Everyone says that Qin died of tyranny. It is said that the king of Qin has no way, and the world is against him. This childe quite disagree. First, the Qin dynasty burned books to bury Confucianism, which was nothing compared with the fact that Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ousted hundreds of schools and respected Confucianism alone. Besides, burning a few books can ruin the country. This is a joke. Second, Qin Fei has no choice. Qin is only famous for its strict laws and strict sitting methods. It embodies the rule of law and the ruthlessness of law. The laws of Qin were harsh, but it was under this legal background that Qin Neng swept Liuhe and even the whole world from a vassal of Xirong in the northwest and swallowed mountains and rivers. Indeed, this law may not be acclimatized. In the homeland of the six countries, the local people can't adapt to the laws and regulations with Qin characteristics. But the Qin dynasty had invincible millions of heroes. This army was once frightening and pale. According to Sima Qian's "Historical Records", Qin Jun went into battle shirtless, holding prisoners under his arm and carrying the enemy's head (this is related to the military reward system of Qin State, and Qin Jun's reward is based on the head, so the head is the most important), so he is very brave. Qin Jun's military experience was the highest at that time. The production technology of Qin weapons is also the best, and the assembly line production procedure is implemented. Because of this, Qin still used bronze weapons instead of iron weapons (because the production technology of bronze weapons was much more mature and perfect than iron weapons at that time). Imagine why such a powerful army fell apart in just a few years! ! Why was an army that could sweep the six countries wiped out by the newly armed peasant rebels? Why can an army in Changping fight Zhao's 450,000 fighters for a few months and then be wiped out by the Xiang army with 30,000 knives? In the end, this army could not even keep the pass (Hangu Pass) and lost its lair. Just imagine, Su Qin holds the seal of six countries, but it can't capture millions of troops. Both Liu Bang and Xiang Yu had only tens of thousands of troops, thus ending the powerful Qin Dynasty. Why on earth is this? ! This childe secretly thinks that the internal friction of the Qin Dynasty has made Liu Bang's boy. The reason why Qin Shihuang failed was that he didn't make his eldest son Fu Su a prince (this is an eternal mystery), and he used improper people, especially his trust in Lisi, a villain, and a dune plot. This led to the subsequent killing of General Fu Su and General Meng Tian. Jiangshan fell into the hands of this fellow Hu Hai. A few years later, eunuch Zhao Gao killed Hu Hai, made Zi Ying, the son of Fu Su, emperor, and then Zi Ying killed Zhao Gao. All this led to the internal division of the Qin dynasty and soon lost its political and military advantages. What is more serious is that at the beginning of the uprising, 200,000 Qin Jun fought against the Huns in the north and 300,000 Qin Jun in Baiyue (now Yueguo) stayed put. Isn't that weird? Even in the end, the Qin dynasty relied on prisoners to guard the capital Xianyang. Now the truth of history is very clear. Qin Fei died of tyranny, not because of the resistance of the adherents of the six countries to Qin, but in his own backyard. 15 years, from the most powerful to extinction, it only took 15 years (22 1 year ~ ~ 206 BC), which is worth pondering! ! ! !
Qin's demise is rooted in two people, one is Reese and the other is Zhao Gao.
Why did you say Reese? In the theory of the Qin dynasty, it is said that the law remains unchanged. Read a lot of books, I don't think so. If the Qin law is too strict, why didn't the Qin people resist and deal with it in a chaotic era? It's noisy outside, except that Guanzhong doesn't belong to Qin, but Guanzhong is very quiet. Xiang Yu Keng killed 200,000 people, all of whom were Qin people. Therefore, the reason is not the law, but because the Kanto people and the Qin people were not family at that time, that is to say, the Qin people were Qin people, and now they are Shaanxi people. If you only mention a province, such as Hebei people, you can't say that they are from Qin, but if you say that he is a Han Chinese, he will certainly not object. Therefore, the most important reason why the anti-Qin cause at that time was so vigorous was that everyone didn't think they were Qin people, that is to say, there was no such orthodox concept in the eyes of the Qin Dynasty, and only then would there be the concept that the three clans were dead and Qin Bichu was dead. We know that China people are very orthodox. Wang Mang usurped the Han Dynasty, and everyone helped him recover. The most important reason is that the Qin dynasty did not implement the enfeoffment system. Everyone may know the disadvantages of the enfeoffment system, but it has its value because it existed. As mentioned in Ma's The Prince, when a kingdom conquers a region, there are two ways to occupy it permanently. One is a large number of troops, which is useful, but not economical. Second, the monarch lives directly in the newly occupied place. But there is only one monarch. The enfeoffment system actually played a dual role in the monarch's body. Many things are neither harmful nor beneficial to light, and the important thing is to weigh them. When the king of Qin passed the exam, the victory was not as great as some people thought, so he listened to Reese. So when Chen Sheng uprising, I said nothing more than Xiang Yu and Liu Bang, who finally played a decisive role in the process of destroying Qin. Xiang Yu opposed it with the local satrap and then unexpectedly killed the satrap himself; Liu bang and the county magistrate discussed getting along well. It was only later that the county magistrate saw that Liu Bangren was afraid of going back on his word and did not dare to kill him. It can be seen that the local officials of Qin played a role. Who can say that the demise of Qin has nothing to do with the absence of packet?
