and natural factors can easily induce and lead to the occurrence of cases endangering public safety, and the consequences are becoming more and more serious. Under the current conditions, cases that endanger public safety, such as fire, flood, car accident, air crash, shipwreck, explosion, poisoning, etc., greatly exceed the previous degree of harm, and easily bring people profound disasters and irreparable huge losses. China is in and will be in a special historical period of economic transition and social transformation for a long time. The current economic system reform in China is a revolution involving all fields of social life, and its core is the transformation from a planned economic system to a socialist market economic system. Reform will inevitably lead our society into a benign development track and greatly develop social productive forces. However, in the process of the transformation of the old and new systems, because the old concepts, norms and systems were broken, new concepts, norms and systems came into being.
Not fully established, or although established, it is not perfect, which makes people's social behavior in a state of imbalance and disorder to a certain extent, which is reflected in the social field, that is, the increase of crime and deviant behavior. As a means of resource allocation, market economy is not necessarily related to crime. However, in the primary stage of the socialist market economy, the inherent attributes of the market economy itself have stimulated the growth of crime to some extent. By 2020, the per capita GDP of China will increase from $65,438+$0,000 to $3,000-4,000. According to international experience, during this period, interests were redistributed, old and new ideas collided, social structure changed dramatically, and social instability increased, which brought great hidden dangers to people's life safety. In recent years, the crime situation in China is developing towards a dynamic, organized, professional and intelligent trend. The average annual growth rate of criminal cases established by public security organs in China is 24.7%, and the total number of criminal cases reaches more than 3 million every year. The average annual death rate of various criminal cases is nearly 70,000, resulting in direct economic losses of 40 billion yuan. Economic crimes involve an average of more than 80 billion yuan each year, and the forms of illegal crimes tend to be diversified, complicated and international. Especially due to the development of high technology, the wide application of biotechnology, especially genetic technology, and the development of nuclear industry, criminals, transnational criminals and extremists have been provided with the most modern criminal means, and the threat of public security is no longer confined to the territory of any country. The outbreak of "911"incident has aroused the world's vigilance against terrorist incidents. Experts pointed out that preventing foreign toxic and harmful substances and biological invasion and terrorist incidents should be an integral part of China's public security strategy. The factors and events that affect and endanger public safety are complicated and have different degrees of harm, but these events have some common characteristics. Some researchers have investigated and analyzed this. The research results of comprehensive experts can be summarized as follows:
1. Emergency. These events will happen suddenly. When, where and under what circumstances, there is great uncertainty. This makes it more difficult for us to prevent the occurrence of public safety incidents and choose the time and place to take countermeasures. Therefore, it is of special significance to formulate public safety emergency measures and establish and improve public safety emergency system.
2. The danger is catastrophic. These events will bring sudden destruction. Sometimes it will bring disaster and destruction to public property and life, and this destruction is rigid and irreversible. Once it happens, we must mobilize the necessary strength and resources for emergency rescue, and strive to reduce the losses to a minimum.
3. Wide range. Many emergencies involve a wide range. From the end of 2002 to 2003, the SARS epidemic spread to more than 20 provinces and cities in China, and to Europe and America. To this end, it is necessary to establish regional or national emergency mechanisms and establish contacts with other countries or relevant international organizations to deal with emergencies.
4. Relevance of impact. These events will affect and spread to many sectors and aspects of the economy and society. Once a public security incident happens, it will often cause a chain reaction. For example, floods not only affect agriculture, but also affect education, transportation, industrial production and commercial circulation. After the flood recedes, it may also cause a large-scale outbreak, and the damage to houses and infrastructure will affect the construction industry. Therefore, we must take a series of countermeasures and make overall plans.
5. The complexity of the reasons. It does not depend on human will, but consists of many reasons, factors and conditions, and these reasons, factors and conditions are often interrelated, influencing and even transforming each other. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out scientific classified management, strengthen mutual coordination and communication, and take scientific, systematic and comprehensive measures to deal with it.
6. The concealment of evolution. For example, the catastrophic flood of 1998 is largely due to long-term excessive deforestation and destruction of vegetation, resulting in regional natural ecological imbalance. This is a process of quantitative change, which is implicit. Therefore, we should attach great importance to this stage, strengthen scientific research, take precautions to prevent quantitative expansion and qualitative breakthrough. Therefore, we should advocate the policy of putting prevention first.
