Realizing the effective supply of rural public goods is the fundamental means to solve the problem of urban-rural dual structure that has long plagued the healthy development of rural economy and society. In view of the problems existing in the management of rural public goods in China, the relevant literature has made different explanations on the current situation of rural public goods from the perspective of supply or demand by using various methods such as theory, model or investigation. The existing literature mainly has two limitations. First, the research method is a combination of qualitative and quantitative; Second, the foothold of the research content is supply-oriented, while the analysis of rural public goods from the perspective of demand subject is less, and there are still many problems to be studied and answered. Keywords: rural public goods; Supply; Demand; Management In June, 2007, the state approved Chongqing and Chengdu to set up the "National Experimental Zone for Coordinated Urban and Rural Reform", which took the lead in making breakthroughs in key areas such as public goods and services, and played a demonstration and leading role in coordinating urban and rural development throughout the country. 20 10 Document No.1 of the Central Committee specifically made arrangements for "strengthening the overall planning of urban and rural development and further consolidating the foundation of agricultural and rural development", in which infrastructure construction such as water conservancy and basic public services such as education and social security were placed in a more prominent position, which fully reflected the strategic consideration of the central government's efforts to form a new pattern of urban and rural public goods supply. Establishing a rural public product management system connected with cities is a key measure to promote the coordinated development of urban and rural areas, and it is also a fundamental means to solve the problem of urban-rural dual structure that has long plagued the healthy development of rural economy and society. 1. Current situation of rural public goods supply From the current supply scope of rural public goods, public finance basically involves all rural public goods fields. Through on-the-spot investigation or empirical materials, combined with basic theory, this paper makes a comprehensive study and discussion on the literature of rural public goods supply. Most of them mentioned the serious shortage of rural public goods supply in China, which was specifically summarized as the imbalance of total supply and demand, the imbalance of supply structure, the imbalance of regional supply and the imbalance of responsibilities and rights of supply subjects, and analyzed the causes of rural public goods supply problems reasonably. 1. 1 Unbalanced supply and demand Weak rural basic conditions, limited financial resources of township institutions, and insufficient financial coverage of public goods have led to a severe supply situation of rural public goods in China, which is difficult to meet the needs of agricultural production, rural development and farmers' living consumption. Many domestic experts and scholars have expounded this situation. Chen Xiwen (2007) used data to show that the basic construction of farmland water conservancy is difficult to meet the production needs, and the farmland water conservancy facilities are seriously aging and disrepair; The construction of rural infrastructure and the development of social undertakings such as education and health are obviously lagging behind. 1.2 The related literature on structural imbalance of supply has also made a lot of analysis on the coexistence of oversupply and shortage of rural public goods, among which Tao Yong (200 1) concluded that the supply of rural public goods has four characteristics: (1) emphasis on "hard" and light. (2) Pay more attention to "accuracy" rather than "purity". "Accuracy" refers to quasi-public goods, such as rural roads, tap water facilities, farmland irrigation facilities, etc. "Pure" refers to pure public goods, such as sewage treatment. (3) Pay more attention to "short" than "long", and be keen on investing in some public projects that are quick and easy to achieve in the short term, rather than providing strategic pure public products with slow results and long term. (4) Pay more attention to "construction" rather than "repair", and be keen on investing in new public projects rather than investing in maintaining existing public projects. 1.3 unbalanced supply among regions China has a vast territory, a large population, different development conditions such as resource endowment and geographical location, and great regional differences, and the rural economic and social development in various regions is extremely unbalanced. There are different methods to measure the supply gap of rural public goods in different regions. Some studies empirically test and compare the differences between regions by constructing the quality index system of rural public goods. For example, Li et al. (2006) made a cluster analysis on the situation of 3 1 province from four indicators: the mechanical strength of cultivated land, the proportion of irrigated area, the dynamic strength of cultivated land and the original value of farmers' agricultural fixed assets. The research group of "Research on Public Finance Covering Rural Areas" (2004) demonstrated from an empirical point of view that there are obvious differences in the supply of public goods between regions. The construction of rural public infrastructure and public services in the eastern region have improved, while the central and western regions are relatively backward, and the coverage of public finance is narrow. 