This paper briefly introduces the definition, composition and characteristics of wireless sensor network, and introduces the wide application value, future development prospect and existing technical problems of wireless sensor network in all walks of life according to its characteristics. Keywords: wireless sensor network; Composition; Application; The pace of scientific and technological development is getting faster and faster, and human beings are already in the information age. As the most important and basic technology of information acquisition, sensor technology has also been greatly developed. Sensor information acquisition technology has gradually developed from simplification in the past to integration, miniaturization and networking, and will bring an information revolution. Wireless sensor networks (WSN) integrates sensing, computing and communication capabilities, and integrates sensor technology, embedded computing technology, distributed information processing technology and communication technology. It can monitor, sense and collect information of various environments or monitored objects in the distributed area of the network in real time, and process these information to obtain detailed and accurate information and transmit it to users in need. Because of its great application value, WSN has attracted extensive attention from military departments, industry and academia in many countries in the world, and has been widely used in military, industrial process control, national security, environmental monitoring and other fields. Wireless sensor network, which integrates sensor technology, embedded computing technology, modern network and wireless communication technology, distributed information processing technology and other fields, is a hot spot in computer network research at present. I. Overview of Development As early as 1970s, the prototype of sensor network was formed by using the point-to-point transmission of traditional sensors and connecting sensor controllers. We named it the first generation sensor network. With the continuous development and progress of related disciplines, sensor networks also have the comprehensive processing ability to obtain a variety of information signals, and through the connection with sensor controllers, a sensor network with information synthesis and processing ability is formed, which is the second generation sensor network. Since the end of last century, fieldbus technology has been applied to sensor networks, and people have used it to form intelligent sensor networks. A large number of multifunctional sensors are used and connected by wireless technology, and wireless sensor networks are gradually formed. Wireless sensor network is a new generation of sensor networks, which has a very broad application prospect. Its development and application will have a far-reaching impact on all fields of human life and production. The United States and other developed countries attach great importance to the development of wireless sensor networks. IEEE is working hard to promote the application and development of wireless sensor networks. Boston University recently established the Sensor Network Alliance, hoping to promote the development of sensor network technology. When discussing the top ten emerging technologies in the future, American Technology Review magazine listed wireless sensor networks as the first emerging technology in the future, and among the four new technologies predicted by Businessweek, wireless sensor networks are also included. It can be predicted that the popularity of wireless sensor networks is an inevitable trend, and its appearance will bring great changes to human society. Second, the definition and characteristics of wireless sensor network Wireless sensor network can be seen as three parts: data acquisition network, data distribution network and control management center. Its main components are nodes that integrate sensors, data processing units and communication modules. Each node forms a distributed network through the protocol, and then optimizes the collected data and transmits it to the information processing center through radio waves. Dr Jason Hill, the developer of wireless sensor network operating system Tiny0S 14 1, defines WSN as: sensing +CPU+ radio = potential application method. Professor Li Jianzhong of Harbin Institute of Technology defines WSN as: WSN is a wired or wireless network composed of a group of sensor nodes in a self-organizing way, and its purpose is to cooperatively perceive, collect and process the information of perceived objects in the geographical area covered by the network and release it to observers. From the hardware point of view, WSN nodes are mainly composed of data acquisition unit, data processing unit, wireless data transceiver unit and small battery unit, which are usually small in size and have the characteristics of low cost, low power consumption and multifunction. From the software point of view, it can effectively detect environmental parameters such as temperature, humidity, light intensity and pressure in the area and physical parameters such as voltage and current of the object to be measured with the help of sensors built in the node, and transmit the detection information to the data acquisition center for processing, analysis and forwarding through the wireless network.

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