First, calligraphy.
One of the traditional plastic arts in China. Refers to the rules for writing Chinese characters (seal script, official script, orthography and cursive script) with a conical brush. Techniques pay attention to writing, pen, ink, stippling, structure, distribution (lines, composition), style and so on. General requirements, such as: when lifting a pen, the finger must be empty and the finger must be Qi Li; Spread the center with a pen; Stippling should be complete and thoughtful; The structure should be horizontal and vertical, and the meaning should echo; The distribution should be complex, with appropriate density and consistency; And advocate personality, style and interest. The art of calligraphy and painting originates from lines, and each has a vivid aesthetic feeling of charm (rigidity) and rhyme (softness). Painting has lines, images and colors; Calligraphy, on the other hand, does not express objects, does not use colors, but only uses abstract lines, so the temperament and charm of its lines are stronger, so calligraphy is called "book potential" between Jin and Tang Dynasties. The art of calligraphy requires subtle changes, which can be "urgent and awesome, vivid and strange" (quoted from Shen's On Calligraphy). However, the font is not specific. To make it have awesome skills, it is especially necessary to pay attention to brushwork, brushwork and brushwork in order to achieve perfection. Calligraphy has a history of more than 3000 years. Bronze inscriptions in Shang and Zhou Dynasties are full of artistry. Qin Zhuan, Han Li, Wei Bei, Tang Kai, Song Xing, Ming dynasty, etc. The style is more colorful Famous calligraphers, such as Wang Xizhi of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, created beautiful, elegant and convenient styles and prepared exquisite fonts, which were highly praised by calligraphers of all ages. There were four great masters in the Tang Dynasty: Ou (), Chu (Sui Liang), Yan (Zhenqing) and Liu (Gongquan), and Huai Su and his Wild Grass also had artistic charm. There were four great masters in Song Dynasty: Su Shi, Huang Tingjian, Mi Fei and Cai Xiang (Cai Jing). Qing dynasty was divided into stele school (advocating inscriptions) and post school (advocating copybooks); Zheng Banqiao, one of the "Eight Eccentrics of Yangzhou", combined truth, grass, official script and seal script into one, creating a "Banqiao style"; Modern times include Yu Youren and Shen.
Second, the law book.
Calligraphy terminology. Refers to calligraphy works with high artistic level. In ancient times, calligraphy works written on paper and silk were all called "calligraphy books" or "books" Samadhi Calligraphy: "When you write a word, you must be calm. Although there are three strokes between each painting, this is a dharma book. " Wang Anshi wrote a poem in the Northern Song Dynasty, "Good deeds are passed on, and calligraphy posts are empty." . Nowadays, calligraphy works are generally called calligraphy books, which also means respecting the author.
Third, calligraphy.
The meaning is the same as that of "pen and ink". Three Kingdoms Cao Wei Pi's Essays on Canon: "The author is ancient, in calligraphy, and feels the article." Later generations also refer to calligraphy and Chinese painting. Mi Fei Biography of Song History: "Calligraphy is especially wonderful, written by Wang Xianzhi."
Fourth, stones.
Ancient bronzes and stone carvings. Gold refers to tripod bronze, etc. Stone refers to stone tablets and stone carvings. It is a kind of sculpture produced by writing on stones, writing down creations, eulogizing inscriptions and praising merits. "Historical Records of the First Qin Emperor": "The princes recited the merits of the emperor and carved them in stone to show the classics." Zhongding Yi ware began in Shang Dynasty, while stone carving began in Qin Dynasty. During the Han dynasty, stones and stones were abundant, but after the Han dynasty, there was less gold and more stones; Statues flourished in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, while gold wares were handed down less. Tang Dynasty inscriptions are particularly rich. As for the compilation of inscriptions in the past dynasties, it began with Ouyang Xiu's Collection of Ancient Records in the Northern Song Dynasty. Copying its atlas into an atlas began with Lu Dalin's Map of Bo Gu. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the wind of epigraphy archaeology was particularly strong. Gu and Ye Yibao each wrote books, or used stone carvings to textual research on modern ancient prose, or invented six books on inscriptions on bronze, which became a new specialized subject.
V. Original text
Authentic handwriting, not false support and forgery from others. Zhang Huai's Broken Book of the Tang Dynasty: "In May of the sixteenth year of Kaiyuan, the original works of the two kings were published, and books such as Zhang Zhi and others were sent to Jixian Institute."
Six, ink
Ink handwriting. In the Tang Dynasty, there was a poem written by Lang Zhongqiu, a resident of Zuo Siyuan, "Learn from books to find ink, make wine and love harmony". The Biography of Ye Fan in the Book of Song Dynasty also records that "ink is on the top, and leaves are at the end of the book".
