The information about earth knowledge is urgent ~ ~ ~ ~ and will be handed in to O (~ ~) O tomorrow.

Earth Earth is the third planet in the solar system from the inside out, and it is also the terrestrial planet with the largest diameter, mass and density in the solar system. It is also often called the world. The word Earth in English comes from Old English and Germanic. The age of the earth is 4.4-4.6 billion years old. There is a natural satellite-the moon, which rotates around the earth in a period of 27.32 days, while the earth rotates in a period of nearly 24 hours and rotates around the sun in a period of one year. Disney has a documentary with the same name.

catalogue

The meaning of naming the earth

Related content

Xú Zhēng's March 5th Calendar: "When there is no heaven and earth, chaos is like a chicken. Pangu was born in it at the age of 18 thousand, which opened the world. Yang Qing is the sky and cloudy is the ground. " Xue Qin Fucheng's Diary of the Four Kingdoms on November 25th, 16th year of Guangxu: "On the size of countries on the earth, Russia should be the first, Britain the second, China the third, the United States the fourth and Brazil the fifth." Feng Xuefeng's fable "Birds and the Fire in the Forest": "The earth is ringing like a bee, as if it were breaking."

Edit the position of the earth in the universe.

The earth is located in the universe, Centauri-Galaxy-Third Arm-Solar System-Earth-Moon System-Earth.

Edit the relevant data of this paragraph.

Orbit data

The perihelion distance is152,097,701.0km (1.0167103335au).

The perihelion distance is147098074.0km (0.9832898912au).

The semi-major axis of the orbit is149,597,887.5km (1.000001124au).

Semi-minor axis of orbit149,576,999.826 km (0.999 860 486 9 Au)

The track circumference is 924,375,700.0 km (6.179 069 900 7 au).

Track eccentricity is 0.016710219.

The average revolution speed is 29.783 km/s (107,218 km/h).

The maximum rotating speed is 30.287km/s (109033km/h).

The minimum speed is 29.291km/s (105448km/h).

Orbit inclination is 0 (7.25 at the sun equator).

Ascending intersection right ascension 348.739 36

The perihelion angle is114.207 83.

1 satellite (moon)

physical features

Ellipticity 0.003 352 9

The average radius is 6372.797 kilometers.

The equatorial radius is 6378. 137 km.

The radius of the pole is 6356.752 km.

Aspect ratio 0.996 647 1

The circumference of the equatorial circle is 40075.13km.

The circumference of meridian circle Circle is 40007.86 kilometers.

The average circumference is 4004 1.47km.

Surface area 5 10/0,065,600 km 2

Land area 148939 100 km2 (29.2%).

The water area is 36 1,126,400 square kilometers (70.8%).

Volume1.083 207 3×1012km3.

The mass is 5.9742×10.24 kg.

The average density is 55 15.3kg/m3.

The gravitational acceleration of equatorial plane is 9.780 1 m/s 2 (0.997 32 g).

The cosmic speed is 1 1. 186 km/s (39,600 km/h).

Sidereal day 0.997 258 days (23.934 hours)

The equatorial rotation rate is 465. 1 1 m/s.

The inclination of axis is 23.439 28 1.

The right ascension of the Arctic is undefined.

Declination +90 degrees

Albedo 0.367

The average surface temperature is 287 K (65438 04℃).

The highest surface temperature is 3365438±0k(57.7℃℃).

The lowest surface temperature is 184 K(-89.2℃).

atmosphere

Ground pressure 10 1.3 kpa (sea level)

Nitrogen 78.084%

Oxygen 20.946%

Argon 0.934%

Carbon dioxide 0.038 1%

Edit the supplementary explanation of this paragraph.

