Classical Chinese is an article written by the ancients in written language. Using the grammar knowledge of modern Chinese, we can clearly understand the grammar of classical Chinese and explain it clearly. Moreover, for the first-year and first-year students who are exposed to classical Chinese, we can learn classical Chinese easily by using methods, thus inheriting the cultural heritage of the motherland.
First of all, use modern Chinese syntactic knowledge and ancient and modern sentence patterns to understand the meaning of sentences.
In modern Chinese, conventional sentences are expressed as:
Attribute+Subject+Predicate+Object (Complement)
We can compare the "standard sentence patterns" in modern Chinese with those in classical Chinese, and it is easy to distinguish the differences between ancient and modern sentence patterns. So as to identify the special sentence patterns of classical Chinese, understand and translate classical Chinese sentences.
Let's take "inverted sentences" in classical Chinese as an example to talk about the application of methods in teaching.
Inverted sentences in classical Chinese, also called "variant sentences", are different from "routine sentences" in modern Chinese.
1, "Great, Yao is the king!" In this sentence, "Yao Weijun" is a subject-predicate phrase, which means "Yao Weijun". What about "Yao Weijun"? To express a complete meaning, it is necessary to state, explain and describe. And "big" is an adjective, meaning "",which is to state, explain and describe one. "Yao is king" and "Da" constitute a subject-predicate relationship, but this sentence comes first with the predicate and then the subject, which does not conform to the usual expression habits of modern Chinese and belongs to verb inversion. The speaker emphasized the predicate and put it in front. Students only need to straighten out the subject-predicate relationship to understand translation.
2. "Earthworms don't have the advantage of minions, but their bones and muscles are strong." Let the students divide the sentence into: earthworm (subject)+nothing (predicate)+minions (object). The subject and object are complete, and "benefit" seems to be more. However, according to the knowledge of parts of speech, "Li" is an adjective, which means "sharp" and should be used as an attribute or predicate in the sentence. "Where's Sharp?" In the sentence, this word can only modify "earthworm" or "slave", while "pointed earthworm" is meaningless and can only modify "slave". "Li" is the attributive of "minion" and should be in front of "minion". This sentence puts the attribute back, which is an attribute postposition sentence. When translating, students only need to put the attribute in front of the head language.
3. "shine on you, green out of blue", Li, ... unlimited time, amateur study "and" shaped like wine, decorated with the shape of mountain turtles, birds and animals ". In the three sentences, the prepositional phrases (prepositional structures) consisting of "Magnolia", "Yu Yu", "Tortoise, Bird and Beast" and "Yu Yi+Noun" are all placed after the predicate verb. According to the syntactic knowledge of modern Chinese, they are both objects (prepositional phrases as objects) and complements after predicates, and prepositional phrases are adverbials in modern Chinese. In fact, these three prepositions and object phrases all modify predicates as adverbials in sentences, indicating,, and respectively, which are all adverbial postpositions. In translation, students can only introduce object phrases in advance and put them before predicate verbs.
4.① "Pei Hongan is here"; 2 "in a word"; (3) "Ancient people were not arrogant" and (4) "Why are they ugly?" . The four sentence patterns listed are four prepositional objects in classical Chinese. No matter where the preposition object is, it can be distinguished by the syntactic knowledge of modern Chinese. For example, in the sentence "Pei Gongan is here", "Pei Gong" is a noun and a statement of the sentence. "An" is an interrogative pronoun, and "Yu" and "Zai" are prepositions, indicating the place. The original meaning of this sentence is "where is Pei Gong?" . When letting students know the language, they can quote similar modern Chinese sentences, such as "Where are you?" It has the same meaning as Pei Gongan's: where and where, but the former is preposition+object (interrogative pronoun) and the latter is object (interrogative pronoun)+preposition. Obviously, the latter puts the object in front. Similarly, in the sentence "The ancients were not arrogant", the meaning of every word that constitutes this sentence is the same as that of modern Chinese, which is easy for students to understand. But the students are puzzled by the saying that "ancient people don't bully me". Why did the ancients speak? Teachers can give similar sentence syntax analysis, such as "He doesn't lie to me", "He" as the subject, "Cheating" as the predicate and "I" as the object. On the other hand, putting the object "I" in front of the predicate verb is a prepositional object, which makes it easy for students to cheat without me. This is the habit of ancient language expression, emphasizing the object. It can be seen that it is a simple and practical method to understand the special sentence patterns of classical Chinese, so as to understand the meaning of sentences and translate sentences.