Thirdly, strengthening public security management and maintaining social public safety is a systematic project, which needs to seek countermeasures from public security system, public management system and other aspects. The first issue is Scientific Outlook on Development and establishing a correct concept of security.
At present, people's understanding of the Scientific Outlook on Development issue is gradually deepening. The thought here is that we should use Scientific Outlook on Development to think about public safety. To establish and adhere to Scientific Outlook on Development, we should put people first, adhere to comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable development, and adhere to and practice the "five overall plans". Fan, a scholar of China Academy of Engineering and head of public safety science and technology research, believes that at present, China is in a period of economic and social transformation, and the grim situation facing public safety is becoming more and more prominent, which has aroused widespread concern of policy makers and the whole society. After more than half a year's research, 100 members of the expert group reached a very valuable understanding: in the whole process of seeking economic and social development, human life is always the most precious, and public safety should be regarded as an unshakable basic national policy like population, resources and environment. According to Wang Newsweek, the annual economic loss caused by public safety problems in China is 650 billion yuan, accounting for about 6% of the total GDP. Among them, the loss caused by safety accidents is 250 billion yuan; The loss caused by social security incidents is 65.438+0.50 billion yuan; The loss caused by natural disasters is 200 billion yuan; The loss caused by biological infringement is 50 billion yuan. In recent years, the total number of safety accidents has remained high, and frequent serious accidents are more sudden, disastrous and socially harmful. From 1990 to 2002, the total number of safety accidents in China increased by 6.28% annually, with the highest growth rate reaching 22%. Statistics show that in 2002, there were more than 654.38+0.07 million road traffic accidents, which claimed 654.38+0.654.38+0.00 million lives. In 2003, the number of traffic accident deaths in the world was 500,000, among which the number of traffic accident deaths in China was1040,000, ranking first in the world. Among all industrial and mining enterprises, the situation of safe production in coal industry is the most severe. In 2002, nearly 7,000 people died due to vicious accidents such as gas explosion and mine collapse. On average, there are 7.2 major accidents with 3 to 9 deaths per day, 2.5 major accidents with deaths 10 or more per week and 30 major accidents with deaths10.2 per month in China. Experts pointed out that if effective measures are not taken, the situation of production safety in China will remain very severe for a long time to come (P 17), and the accident rate will remain at a high level.
Food safety has also become a big problem. It is understood that pollution and poisoning are the main food safety hazards in China at present, and people's lives and health are seriously threatened. In 200 1 year, the Ministry of Health received a total of 706 food poisoning reports, with 22 193 cases and 84 deaths. However, experts estimate that the actual number of people poisoned may be more than 10 times of the statistics. In addition to harmful microorganisms, pesticides, veterinary drugs, biotoxins, nitrite and other 15 substances have become food safety hazards; Invisible chronic pollution is difficult to prevent. According to statistics, there are 800 million kinds of pesticides "bhc" and DDT in China. Health problems caused by growth disinfection in animal products and drug resistance caused by veterinary drug residues are puzzling scientists all over the world. In 200 1 year, the monitoring results of animals and animal products of large-scale breeding and processing enterprises by relevant departments in the Residue Monitoring Scheme showed that the contents of pesticides, veterinary drugs and heavy metals in most edible animals and their products were not optimistic. In 2004, 40 enterprises involved in 10 region, 229 infants were malnourished due to eating inferior milk powder, among which mild and moderate malnourished infants 189. The death of 12 babies caused by inferior milk powder in Fuyang, Anhui Province shocked the whole country. On May 9th, 2004, students of Changchun University 139 had symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, dizziness, chest tightness and black nails after eating fried rice in the canteen. The results showed that nitrite caused food poisoning. Natural disasters have caused serious losses. In just 30 seconds, 242,000 people died and 1.6 million people were seriously injured. This is the lethality of the Tangshan earthquake in July 1976-an "unexpected storm" from nature, which often threatens people's lives by surprise. China is one of the countries suffering from severe earthquake disasters. Destructive earthquakes in the 20th century accounted for 1/3 of the global total, and 600,000 people died, accounting for 1/2 of the global earthquake deaths. China's 22 provincial capitals and big cities with a population of more than 2/3 million are located in high-risk areas of earthquakes. In fact, China is one of the countries with the most serious natural disasters in the world, with frequent major sudden disasters. More than 70% of the population, more than 80% of industries, agriculture and cities are seriously threatened by various disasters. A major natural disaster can cause tens of thousands or even hundreds of thousands of deaths and affect millions of people. In the past 10 years, tens of thousands of people were killed in typhoons, rainstorms, floods, landslides, mudslides and other disasters every year. Some areas blindly pursue economic development, exploit resources and environment in a predatory way, seriously