Seven, rubbings
Books or images extracted from inscriptions and bronzes. Physical objects were first seen in the Tang Dynasty. Methods Rice paper was soaked in water, covered on the inscriptions of utensils, rubbed into a suitable paper bump, and then dipped in ink to make it. In ancient times, vertical paper and oil smoke ink were polished after extension, and the ink was black and shiny, which was called "Wujin Extension"; With horizontal paper, Song Yanmo, green and light, not oily, it is called "cicada wing exhibition". Also known as "Zhu Tuo", the scarlet extension; When a stone tablet has just been shaped or unearthed, it is called "initial extension".
Eight, stone carving
Specifically, it refers to calligraphy and painting carved on stone tablets and cliffs. For example, the stone carvings of Huiji in the Qin Dynasty and the cliff carvings of Ode to Shimen in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Huan Tan's New Theory: "On Mount Tai, there are more than 800 stone carvings, which can be recognized by 72 people."
Nine. monument
A form in stone carving. "The Biography of Dou Xian in the Later Han Dynasty" notes: "The square is a monument and the circle is a monument." Duan Yucai's Notes on Shuowen Jiezi in the Qing Dynasty: "When a dowry is properly noted, there must be a monument in the palace, which shows that the scenery of the sun and the moon is divided into yin and yang; The steles and ancestral halls there are beautiful; Its forests and temples are built of stone and wood. " The Book of Rites Tan Gong:' The government looks at the monument, and the three schools look at the shadows.' (According to the tablet, it looks like a stone tablet. ) Non-stone is also a monument, also called a scorpion; Qin people say that stone carvings are not monuments, but all stone carvings are monuments. Where the stone is carved, the stone is built first, so the original meaning of the monument is known. Wang's Note: "Ancient monuments have three functions: the monuments in the palace can know the scenery of the sun; The monuments in the temple are also beautiful; The tablet of the tomb is also the coffin below. Ji Qin's merits and demerits are also, saying that stones are erected and carved; His words are also the words of the monument after the Han Dynasty. " Song praise with tree monuments began in Qin dynasty and flourished in Han dynasty. Monuments were forbidden in the Jin Dynasty. Liu Xizai's "A Brief Introduction to Arts and Literature" in the Qing Dynasty said: "In the early days of Puyi, Shi Pei said:' Inscription to show the future is extraordinary, so it is impossible to Yun Si. Vulgarity is false prosperity, and China has been annoyed for a long time. If you don't ban it, there will be nothing. It is known that the monument is considered to be a different number. "Therefore, it has always been a rare monument.
X. Jie
A form in stone carving. "The Biography of Dou Xian in the Later Han Dynasty" notes: "The square is a monument and the circle is a monument." Today's "Shi Guwen" is carved on a drum-shaped boulder, praising the hunting of the monarch of the State of Qin, so it is also called "hunting".
XI。 inscription
Inscription terminology. A generic term for the head of a monument. "Examples of steles": "If the stele head is carved with tigers, dragons and cranes as ornaments, it is only a GUI head, or there are no other ornaments. It is a GUI head, with a sharp, round and egg shape, which is different. Ghost hand has a word called quantity, the quantity of calligraphy is called quantity, and the title of calligraphy is called. "
Twelve. Sealing capacity
Inscription terminology. After the Han Dynasty, the top of all kinds of inscriptions was called the headstone or the tablet forehead. Because the inscriptions on the tablet mostly use seal script, it is called "seal amount". Han steles, such as Zhang Qianbei and Han Renming, are of high artistic quality.
Thirteen. sealed cover
Inscription terminology. Epitaphs in the Tang Dynasty generally have a stone cover, which is named after the characters on the cover are mostly seal scripts. Seal and seal are similar in content and different in form, but the comprehensive case of epigraphy says: "Seal is seal."
Fourteen Yin monument
Inscription terminology. Ancient inscriptions, in addition to the positive inscriptions, are often engraved with the names of students, old officials or contributors on the back, so they are called.
Fifteen. medicinal tablet
Generally refers to the genus of epitaph. Examples of Monuments: "In the 25th year of Kaiyuan, Yu Yang wrote The Story of Jing Xian's Body Tower". Finally, it was detailed in the tablet, and there was no more language. After Wei Chang's monument to the new temple in Feng Wang, there was a monument annihilation language; The name of the future tablet computer is almost from now on. See "stele study".
Sixteen, stele science
1. Also known as "stele study". Research and textual research on the origin, system, similarities and differences between the old and the new.
2. It refers to that in Qing Dynasty, after Ruan Yuan and Bao, learning books advocated inscriptions, forming two schools: North School of Inscription and South School of Postscript.
Seventeen, Xerox
Inscription terminology. It refers to the process of adding ink to the back of the copy of calligraphy hook and copying it to the stone surface. In the Tang Dynasty, people often used special funds to record pulling stones. For example, the words "Zhuge Shen and Li Leshi" are written at the end of the tablet "Preface to Huai Wang Ren Ji".