I agree with Jia Yi for the following reasons:
Jia Yi once put forward the theory of "benevolence and righteousness are not applied, and the offensive and defensive trends are different" in the famous "On Crossing the Qin Dynasty" in the Han Dynasty to demonstrate the reasons for the demise of the Qin Dynasty. The purpose of writing this article is to remind and warn the rulers of the Han Dynasty that to learn the historical lesson of the rapid demise of the Qin Dynasty, they can only conquer the world at once, but not immediately; Otherwise, the collapse of the Qin dynasty is a warning.
From the very beginning, the article "On Qin" introduced the great talents of the monarchs of Qin dynasties who made great efforts to unify the world. And Qin Shihuang's great achievements in further unifying the world on the basis of inheriting the kings of previous dynasties. And future military actions that threaten the world; Various strategies to maintain the long-term stability of the country. Qin Shihuang's organs were exhausted, but he never dreamed that the prediction that "Hu Ye was the one who died in Qin" would be realized on his beloved youngest son Hu Hai. Hu Hai, that is, Qin Ershi, had a hard time starting a business, but Qin Shihuang hoped that the eternal Daqin Empire would die in his hands. After thousands of years, people can't help but sigh!
Regarding the reasons for the rapid demise of the Qin Dynasty, Jia Yi's statement in On Qin was accepted by most people, and I basically agree with his point of view.
The main responsibility is the supreme ruler. As the saying goes, "every soldier will have a nest." In this form, Qin Ershi, who was groggy and incompetent at that time, trusted eunuch Zhao Gao, and made a mess of state affairs. No correct military and political affairs can calm the world situation. Chen Sheng Uprising and Guangwu Uprising can be said to be born at the right time. It is difficult to cause a fatal blow to the Qin Dynasty at another time and place. Later, Xiang Yu and Liu Bang happened to fish in troubled waters and got a bargain. First of all, at the time of the uprising, Qin Shihuang was already dead, and the second usurped the throne through intrigue and intrigue, which made him politically unstable. First, try to stabilize your political stance and cut off dissidents; It has damaged the vitality of the country to a certain extent. Qin Shihuang's great achievements during his reign, including years of campaigns, overdrawn the comprehensive strength of the country in all aspects. When in office, all kinds of disadvantages can't be detected, but the achievements of the predecessor are often the burden of the next one. Under the social background of extremely low productivity at that time, how much energy did the country spend on building the Great Wall of Wan Li, Mount Li and Epang Palace? And how much material and human resources can a country bear? In the history of China, there are two largest man-made projects-the Great Wall of Wan Li and the Grand Canal, which were completed by the short-lived Qin and Sui unified dynasties. The demise of the Sui Dynasty was closely related to the excavation of the Grand Canal. There is a poem to prove it: "Once a thousand miles long river opens, death and the waves of the Sui Dynasty roll in." And all aspects of the two dynasties are so strikingly similar. They are all internal affairs that are not repaired and are militaristic. The last two generations perished.
As for the military affairs of the Qin dynasty, there are many reasons for suppressing the unfavorable situation of the insurgents in the future. Generally speaking, the founding teachers of past dynasties are all elite teachers. In the era of cold weapons, the key factors that determine the outcome of the war are not weapons and equipment, but the number of soldiers, combat skills, the talent of commanders and the courage to die. Usually, the number of ranks is easy to ensure, but the last three elements are easy to change. Take combat skills as an example, they can only be achieved through actual combat and training. If China does not fight for a long time, there is only one way, that is, through training. This method is very flexible and will often become a mere formality in the future. It is not uncommon for soldiers to serve for several years without riding horses and shooting arrows. The most notable is the children of the Eight Banners in the Qing Dynasty. At first, when the Qing Dynasty was founded, the Eight Banners were invincible. Since the reign of Kangxi, Yong Zhengdi had to use Chinese soldiers when fighting in the northwest. After that, it went from bad to worse When Xianfeng and Tongzhi suppressed the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, they all used Han soldiers, while the children of the original Eight Banners basically became playboys who accomplished nothing and were useless. After the Qin dynasty destroyed the six countries, the quality and quality of the army were difficult to compare with that at the end of the Qin dynasty when the country was founded. What's more, it is a mixed army? According to the records of historians, when the Qin Dynasty was caught off guard by the uprisings of Chen Sheng and Guangwu, they invaded Hangu Pass. As a last resort, the rulers of the Qin Dynasty had to organize some prisoners and craftsmen who were building the Lishan Mausoleum to join the army. So the combat effectiveness of the army can be imagined ~ ~! In addition, Qin Ershi could not recognize the grim situation at that time, violated military taboos, and interfered with the battle plans of frontline generals at will, which led to his own demise. There are many such cases in the future, all of which ended in failure. Among them, the most famous ones are: urging Ge to go out of Tongguan to face An Lushan; As a result, Chang 'an fell, and Shu was anxious. Then at the end of Ming Dynasty, Emperor Chongzhen urged Sun Chuanting to leave Tongguan to face Li Zicheng. As a result, Xi 'an fell, the Ming Dynasty lost its last chance to turn over, and the Shen Jia Incident died the following year! If Qin Shihuang was in power, he would never make such a low-level mistake with his wisdom and give the rebels an opportunity. At the very least, it is not impossible for the Qin Dynasty to keep its homeland to the west of Hanguguan, further eliminate armed rebellion in various places and unify the whole country. However, history is always history, and it is often not an objective and rational development.