1.4 The imbalance of responsibilities and rights of the supply subject Regarding the supply subject of rural public goods, domestic research mainly focuses on the mismatch between the extensive powers and limited financial rights of township governments. Guo Zebao (2005) concluded that there are three states in the supply of rural public goods, namely "absence", "dislocation" and "offside". Qu Yanchun and others (2007) explained the reason of this phenomenon, and thought that it was mainly caused by the "top-down" decision-making mechanism. The content and quantity of public goods supply were mostly instructed by the higher-level government, and farmers lacked substantive participation. 2. Evaluation of the investment effect of rural public goods Since the beginning of the new century, the CPC Central Committee has attached great importance to the supply of rural public goods, and local governments at all levels have increased their investment in rural public goods, which has achieved positive results, produced income effects, consumption effects and employment effects for farmers, and has obvious driving effects on stimulating rural consumption, expanding domestic demand and stimulating economic growth. According to relevant literature, the specific results are as follows: 2. 1 Improving farmers' welfare Rural public goods can improve the welfare of rural residents in two ways. On the one hand, farmers' welfare level is improved by enjoying rural public goods. He Xuefeng (2004) thinks that the research on "agriculture, countryside and farmers" should shift from increasing farmers' income to farmers' welfare; Shi (2009) pointed out that the public services enjoyed by farmers need to be further optimized and the welfare level of farmers needs to be further improved. On the other hand, the supply of rural public goods will increase the value of farmland, and farmers will have welfare economic effects in the process of farmland circulation. Hu Chuzhi et al. (2008) used functions or models to study the welfare effects of farmland value and farmland transfer, and made an empirical analysis of the welfare economic effects of farmers' farmland transfer. 2.2 Stimulating farmers' consumption The improvement of the supply level of rural public goods can stimulate farmers' consumption. Zhao Heyang (2003) made an empirical study on the supply of some rural public goods in China, and thought that the improvement of rural public facilities such as electricity in China would help farmers to increase their demand for televisions, washing machines and refrigerators. Chu Yongsheng and Ding (2004) made an empirical analysis on the correlation between the supply and consumption level of rural public goods, and concluded that there is a strong positive correlation between the supply level of rural public goods and the improvement of consumption structure. They believe that the insufficient supply of rural public goods has not only become the main obstacle to the growth of farmers' income, but also constitutes a restrictive factor for the further improvement of rural consumption level. 2.3 Increasing farmers' income causes the slow growth of farmers' income in China for many reasons, and the supply of rural public goods is one of the important factors, Zhang Xiusheng et al. (2007). For a long time, the defects in China's rural public goods supply system have caused a serious shortage of rural public goods supply, further affecting the output efficiency of rural farmers' private products in China, resulting in weak income growth of farmers. Liu Xiaoyun, Xin Xian and Mao Xuefeng (2003) respectively used OLS and TSLS methods to study the impact of rural infrastructure investment on farmers' income and expenditure in poor areas. The results show that farmers in poor areas obviously benefit from infrastructure investment, and the impact of infrastructure investment on farmers is often significantly different because of their different human capital conditions. 2.4 A large number of studies on promoting rural economic development show that the investment in rural public goods plays an important role in rural economic development, and the improvement of rural public goods will promote the re-integration of rural resources and produce a more efficient production and distribution model, thus becoming the basis of rural economic growth. Fan Shenggen et al. (2002) used the provincial data from 1970 to 1997 to estimate the effects of different types of government investment through simultaneous equation model. The government's investment in promoting rural production not only promotes the growth of agricultural production, but also promotes rural poverty alleviation and narrows the regional gap, but the investment income in different regions varies greatly. 