quality

Cavendish thinks that the mass of the earth is about 5.96×10.24kg, the equatorial radius ra=6378 137m≈6378km, the polar radius rb=6356752m≈6357km, and the oblateness e= 1/298.257, ignoring the aspheric surface of the earth. The gravity acceleration value of a sea level at the equator is ga=9.780m/s, that of a sea level at the North Pole is gb=9.832m/s, that of the global standard value of gravity acceleration is g=9.807m/s, and the earth's rotation period is 23 hours, 56 minutes and 4 seconds (sidereal day), that is, t = 8.6 16× 65438+. If we regard the earth as homogeneous and ignore the influence of other celestial bodies, the mass of the earth can be calculated in the following way. Method 1: On the equator, the gravity of the earth to an object with mass m is equal to the sum of the gravity of the object and the centripetal force accompanying the rotation of the earth, which is 5.984×10 24kg 24kg. Method 2: In the Arctic, if the earth rotation is not considered, it is calculated as 5.954×10 24kg 24kg. Method 3: treat the earth as a sphere with uniform mass and ignore the influence of rotation. It was 1959, the first photo of the earth taken by astronauts in space.

5.965×10 24kg, the distance from the moon to the earth r = = 3.884×10 3m3m, and the period of revolution of the moon is 27 days, 7 hours, 43 minutes 1 1 second (sidereal day), that is, t month ≈ 2.36/kloc. The fourth method is 6.220×10 24kg 24kg.

temperature

The core temperature is about 6880℃, which is higher than the surface temperature of the solar photosphere (6000℃). The highest temperature on earth occurs when a hydrogen bomb explodes. An explosion can reach 10000000℃, which is 16667 times of the surface temperature of the sun and much higher than the temperature of the core of the sun (14 million degrees Celsius). Where is the coldest place on earth? The "cold pole" in the northern hemisphere is located in Oymyakon in eastern Siberia. 196 1 year minimum temperature is–71℃. The "cold pole" in the southern hemisphere is on the Antarctic continent, and the temperature on August 24th, 1960 is–88.3℃.

behaviour of electricity

The reason of negative charge is that the earth rotates from west to east, and the outer side of the geomagnetic field points from the magnetic south pole to the magnetic north pole (that is, the north pole points to the south pole), and the annular current formed is opposite to the rotation direction of the earth, so it is negative.

shape

After long-term accurate measurement, scientists found that the earth is not a regular sphere, but an irregular sphere with slightly flat poles and slightly bulging equator. The equatorial radius of the earth is about 6378. 137Km long, which is very small compared with the average radius of the earth. From the perspective of space, the earth can still be regarded as a regular sphere. If you make a globe with a radius of 1 m according to this ratio, the equatorial radius is only about 3 mm longer than the polar radius, which is difficult for human eyes to detect, so when making a globe, it is always made into a regular sphere.

natural disaster

Earthquake landslide typhoon tsunami hail drought hurricane flood cold wave snow disaster acid rain

Natural disasters (20 photos): sandstorms, desertification, storm surges, tornadoes, mudslides, soil erosion, volcanic eruptions, biological disasters, avalanches and storms, and lack of biological chains. ...

Edit this paragraph structure

It was not until the Copernican era of17th century that people realized that the earth was just a planet. Earth structure map

Of course, the earth can be observed without flying machines, but we didn't have a map of the whole earth until the twentieth century. Photos taken from space should be of certain importance; For example, they are very helpful to weather forecast and storm tracking forecast. How beautiful they are! The earth is divided into different strata (depth: kilometers) due to different chemical composition and seismic properties: 0 ~ 40 crust, 40 ~ 400 upper mantle, 400 ~ 650 transition zone, 650 ~2700 lower mantle, 2700 ~ 2890. D'' layer D "layer outer core 2890 ~ 5 150 outer core 5 150 ~ 6378 has different crustal thickness, which is thinner in the ocean and thicker under the continent. The core and crust are entities; The outer core and mantle are fluids. Different layers are separated by discontinuous sections which are obtained from seismic data. One of the most famous is the Moho surface between the crust and the upper mantle. Most of the mass of the earth is concentrated in the mantle, and most of the rest is in the core; We live only a small part of the whole (the following values are × 10E24kg): atmosphere = 0.000005 1.