ignore the strategic task of disaster prevention and reduction, artificially aggravate natural disasters, and make society's ability to bear disasters more fragile. Man-made disasters also directly threaten life safety. Fire is one of the most persistent and serious disasters. In our country, thousands of people are killed or injured in fires every year. According to the statistics of the Ministry of Public Security, there were 254 8 1 1 fires in 2003, resulting in 2,497 disabled and 3,098 injured. In recent years, the fire phenomenon presents a complex and diversified trend, and the characteristics of population, architecture, production and materials in modern cities make the fire more concentrated. The use of various new materials increases the types of combustible materials, making the combustion forms and types more complicated, and the harm of toxic gases in fires is prominent. The use of various new energy and electrical products leads to more complex, diverse and hidden fire causes; The increase of high-rise, complex and super-high-rise buildings makes the fire fighting and evacuation conditions worse.
At present, the social security situation is grim. If the occurrence of fire is accidental, bloody conflicts between people and increasing social security incidents are the inevitable results of long-term unhealthy operation in some social fields. As experts have pointed out, we have exchanged very low labor costs and very high resources and environmental costs for the rapid growth of GDP over the years, while ignoring the balanced development of society. As can be seen from the social panic caused by SARS and some major social security issues, China's
The public safety system has not been established and improved, and the ability to deal with public safety problems and social risks is far from enough. Implement Scientific Outlook on Development in an all-round way and put social development and public safety issues on the agenda. For a long time, civil affairs, agriculture, health, education, environmental protection and other major social development departments have been neglected, so we should increase investment to make the development of the whole society on a sustainable basis.
Theory and facts show that it is urgent, necessary and important to establish and improve China's public security system. This includes the improvement and perfection of the public safety management system itself, as well as the improvement and perfection of public safety management.
Public security is closely related to public management, which should be an important part of public management, and public security is also an important part of public management. At present, in the practice of public security management and administrative management in China, public security management has been brought into people's field of vision. Unfortunately, in the teaching materials of public management, although specific management contents are listed, such as human resources management, legal management, financial management, science, technology, culture and education management of public sector, etc. It is a great pity that the indispensable and important content of public safety management is lacking. With the progress of theory and practice, this chapter should be supplemented in the textbook of Public Management. Closely related to public security management, there are some places that need to be innovated and improved in establishing and perfecting public security system and strengthening public security management.
The first is to establish and improve the public safety system. It is necessary to design the public safety system from a strategic perspective. Some experts have made specific plans, including ① establishing an early warning mechanism. Carry out the basic policy of putting prevention first and being always alert, change the reality of emphasizing governance over prevention, strengthen the investment in manpower, material resources, financial resources, equipment and scientific research for prevention and early warning, resolve various crises and risks, nip potential emergencies that threaten public safety in the bud as much as possible, or prevent or slow down the occurrence of emergencies, reduce the intensity and narrow the coverage. ② Establish a grading system. On the basis of summing up our own experience and lessons and learning from foreign successful practices, we should scientifically divide the scope and impact of emergencies that may endanger public safety, formulate classification plans, carry out classified prevention and emergency response, standardize and publish the emergency level according to law, and respond scientifically. ③ Establish and improve the emergency system. Including information collection and automatic summary mechanism, network emergency command mechanism, joint coordination mechanism, information communication and feedback mechanism, resource mobilization mechanism, traffic guarantee mechanism, social security guarantee mechanism and so on. Including the economic security emergency system; Study, production and workplace safety emergency system; Environmental safety emergency system; Public health and safety systems, etc. ④ Establish and improve the non-programmed decision-making mechanism. Under normal circumstances, emergencies affecting public safety are urgent in nature, and the consequences of disasters spread rapidly, so the best time to solve and control them is fleeting. It is necessary to give front-line personnel the right to make decisions on the spot. ⑤ Establish public security fund system and private assistance system. Establish funds involving different types of public safety, and formulate corresponding policies to encourage enterprises and individuals to donate. ⑥ Establish and improve various organizations and systems that meet the characteristics of rural areas and farmers. Rural areas and farmers are one of the key points of public safety in China, so we must pay special attention to them, take effective measures and have special funds to guarantee them.