Eighteen, Zhu Bei
Also known as "Hui Zhu". That is "Xerox".
Nineteen years old, Cliff
Carving the words directly on the cliff wall is called "Cliff". For example, Ode to Shimen in the Han tablet, and the poem and title of Yunfeng Mountain written by Zheng Daozhao in Wei Bei. Xuanhe Pu Shu Zhengshu No.1: "Sui Liang (Chu Suiliang) likes to write official books, and his cliff monument is in Xiluo Longmen."
Twenty, denudation
Refers to ancient inscriptions, and wind fossils have peeled off. Lu You's Notes on the Old Learning Temple in the Southern Song Dynasty: "Han Li is old and eroded by wind and rain, so his words have no power to recover."
Twenty-one, French post
Also known as "Hou". Refers to the ink of ancient celebrities and calligraphy (including rubbings) carved on stone (or wood) boards. In the third year of Chunhua, Song Taizong (992), Wang Zhu, a bachelor of calligraphy, was ordered to copy ten volumes of calligraphy of Secret Pavilion Collection, with the word "Fa Tie X" engraved at the beginning of each volume, which was collectively called "Chunhua Secret Pavilion Fa Tie". According to legend, the name "Fa Tie" started from here. "Fa Tie Genealogy" said: "Xiling (Song Taizong) attached great importance to calligraphy, published the original works collected by the imperial courts in previous dynasties, and ordered the king to carve ten volumes of the Forbidden City, the ancestor of ancient Fa Tie."
Twenty-two, job learning
1. Zhong You, Wang Xizhi, Yan Zhenqing and other schools that advocated the book style system below Wei and Jin Dynasties were damaged. To distinguish it from epigraphy.
2. It refers to the study of the origin, version and handwriting authenticity of textual research. Prevalent in Qing dynasty.
No.23, Nangang
Inscription terminology. In Qing Dynasty, Ruan Yuan was divided into North and South factions. There are few inscriptions in the Southern Dynasties, and most of them are inscriptions for opening letters, hence the name. See Dictionary of Calligraphy Terminology of North-South School.
Twenty-four, Shudan
Inscription terminology. Refers to the use of cinnabar to directly engrave words on stone tablets. Lishi: The Story of the Stone written by Cai Yong was carved by workers. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Jiang Kui's Book Continuation: "If you get ink, you will be thin, and if you get Zhu, you will be fat. Therefore, the book Dan is particularly thin and powerful, while the ripe beauty is often redundant and the dryness is often insufficient. " Later, the epitaph of this book was generally called Shu Dan.
25th, Roger that.
A method of learning the calligraphy of predecessors. Put the tablet aside and imitate its strokes, which is called "pro"; Cover the tablet with thin paper and copy it according to the trace, which is called "copying" or "shadow book" Pupils learn Chinese characters, using the little red book and copying it. The General Records of Dan and Lead quoted York as saying: "Copying two versions is different. Copying posts is like Ziren's studio. Although the beam has a criterion, it has been established and the weather has its own work. The post is like a pair of pheasants in Qi Fei, a green dog floating in the clouds, and a mighty Wan Li, each with its own interests. " Mei Kui's Continued Book Spectrum in the Southern Song Dynasty said: "Beginners have to copy books, and it is easy to reach them." Also known as: "Linshu is easy to lose the position of the ancients, but it is more than the brushwork of the ancients; Copying books is easy to get the position of the ancients, but it loses the meaning of the ancients. Books are easy to enter, books are easy to forget, intentionally or unintentionally. "In addition to copying, there is also a method of" hooking ",that is, covering the inscription or the original with oiled paper, using extremely fine strokes to double-hook the handwriting under oiled paper, and then filling the blank space in the double hook with ink, which is called" hooking ".
Twenty-six years old, Xiang Tuo.
Inscription terminology. A method of copying French books. Because the calligraphy ink is old, the paper color is dark, and the characters are difficult to distinguish, so when forming, it is necessary to cover the paper under the irradiation of light, draw the original strokes, and then fill it with an ink pen. Xiang Tuo is also called "shadow book" and "shadow cover". Hu's Collection of Ancient and Modern Stone Carvings in Song Dynasty is introduced in detail.
Twenty-seven, shadow books
See "Copy" and "Xiang Tuo".
Twenty-eight, tick-tock
Calligraphy terminology. A method of copying French books. Cover the calligraphy book with transparent paper, first use fine pen and double hook, and then use ink to outline and fill it, hence the name. Also known as "double hook profile filling". In the Southern Song Dynasty, Jiang Kui said: "The double hook method must make the ink faint or fill in the outline."
Twenty-nine, washing pills