Earth (19) Ocean = 0.00 14 Crust = 0.026 Mantle = 4.043 Outer Core = 1.835 Inner Core = 0.09675 The inner core may be mostly composed of iron (or nickel/iron), although it may also be some lighter substances. The temperature in the center of the earth's core may be as high as 7500K, which is hotter than the surface of the sun. The lower mantle may be composed of silicon, magnesium, oxygen and some iron, calcium and aluminum. The upper mantle is mainly composed of olivine, pyroxene (iron/magnesium silicate), calcium and aluminum. We know that these metals come from earthquakes; Samples of the upper mantle reach the surface, just like volcanoes spewing magma, but most of the earth is still inaccessible. The crust is mainly composed of quartz (silica) and other feldspar-like silicates. Generally speaking, the chemical elements of the earth are: iron 37.6%, oxygen 29.5%, silicon 15.2%, magnesium 12.7%, nickel 2.4%, sulfur 1.9% and titanium 0.05%. The earth is the densest star in the solar system. Other terrestrial planets may have similar structures and material compositions, but there are also some differences: the moon has at least one small core; Mercury has an oversized core (equivalent to its diameter); The mantle of Mars and the moon is much thicker; The moon and mercury may not have a crust composed of different chemical elements; The earth may be the only earth-like planet with an inner core and an outer core. It is worth noting that our theory about the internal structure of planets only applies to the earth. Unlike other terrestrial planets, the earth's crust consists of several solid plates, each of which floats on the hot mantle. It is called plate theory in theory. It is described as having two processes: expansion and contraction. When the two plates move away from each other and the magma below forms a new crust, it will expand. Shrinkage occurs when two plates collide with each other, and the edge of one plate extends below the other plate and is destroyed by heat in the hot mantle. There are many faults at the plate boundary (such as the San Andreas fault in California), and there are also collisions between continental plates (such as the Indian Ocean plate and the Eurasian plate). At present, there are eight major plates: North America plate-North America, Northwest Atlantic and Greenland South America plate-South America and Southwest Atlantic Antarctic plate-Antarctic and coastal Eurasian plate-Northeast Atlantic, Europe and Asia-Africa plate except India, Africa, Southeast Atlantic and West Indian Ocean India and Australia plate-India, Australia, New Zealand and most Indian Ocean Nazca plate-East Pacific and Pacific plate adjacent to parts of South America-Pacific plate (and southern coast of California) and more than 20 small plates. Earthquakes often occur at the junction of these plates. Drawing a map makes it easier to see the plate boundaries (above). The surface of the earth is very young. In a short period of 5 billion years (astronomical standard), the process of erosion and tectonic movement is repeated, and most of the earth's surface is formed and destroyed again and again. In this way, most of the original geographical traces (such as craters formed by the impact of stars) have been removed. As a result, the early history of the earth was obliterated. The earth has existed for 4.5 to 4.6 billion years, but the oldest known stones are only 4 billion years old, and there are only a handful of stones over 3 billion years old. The earliest biological fossils are less than 3.9 billion years old. There is no exact record of the moment when life really begins. 0% of the earth's surface is covered with water. The earth is the only planet that can have liquid water on its surface (although there are liquid ethane and methane on Titan's surface, and there is also liquid water underground on Europa). We know that liquid water is an important condition for life. The heat capacity of the ocean is also an important condition to keep the earth's temperature relatively stable. Liquid water has also caused surface erosion and continental climate diversification, which is a unique process in the solar system (it may have happened on Mars a long time ago). The earth's atmosphere is composed of 77% nitrogen, 2 1% oxygen and trace amounts of argon, carbon dioxide and water. When the earth was first formed, there may be a lot of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, but almost all of it is combined into carbonate rocks, and only a small part is dissolved in the ocean or consumed by living plants. At present, plate tectonics and biological activities maintain the continuous flow of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere to other places and back. A small amount of stable carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is