3. Research on the demand of rural public goods * * * Rural public goods reflect the needs of rural areas and represent the needs of farmers. However, the research on rural public goods in China is mainly from the perspective of supply, and the research on the demand for rural public goods is still insufficient. The few existing studies also focus on the demand research of specific types of public goods. At present, the relevant literature on the demand for public goods understands farmers' demand for public goods through sampling survey, mainly focusing on analyzing farmers' demand preference, willingness to pay and satisfaction with rural public goods. 3. 1 Demand satisfaction At present, the supply of rural public goods in China is not only insufficient in total and unreasonable in structure, but also deviates from the real needs of farmers. Liu Yiqiang (2006) conducted a questionnaire survey on the demand of rural public goods in China. The results showed that farmers' demand for public goods was generally unsatisfied, which also proved that the supply of rural public goods in China was seriously lacking. Wang He and Zhao Yang (2008) took rural roads as an example to investigate farmers' satisfaction and willingness to invest in major rural public goods. The analysis shows that the total quantity and quality of rural highway construction in China still need to be improved, especially there are great regional differences; Farmers' satisfaction with rural roads is not high, but their willingness to invest is high. 3.2 Priority of Demand Kong Xiangzhi and others (2007) empirically analyzed the priority of farmers' demand for public goods from the perspective of farmers by using the method of cluster analysis on the basis of questionnaire survey. Public goods that farmers consider important can be divided into three categories according to demand: 1 category includes improving drinking water, building field roads and rural roads, production technical guidance and training, medical security and improving rural medical and health conditions, compulsory education, old-age care and social relief; The second category includes rural power transformation, domestic garbage disposal, radio and television network construction, family planning, large-scale pest control, cultural and sports facilities and services; The third category includes farmland and forest water conservancy construction. Public goods that farmers think urgently need government input can be classified into three categories according to their needs. 1 includes medical security and improvement of rural medical and health conditions, water conservancy construction in farmland and mountainous areas, field roads and rural road construction. The second category includes providing for the aged, social relief, improving drinking water, compulsory education, production technical guidance and training. The third category includes domestic garbage disposal, radio and television network construction, rural power transformation, large-scale pest control, market information services, family planning, cultural and sports facilities and services. Generally speaking, the most important public goods are basically the same as those in urgent need of government investment. 3.3 Estimation of Demand Preference In recent years, domestic scholars have also obtained people's demand for public goods through surveys, and discussed the factors affecting demand. Kong He (2006) used econometric methods to identify and analyze the factors that affect the demand preference of public goods in rural communities. The results show that farmers' demand preference for public goods is influenced by personal characteristics, family characteristics and village characteristics, but the influence direction and degree of different characteristic variables are significantly different. He Zhongwei et al. (2007) used CVM to investigate the residents' willingness to pay for water resources in northern Beijing, and used the model to study the influencing factors of residents' willingness to pay for water resources in northern Beijing. 4. The research trend of rural public goods management * * * Related research literature examines the reasons for the insufficient supply of rural public goods from many angles. Generally speaking, there are many factors that cause the supply dilemma of rural public goods, both at the macro level and at the micro level, including the unreasonable supply system and the absence of demand side participation. Therefore, in order to adapt to the coordinated development of urban and rural areas and realize the effective supply of rural public goods, experts and scholars in different fields need to reform, improve and innovate the public finance system, management system and related supporting measures. 4. 1 Establishing an integrated supply system for urban and rural areas To achieve coordinated development between urban and rural areas, it is imperative to increase investment in rural public goods and implement an integrated supply system for urban and rural public goods. The research group of Public Finance Covering Rural Areas (2004) suggested that the policy design of public goods supply should leave the interface of coordinated development between urban and rural areas, give rural residents the same national treatment as urban residents, and provide generally balanced public goods to urban and rural areas, so as to accelerate rural economic and social development and reduce farmers' burden as the long-term goal of economic and social development. Due to the limited funds invested by public finance, Kong Xiangzhi and others (2007) suggested that public finance should invest in the most important public products of farmers and the public products that are most in urgent need of government investment, focusing on ensuring farmers to improve rural drinking water, field road and rural road construction, production technical guidance and training, medical security and improving rural medical and health conditions, compulsory education, old-age care and social relief. 