The sudden demise of the Qin Dynasty was mainly due to political reasons, and the leaders at that time could not control the state form. Secondly, due to military reasons, the talent and morale of military generals are difficult to compare with those of insurgents. Finally, there are economic factors. When Qin Shihuang unified the six countries, Liao Wei, his main adviser, once lamented. "Qin's vitality is exhausted." Qin has been fighting for many years. Generally speaking, "Kill 1,000 enemies and injure 800." The comprehensive strength of the country is losing in all aspects. To unify the world, we must pay attention to self-cultivation and cultivate the vitality of the country. Qin dynasty won't die so soon. This is also the origin of Jia Yi's lament that "benevolence and righteousness are not applied, and the offensive and defensive potential is different".
2. The reason why Qin's death warned contemporary emperors.
Jia Yi once put forward the theory of "benevolence and righteousness are not applied, and the offensive and defensive trends are different" in the famous "On Crossing the Qin Dynasty" in the Han Dynasty to demonstrate the reasons for the demise of the Qin Dynasty. The purpose of writing this article is to remind and warn the rulers of the Han Dynasty that to learn the historical lesson of the rapid demise of the Qin Dynasty, they can only conquer the world at once, but not immediately; Otherwise, the collapse of the Qin dynasty is a warning.
From the very beginning, the article "On Qin" introduced the great talents of the monarchs of Qin dynasties who made great efforts to unify the world. And Qin Shihuang's great achievements in further unifying the world on the basis of inheriting the kings of previous dynasties. And future military actions that threaten the world; Various strategies to maintain the long-term stability of the country. Qin Shihuang's organs were exhausted, but he never dreamed that the prediction that "Hu Ye was the one who died in Qin" would be realized on his beloved youngest son Hu Hai. Hu Hai, that is, Qin Ershi, had a hard time starting a business, but Qin Shihuang hoped that the eternal Daqin Empire would die in his hands. After thousands of years, people can't help but sigh!
On Qin was written in the early days of Emperor Wen's accession to the throne.
The period of Emperor Wen of Han Dynasty was the so-called "prosperous time" in feudal times, which was also the early stage of "the rule of cultural scenery" as the old historian Yan Jia said. At this time, due to the recovery and development of the declining social economy at the end of Qin Dynasty, people's lives were relatively stable and society showed a prosperous scene. However, with the increase of social wealth, the "extravagant wind" in the ruling class (Jia Yi's On Accumulation and Sparseness), rich and powerful people embezzled a large number of farmers' land, forcing farmers to go bankrupt and go into exile, "selling family and children" (Chao Cuo's On Precious Chestnuts and Sparseness), and even "changing sons and biting bones" (Jia Yi's On Accumulation and Sparseness), at the same time, the punishment was heavy and the people were in dire straits. Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty "killed people in the name of light punishment" (Volume XV of Zi Jian) abolished corporal punishment on the surface, but actually changed some names of killing people. Heavy oppression, exploitation and cruel punishment aggravate class contradictions. This makes Jia Yi, who has the ambition to reform the current politics, deeply uneasy. In order to explain the seriousness of the political situation to Emperor Wendi, he wrote the famous Record of Chen Zheng, also known as Public Security Policy, analyzed the situation from the front and put forward his own political views. At the same time, he also wrote on Qin, which clearly showed Jia Yi's political stance. The purpose of discussing "ancient" is to say "present". Through historical fables, he gently criticized the politics at that time and used the lessons of the demise of the Qin Dynasty to arouse the vigilance of the emperor of China and the upper rulers, and implemented a loose policy towards the people.