of great significance to maintain the surface temperature through the greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect increased the average surface temperature by 35℃ (from -2 1℃ in freezing to1℃ in human). Without it, the ocean will freeze and life will be impossible. From a chemical point of view, the existence of a large amount of oxygen is very obvious. Oxygen is a very active gas, which is easy to combine with other substances quickly in general environment. The generation and maintenance of oxygen in the earth's atmosphere is completed by biological activities. Without life, there is not enough oxygen. The interaction between the earth and the moon slows down the rotation speed of the earth by 2 milliseconds every century. The current survey shows that about 900 million years ago, there were 48 1 day and 18 hours in a year. The earth has a medium magnetic field formed by the core current. Due to the interaction of solar wind, the aurora phenomenon is caused by the earth's magnetic field and the upper atmosphere of the earth (see interplanetary medium). The uncertain period of these factors also leads to the relative movement of magnetic poles on the surface; The North Magnetic Pole is now in northern Canada. The atmosphere is the outermost gas layer in the outer circle of the earth, surrounding the ocean and land. There is no exact upper limit of the atmosphere, and there are still thin gases and elementary particles at the height of 2000 ~ 16000 km. There is also a small amount of air in the ground, soil and some rocks, which can also be considered as a part of the atmosphere. The main components of the earth's atmosphere are nitrogen, oxygen, argon, carbon dioxide and trace gases less than 0.04%. The total mass of gases in the earth's atmosphere is about 5.136×1021g, which is equivalent to 0.86 millionth of the total mass of the earth. Due to gravity, almost all gases are concentrated in the height range of 100 km above the ground, and 75% of the atmosphere is concentrated in the troposphere range from the ground to 10 km. According to the distribution characteristics of the atmosphere, it can be divided into stratosphere, mesosphere and thermosphere above troposphere. Hydrosphere The hydrosphere, which includes oceans, rivers, lakes, swamps, glaciers and groundwater, is a continuous but irregular circle. Overlooking the earth from a height of tens of thousands of kilometers, we can see the white clouds formed by water vapor in the earth's atmosphere and the blue ocean covering most areas of the earth, making the earth a "blue planet". The total mass of the earth's hydrosphere is1.66×1.024g, which is about 1/3600 of the total mass of the earth, and the mass of marine water is about 35 times that of terrestrial water (including rivers, lakes, surface rock pores and soil). If the whole earth had no ups and downs of solid parts, the whole world would be covered by a water layer as deep as 2600 meters. The atmosphere and hydrosphere combine to form the fluid system on the surface. Due to the existence of minerals in the atmosphere, hydrosphere and surface of the earth, the biosphere has formed a natural environment suitable for biological survival under this suitable temperature condition on the earth. People usually refer to living things, including plants, animals and microorganisms. It is estimated that there are about 400,000 species of plants, about 165438+ 10,000 species of animals and at least 65438+ 10,000 species of microorganisms. According to statistics, there are about 500-10 billion species of living things in geological history. However, during the long evolution of the earth, most of them have become extinct. Existing organisms live in the upper lithosphere, the lower atmosphere and the whole hydrosphere, forming a unique biosphere on earth, called biosphere. The biosphere is the only sphere on the earth among all the planets in the solar system. We can know the earth without a space probe, but it was not until the twentieth century that we really outlined the whole picture of the earth. Of course, it is very important to get its image from space. The space image of the earth is very helpful to the weather forecast, especially the typhoon (hurricane) forecast. The earth seen from space is really beautiful, lovely and spectacular. According to the chemical composition and seismic characteristics, the main body of the earth can be divided into several layers, and their names and ranges (in kilometers) are as follows: 0 ~ 40 crust, 40 ~ 2890 mantle, 2890 ~ 5 150 outer core and 5 150 ~ 6378 inner core. The thickness of the solid crust varies greatly. The continental crust is much thicker, with an average thickness of about 40 kilometers; The mantle is also solid, but there is a very small partially