4.2 Improve the expression mechanism of farmers' demand In order to effectively solve the contradiction between supply and demand of rural public goods, it is necessary to establish and improve the expression mechanism of demand selection of rural public goods. Most of the related studies think that the system of "one thing, one discussion" is an expression mechanism that is conducive to increasing the number and improving the structure of rural public goods, that is, when there are major issues involving farmers' vital interests, the village Committee should hold villagers' meetings to listen to their opinions, and the villagers should make decisions that are in line with their own interests according to their own needs. The research of Yang Dan and Bird (2009) shows that villagers' participation in elections based on the demand for public goods that can be provided by village collectives will increase the supply of such public goods; The elected village leaders will respond to the differentiated needs of voters for public goods and make supply decisions that cater to the needs of voters. 4.3 Open up new financing channels. The biggest obstacle to the supply dilemma of rural public goods is the limited funds for public goods. Relying only on government public finance to supply rural public goods is far from meeting the needs of rural economic development and the continuous improvement of farmers' living standards. Open up new financing channels and promote the market-oriented reform of rural public goods. Qu Yanchun and others (2007) suggested that the government could clarify property rights according to the principle of "whoever invests benefits", solve the problem of income spillover, and introduce a large number of private capital to participate in the provision of rural public goods; Or take the government and private supply, the government gives preferential policies and appropriate financial subsidies. , through a variety of financing channels and forms to alleviate the shortage of funds, and promote the more adequate supply of rural public goods. 4.4 Strengthen the management and supervision of the supply system, strengthen the management and supervision of the supply system of rural public goods, so as to standardize the supply behavior of rural public goods and effectively guarantee the effective supply of rural public goods. Capital is the blood to realize the effective supply of rural public goods. Zhang Xiusheng and others (2007) particularly emphasized the supervision and inspection of the use of supply funds, and proposed to introduce scientific expenditure distribution methods, formulate feasible expenditure standards, implement an open and transparent management mechanism, increase the transparency of the use of public resources, implement two levels of government affairs, affairs and finance disclosure in rural areas, and regularly disclose revenue and expenditure. It is also suggested to introduce social supervision mechanism, put the use of public goods supply funds under strict social supervision, and improve the efficiency of rural public funds. 5. Overall evaluation of rural public goods research The study of rural public goods is a gradual process, from qualitative research to quantitative research, from the perspective of supply subject to the perspective of demand subject, to investigate the real demand of farmers for public goods, understand the supply status and practical problems of rural public goods, or describe the existing problems by constructing models, draw scientific conclusions and provide solutions. However, the literature on rural public goods has two obvious limitations: first, it pays attention to qualitative research and ignores quantitative research; Secondly, in the research content, there are more rural public goods from the perspective of supply subject, but less from the perspective of demand subject. Qualitative analysis can grasp the problems existing in the management of rural public goods ideologically, but it is not convincing because of the lack of strong data support. The quantitative analysis of rural public goods in the current rural data acquisition difficulties, mainly through field research and observation to obtain first-hand information, increasing the technical difficulty and funding constraints of quantitative analysis; Moreover, field research is often small in scale, and whether the existing problems are representative or not and whether the conclusions can be popularized remains to be discussed. The research on rural public goods mainly focuses on the problems existing in the supply subject of rural public goods, and makes an in-depth analysis of supply management, but few documents consider the needs and preferences of rural public goods from the perspective of farmers. Analyzing the utility of rural public goods from the perspective of demand, farmers' preferences for different rural public goods and how to improve the expression mechanism of farmers' demand for public goods are the focus of further research in the future.