The second is to establish and improve the public security administrative management system. The strengthening of public safety in public management needs to be implemented in the administrative management system with the government as the main body. Strengthen the government's public safety awareness, responsibility and system. The main leaders and leaders in charge of the government should take public safety as a major event and make overall plans, and all relevant departments should seriously take responsibility. Public security management should be regarded as an important work, including both daily arrangements and emergency measures. The implementation of many measures does not need to establish new institutions, but needs to be implemented in relevant government departments.
The third is to establish and improve the legal system of public safety. Developed countries have a set of laws, regulations and institutional arrangements, forming a strict public security system. At present, China has not promulgated the Emergency Law and the corresponding national emergency plan system. The whole society is only familiar with the rules under normal operation, and when there is a major public emergency, the society and functional departments will inevitably fall into a state of bustle and even panic. Formulate a public safety emergency law. Standardize government behavior according to law, clarify the responsibilities and obligations of various social institutions, organizations and citizens, establish and improve emergency systems and mechanisms to ensure public safety, standardize various systems, and provide legal protection for public safety.
The fourth is to establish and improve public security science and technology research institutions. Experiences and lessons at home and abroad tell us that the establishment and improvement of relevant scientific research institutions can provide strong support for public safety. For a long time, public safety has been a neglected and unpopular field. However, with the exposure of a series of problems in recent years, the research in related fields has gradually started. At the end of 2003, Tsinghua University established the Public Safety Research Center. In this regard, it is necessary for the state to organize forces to tackle key scientific research problems. science
The research of technology provides various supports for public safety, such as risk assessment, research on the mechanism of disasters and accidents, control technology of key links that may lead to accidents, life safety guarantee, and analysis and research on people's psychological and behavioral characteristics in disasters.
The fifth is to establish and improve the security system for public security talents. Public safety is also a science and an important scientific system, which needs talents in many aspects and levels. Management and decision-making talents at different levels; Researchers from different disciplines; Grass-roots and front-line personnel in different positions. This requires police colleges and universities to cultivate and train relevant talents. Relevant departments should attach importance to those talents with practical experience and strong professionalism and give full play to their roles.
Sixth, establish and improve the material and financial security system of public safety. Prevention first, to deal with different types of public safety emergencies, need different material reserves. It is necessary to include the funds needed for public safety in the annual budget. The reserve for emergencies in the national budget is about 5 billion yuan, and it is often stretched in case of major emergencies. All provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions should increase emergency reserves and include them in the fiscal budget. At the same time, enterprises and individuals are encouraged to invest and donate to provide strong material guarantee for public safety.
Seventh, establish and improve the community security and public safety system. In the face of social transformation and community rise. Community security has increasingly become the micro-foundation and main aspect of social public security system. Western developed countries regard community safety as the basis of social public safety system, and highlight the participation and cooperation of community residents and local social organizations in the work of community public safety system. We can learn from the experience of foreign countries, combine the reality of our country, create a community security system and public security work mode that integrates the community security service system and the public security system, mobilize all positive factors to participate in community security services, and safeguard community security and public safety.
Eighth, establish and improve the safety education, publicity and training system. The education department should set up public safety knowledge courses in universities, primary and secondary schools; Social media make full use of modern information means such as television, radio and Internet to widely publicize and popularize different types of public safety early warning and prevention systems and emergency measures. All kinds of public * * * safety command systems regularly conduct emergency drills for emergencies of different ranges and levels. While attaching great importance to the construction of experts and professional teams, we should build a team of public security volunteers, give full play to the important role of industrial workers, college students and militia reservists, conduct registration management and regular training, complement the professional teams, and improve the public's public safety awareness, knowledge level and public safety ability.