melted area on it, called asthenosphere. The top of the mantle and the whole crust above it are called lithosphere. As for the outer core is liquid and the inner core is solid. These different layers are bounded by discontinuities, the most famous of which is the Mo Holovics discontinuity between the crust and mantle. The mantle occupies the main part of the earth, while the core occupies the second place. As for the space where we live, it is only a tiny part of the whole earth (mass, unit is 10 to the 24th power kilogram: atmosphere = 0.000005 1, ocean = 0.00 14, crust = 0.026, mantle = 4.043). Core = 0.09675,) The main component of the core is iron (or iron-nickel), but there may be some lighter substances. The geocentric temperature is about 7,500K, which is higher than the surface temperature of the sun. The main components of the lower mantle may be silicon, magnesium and oxygen, plus some iron, calcium and aluminum; The main components of the upper mantle are olivine and pyroxene (iron magnesium silicate rocks), but there are also calcium and aluminum. All the above knowledge comes from seismic data. Although the material in the upper mantle is sometimes brought to the surface by lava from volcanoes, we still can't reach the main part of the solid earth, and the current seabed drilling operation has not even dug through the crust. The crust is mainly composed of silicate such as quartz (silica) and feldspar. Generally speaking, the geochemical components are: iron 34.6%, oxygen 29.5%, silicon 15.2%, magnesium 12.7%, nickel 2.4%, sulfur 1.9% and titanium 0.05%. The earth is the main star with the highest average density. Other terrestrial planets also have structures and compositions similar to those of the Earth, but there are some differences: the moon nucleus accounts for the smallest proportion; Mercury has the largest proportion of nuclei; The letters of Mars and the moon are thicker; There is no difference in chemical composition between the moon and mercury. The earth may be the only one that can be subdivided into an inner core and an outer core. However, please note that our understanding of the interior of the planet mainly comes from theoretical deduction, even for the earth. Different from other terrestrial planets, the outermost layer of the earth (including the top of the crust and the upper mantle) is divided into several pieces and floats on the fiery mantle below, which is the famous theory of plate tectonic movement. This theory mainly describes two kinds of movements: extension and dive. The former occurred in the place where the two plates were far apart, and the magma below them spewed out to form a new crust; The latter occurs when two plates collide with each other, one of which dives under the other plate and finally disappears into the mantle. In addition, there are some plate boundaries that cross each other or two continental plates collide with each other. Most of the earth's surface is very young, only about 500 million years old, which is really short from an astronomical point of view. However, there are few places where the basement of the earth's crust is exposed, such as Suizhong County, Huludao City, Liaoning Province, China. Because of the long cooling time when granite is formed, the crystals in granite are very developed, and the side length is 1-2 cm, so it is named Suizhong granite. Because erosion and tectonic geological movement continue to destroy and rebuild most of the surface, it is not easy to find early geological records of the surface, such as impact craters, so most of the early earth history has disappeared. The earth is about 4.5 to 4.6 billion years old, but the oldest known rocks are only about 4 billion years old (the earth was a fireball formed by molten magma a long time ago), and rocks over 3 billion years old are very rare. The oldest biological fossils are not earlier than 3.9 billion years ago, and there is no record of the critical period of the origin of life. 7 1% of the earth's surface is covered with water, and the earth is the only planet in the solar system that can have liquid water on its surface (liquid ethane or methane exists on Titan's surface, while liquid water may exist under Europa's surface, but it is still unique that liquid water exists on the earth's surface). Liquid water is an indispensable element in our known life forms; Because of the large specific heat of water, the thermal volume of the ocean has become a great contributor to keeping the earth's temperature constant; Liquid water is also the main force of erosion and weathering on land, and land is the only place in the solar system that has this effect. In the composition of the earth's atmosphere, 78% is nitrogen, 265,438+0% is oxygen, followed by trace amounts of argon, carbon dioxide and water vapor.

