One: Italy is the birthplace and center of the European Renaissance.
Everyone generally knows something about European Renaissance painting. During this period, namely14-16th century, a Renaissance movement with Italy as its origin and center took place in Europe. The background of this movement is due to the progress of natural science and technology, the emergence of capitalist economy in feudal society in Europe and Italy, and the needs of the emerging bourgeoisie to develop capitalist economy. At the same time, with the breaking of the shackles of Christian theocracy, people are eager to see new art to express their lives. With the continuous excavation of ancient Greek and Roman relics, people begin to yearn for ancient culture. It has brought unprecedented prosperity to European science and culture, just as Engels rated it as "the greatest progress and change experienced by mankind".
We say that Italy is the birthplace of the European Renaissance, mainly Italian painting in this period. No matter the style, theme genre, aesthetic theory, painting basis (anatomy, perspective, sketch, color) or the painter's personal monograph, it is more systematic, rich and mature than other European countries at the same time.
For example, when Dutch painters are looking for and experimenting with oil for color mixing, Italian painters always try to use it to color powder and oil. Such as Giotto, Ma Saqiao, Donatello, Francesca and other painters, they have made many successful explorations and studies on the oily coating test on the surface of egg white rubber powder (including the test of materials and methods, as well as the anatomy and perspective of human body). It shows that Italian Renaissance painters have made great achievements in the study of human anatomy and perspective.
Two: Florence School and Venetian School.
In the heyday and later period of the Italian Renaissance, a large number of outstanding artists emerged. During this period, outstanding masters not only created typical and perfect characters, but also made great contributions to aesthetic thought theory and basic painting theory. At the same time, painting techniques are constantly improving, and many works handed down from generation to generation are superior in skills, and they are still valuable assets in the world art treasure house.
Florence school:
Being located in the economic and cultural center at that time, local painters used scientific methods to study the laws of human body modeling, absorbed the characteristics of ancient Greek and Roman sculpture art, and changed the plane decoration style of medieval painting to focus on perspective, so that objects had a sense of volume and space. As mentioned above, Giotto, Ma Saqiao and Botticelli are the early representatives of this school. Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael and Michelangelo are three outstanding figures in the Renaissance, and they are representatives of the heyday of painting schools.
The oil painting techniques of Florence School generally use gypsum powder and white powder modulated by a relatively light cooked glue as the painting base, and then use monochrome or skin-friendly color on a white background to draw a deeper and more vivid sketch. After that, the background is painted with dark brown or dark brown green egg white glue pink, and then the screen is preliminarily completed with egg white glue powder. On this basis, the transparent painting method of oil color matching is carried out, and finally a layer of varnish is added. This is us.
Venice school:
Influenced by Byzantine and Nederland paintings, and later absorbed the theory and experience of Florence School, Venice became the center of European oil painting in the16th century. It is characterized by bright colors, rich images and novel composition.
Its representative painters are giorgione and Titian, who are recognized as innovators of modern European oil painting and founders of Italian new oil painting. Modern European art historians, when studying the background of Impressionism, have also pointed out the positive influence of giorgione and Titian's oil paintings on Manet and Monet.
Technically, it is usually done on canvas or wooden board with a good foundation. Usually, a ground color is first drawn with earth red, dark brown or dark brown, and then an outline or simple sketch is drawn with monochrome oil painting, and then the physical structure and light and shade of an object are carved with several simple oil painting tones of white, and finally transparent painting is carried out on it. This school of painting was improved after16th century. On a dark background, paint directly in oil painting color, with the bright part being thick and the dark part being thin and transparent. Because this technique is simple and convenient, it is beneficial to the visual effect of oil painting strokes, so it quickly became popular in Europe and became the traditional technique of modern European oil painting.
Three: Da Vinci's Art
Speaking of Italian Renaissance art, there is one person who can't be ignored. He is Da Vinci (1452- 15 19).
The most famous master, scientist and doctor of Italian literature and art in the new period. He was born in Finch, a suburb of Florence, and died in France. His father is a lawyer and notary, and his mother is a peasant woman. He came to Florence at the age of 15 and studied in a workshop in verrocchio. 1472 joined the painters' association. Personal style has matured in the mid-1970s. 1482- 1499 worked in Milan, mainly serving the Duke of Milan, and carried out a wide range of artistic and scientific activities. The Virgin of the Rock is his most famous masterpiece in this period.