Edit this passage of the earth's movement.

The rotation of the earth around its axis is called earth rotation. The spatial position of the earth axis is basically stable. Its northern end always points to the vicinity of Polaris, and the direction of the earth's rotation is from west to east; Seen from above the North Pole, it rotates counterclockwise. The earth rotates once, which is about 23 hours and 56 minutes. This time is called sidereal day. However, on Earth, the days we feel are 24 sidereal day and Solar Day.

Hours, this is because the reference we choose is the sun. Because the earth's rotation and revolution are carried out at the same time, this four-minute gap is the result of the superposition of the earth's rotation and revolution. Astronomy calls the 24 hours we feel 1 day solar day. The rotation of the earth produces the alternation of day and night. The alternation of day and night makes the surface temperature of the earth neither too high nor too low, which is suitable for human survival. The average angular velocity of the earth's rotation is 15 degrees per hour. On the equator, the linear speed of rotation is 465 meters per second. All kinds of celestial bodies in the sky are reflections of the earth's rotation. People first measured time by the rotation of the earth. Studies show that every hundred years, the earth's rotation speed will slow down by nearly 2 milliseconds, which is mainly caused by tidal friction, which also makes the moon revolve around the earth three times a year.

0 ~ 4 cm from the earth. In addition to the long-term slowdown of the earth's rotation speed, there are irregular changes from time to time, and the real reason for this change is still unclear. The movement of the earth around the sun is called revolution. Seen from above the North Pole, it rotates counterclockwise around the sun. The route of the earth's revolution is called orbit. It is an elliptical orbit close to a perfect circle. The sun is located in one of the two focal points of the ellipse. Every year, 6543810.3, the earth moves to the nearest position to the sun, which is called perihelion. On July 4, the earth moved to the farthest position from the sun, which is called apohelion. The direction of the revolution of the earth is also from west to east. The length of the orbit is 940 million kilometers, and the time required for one revolution is one year, about 365.25 days. The average angular velocity of the earth's revolution is about 1 degree per day, and the average linear velocity is about 30 kilometers per second. The perihelion has a faster revolution speed, while the apohelion has a slower revolution speed. The plane on which the earth rotates is called the equatorial plane, and the plane on which the earth revolves is called the ecliptic plane. The angle of intersection between the two planes is called the ecliptic angle, and the earth axis is perpendicular to the equatorial plane, and the angle of intersection with the ecliptic plane is 66 34', or the angle of intersection between the equatorial plane and the ecliptic plane is 23 26', indicating that the earth revolves around the sun obliquely.

Edit this paragraph to prove the method of earth rotation.

1. Gravity acceleration method The earth keeps spinning. Due to the inertial centrifugal force, the acceleration of gravity on the ground must be the smallest at the equator and the largest at the poles; The earth can't be a right sphere, but a rotating ellipsoid with slightly protruding equator and slightly flat poles. The results of gravity survey and circular arc survey confirm the correctness of these views, thus confirming the rotation of the earth from one side. 2. Deep well investigation Because the earth is constantly rotating, the rotation speed is accelerated with the increase of height, and objects falling from a height will inevitably have a higher rotation speed to the east in the process of falling, so they will inevitably fall to the east. To prove this, someone once did an experiment in a deep well. The test results show that objects falling from the center of the wellhead always collide with the east wall of the mine at a certain depth. This confirms the rotation of the earth from another side.

Earth (20 pieces) 3. Because the earth is constantly rotating, objects moving horizontally on the ground will inevitably have a continuous right deviation (northern hemisphere) or left deviation (southern hemisphere). According to this viewpoint, people analyzed the direction of projectile motion, and the results confirmed the correctness of the above viewpoint. 4. Toothpick method First, fill a washbasin with water and put it in a horizontal place that is not easy to shake. After the water is still, gently put down a thin toothpick (wood), make a mark at one end of the toothpick, and remember the position of the thin toothpick. After a few hours (preferably 10 hours or more), when you go to see it again, you will find that the thin toothpick has turned at a certain angle and looks like a thin toothpick turning. Actually, it's not spinning, but the earth is spinning. This method is actually a simple proof method of Foucault pendulum; The toothpick rotates clockwise (to the right) in the northern hemisphere, because the rotation of the earth looks counterclockwise (to the left) in the northern hemisphere. The southern hemisphere is opposite to the northern hemisphere.

Edit this time division

Serial numbers are prehistoric for millions of years.

(From now on)

Unit: 100 million major events

1 The earth appeared in Phanerozoic and Hidden Century 45.7.

2.4 1.5 The first organism-bacteria appeared on the earth in primitive generation.

3 Dionysian generation 39.5 archaea appeared

4 Early Rain Sea Formation 38.5 Oceans and other waters appeared on the earth.

Archaean, Archaean 38

6 Archaean 36 cyanobacteria

Nile thesis 200 words

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