Self-portrait (demonstration) is regarded as a model of sketch art. His creation of architecture, sculpture and painting is based on a large number of sketches. From the structure to every character and even every gesture, he has prepared sufficient sketches and sketches, and his sketches have played a role equivalent to or even more than modern photography. In this "self-portrait", the painter can describe himself easily. He observes carefully, uses rich and changeable lines, combines rigidity with softness, and especially makes good use of oblique lines with different densities to express subtle changes in light and shade. These sketching techniques have benefited many later painters, and they are called the classic works of sketching art. The lines used in this painting are vivid and flexible, with strong generality, but the simple strokes contain many twists and turns, and the relationship is decent, and the hair line replaces the face, which has a strong three-dimensional sense. Also, the characters have vivid expressions. Therefore, although this painting is a sketch, its artistic beauty and formal beauty are no less than Da Vinci's great works. Over the years, it has been attracting the appreciation and admiration of future art lovers with its meaningful charm.
His achievements are mainly in the following aspects:
1: painting theory
Through his own exploration and practice, he promoted the research results of previous painters on human anatomy, perspective and sketch to a systematic theory. For example, human anatomy, it is said that he personally dissected more than 30 bodies regardless of Catholic laws at that time. His famous sketch (demonstration) of human anatomy is regarded as the most successful idea of including perfect human body shapes in circles and squares. His main works are On Painting.
2. Oil painting techniques
In terms of techniques, we constantly explore and often change the tone of color to create a kind of expression technique called "fog method". Because in some techniques in the early Renaissance, there are still traces of Gothic religious altar paintings, with flat single lines, monotonous colors and relatively weak sense of volume and space. Leonardo da vinci's "Mist Method" gradually disappears the borderline of the characters, if not, it is closer to the truth. We can see leonardo da vinci's creative contribution (demonstration) to oil painting expression from his masterpieces Mona Lisa and Our Lady in the Rock.
Let's take a look at our Miss Rock (demo) first.
The most famous portrait in the world-Mona Lisa (demonstration)
The people of Florence, to be exact, the whole Italian people know that Leonardo da Vinci is a genius. He is the first painter who can paint a portrait of a person vividly and beautifully.
This is why a wealthy businessman named Zogondo asked him to be his beautiful young wife Mona Lisa. This portrait took Leonardo da Vinci four years. When he finished the portrait, he didn't want to give it to Zogondo or anyone else. When he was invited by the king of France, he left Italy for France with this portrait. Leonardo da Vinci died in France. Later, the painting Mona Lisa stayed in France, and it became the wealth of the French. (if. . . )
At present, people have been talking about her mysterious smile and found that her smile seems to be changing. Different audiences or at different times look and feel different. I think she sometimes smiles comfortably and gently, sometimes looks serious, sometimes looks slightly sad, and sometimes even reveals ridicule and ridicule. Most people's smiles are mainly reflected in the corners of the eyes and corners of the mouth, but Leonardo da Vinci painted these parts lightly without clear boundaries, so there was this elusive "mysterious smile".
This painting has a story. When Leonardo da Vinci painted the Mona Lisa, he invited a musician to play beside her so that she could sit patiently and calmly like a model. Her eyes told us that she was listening. Now, if we look at her beautiful hands and consider them together with her face, we will feel that kind of eyes are more sincere. Her right hand is gently placed on her left hand, and her middle finger is completely unsupported. We feel it beating gently with the rhythm of the music.
When we look at the scenery behind such a lifelike portrait, we will be surprised by the unreal background. Peaks, roads, bridges and flowing water all appear in a dreamy atmosphere, as if to prove that Mona Lisa's thoughts are immersed in a dreamy world.
Recently, it was reported that the mystery of Mona Lisa's background has been solved by experts. This was announced by Carlo pedretti, a well-known scholar who studied Da Vinci's painting art and a professor at the University of California, USA, at the International Symposium on Da Vinci's Painting on the 5th. He said that after many researches, the background behind the Mona Lisa is the scenery near Brianaud Bridge in arezzo, central Italy. Pedretti said that Da Vinci was born in the small town of Da Vinci, about 100 km in arezzo, and lived in arezzo. The original landscape of this area is almost the same as the background of Mona Lisa, so it is entirely possible for him to use the pastoral scenery of this area as the background of this portrait. Many experts attending the meeting affirmed pedretti's research results.
Last supper (demonstration)
Four: Summary
Renaissance painting and Leonardo da Vinci's art