At present, the focus of deepening social and people's livelihood reform in China is to protect and improve people's livelihood and promote social fairness and justice; The difficulty lies in solving such problems as education, employment, income distribution, medical care and social management that are directly related to the fundamental and practical interests of the people.
The 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China put forward that to strengthen social construction, we must focus on safeguarding and improving people's livelihood, and actively solve problems that directly affect the fundamental and practical interests of the people, such as education, employment, income distribution, social security, medical care and social management.
The Third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee further proposed to deepen the comprehensive reform in the field of education, improve the system and mechanism for promoting employment and entrepreneurship, form a reasonable and orderly income distribution pattern, establish a fairer and sustainable social security system, deepen the reform of the medical and health system, and achieve more and fairer development results, benefiting all people.
(1) Deepen the comprehensive reform in the field of education. We should fully implement the Party's educational policy, adhere to moral education, strengthen the education of the socialist core value system, improve the education of Chinese excellent traditional culture, vigorously promote educational equity, accelerate the construction of modern vocational education system, innovate the talent training mechanism in colleges and universities, build a new social relationship between government and schools, and improve the dynamic school-running system.
Continue to increase the inclination of educational resources to the central and western regions and rural areas, and promote the balanced development of compulsory education. Comprehensively improve the conditions for running schools with weak compulsory education in poverty-stricken areas. Develop preschool education. Implement the special education promotion plan. Continue to increase the central government's investment in education, improve the efficiency of use and strengthen supervision. We will deepen the comprehensive reform of education, actively and steadily reform the examination enrollment system, expand the provincial government's right to co-ordinate education and the autonomy of colleges and universities, and encourage the development of private schools. Accelerate the construction of employment-oriented modern vocational education system. We should provide a good education for the next generation and strive to give every child a fair opportunity for development.
(2) Improve the institutional mechanisms for promoting employment and entrepreneurship. Establish a linkage mechanism between economic development and employment expansion, and improve the government responsibility system for promoting employment. Standardize the recruitment and employment system, improve the preferential policies to support entrepreneurship, improve the equal employment and entrepreneurship service system in urban and rural areas, and build a lifelong vocational training system for workers. Strengthen the unemployment insurance system to prevent unemployment and promote employment, and improve the employment and unemployment monitoring and statistics system. Innovate the coordination mechanism of labor relations and smooth the channels for employees to express their reasonable demands.
Promote the employment of young people focusing on college graduates and the employment of migrant workers, people with difficulties in cities and towns and retirees. Combine industrial upgrading and develop more jobs suitable for college graduates. The government's purchase of grass-roots public management and social service posts is more used to attract college graduates' employment. Improve the service guarantee mechanism that encourages college graduates to work at the grassroots level, and increase the proportion of targeted recruitment of civil servants and priority recruitment of institutions. We will implement the policy of encouraging college graduates to start their own businesses, integrate platinum, and develop national and provincial employment and entrepreneurship funds for college graduates. We will implement the employment promotion plan for unemployed college graduates who have left school, incorporate unemployed people into employment preparation activities such as employment internship and skill training, and provide full employment services for people with special difficulties.
(3) Form a reasonable and orderly income distribution pattern. Focusing on the protection of labor income, we will strive to achieve the synchronization of labor remuneration growth and labor productivity improvement, and increase the proportion of labor remuneration in the initial distribution. Improve the collective wage negotiation system in enterprises. Reform the wage subsidy system of government agencies and institutions and improve the subsidy growth mechanism in hard and remote areas. Improve the incentive mechanism decided by the factor market. Increase residents' property income through multiple channels, improve the redistribution control mechanism with taxation, social security and transfer payment as the main means, standardize the income distribution order, and improve the income distribution control system and policy system.
(4) Establish a fairer and more sustainable social security system. Adhere to the basic old-age insurance system combining social pooling with individual accounts, and integrate the basic old-age insurance system for urban and rural residents with the basic medical system. Improve the social insurance relationship, transfer and continue the political platinum, and accelerate the improvement of the social security management system and the handling service system. Improve the housing security and supply system in line with national conditions.
(5) Deepening the reform of the medical and health system. Make overall plans to promote the comprehensive reform of medical security, medical services, public health, drug supply and supervision system.
Promote the development of medical reform in depth. Consolidate the basic medical insurance for all and integrate the basic medical insurance system for urban and rural residents through reform. Improve the financing mechanism of basic medical insurance that is reasonably shared by the government, units and individuals. Implement serious illness insurance for urban and rural residents throughout the country. Strengthen urban and rural medical assistance and disease emergency assistance.
Expand the pilot project of comprehensive reform of urban public hospitals. Get rid of medicine to supplement medicine, straighten out the price of medicine, and innovate the mechanism of social capital to run medicine. Consolidate and improve the basic drug system and the new operating mechanism of primary medical and health institutions. Improve the grading diagnosis and treatment system, strengthen the training of general practitioners, promote doctors to practice more, and let the people enjoy quality medical services nearby.
2. How to narrow the gap between urban and rural development under the background of new urbanization?
The characteristics of new urbanization are urban and rural planning, urban-rural integration, interaction between production and city, economy and intensive, ecological livability and harmonious development. It is the urbanization of large, medium and small cities, small towns and new rural communities that develop harmoniously and promote each other.
The key to narrowing the gap between urban and rural areas is to promote rural economic development, increase farmers' income, and take the road of coordinated development of urban-rural interaction and mutual promotion of workers and peasants. With the coordinated development of urban and rural areas as a means, we will gradually change the dual structure of urban and rural areas and realize the integrated development of urban and rural economy and society. In specific work, we should focus on "four overall plans" and realize "four integrations".
(1) Coordinate the spatial layout of urban and rural areas and realize the integration of industrial development.
Take promoting industrialization as the leading direction and core strategy of coordinated urban and rural development, expand the total industrial output, enhance the leading role of industry in leading development, promote urbanization with industrialization, improve the level of agricultural development with industrialization, and promote industrial integration with modern service industry. Adhere to the development of villages into large plates, pay attention to the connection and coordination of infrastructure and public facilities between urban and rural areas, especially strengthen the overall planning and construction of major regional infrastructure and public service facilities, and realize the effective docking between urban and rural areas. Insist on promoting industrialization with information technology, transform traditional industries with advanced technology, and take the road of new industrialization. Accelerate the revitalization of traditional advantageous industries, develop emerging industries, extend industrial chains, cultivate industrial clusters, and enhance the supporting development capabilities of industries. Concentrate on making industrial clusters bigger and stronger, and drive farmers to increase their income continuously. Planning urban construction from a high starting point, highlighting the development of large and medium-sized cities, intensively developing small towns, and taking a new road of urbanization. Accelerate the cultivation of key towns, making them an important node connecting urban and rural areas, an important carrier for prospering rural areas, serving agriculture and gathering farmers.
(2) Coordinate the economic distribution mechanism and realize the integration of urban and rural construction.
Establish and improve the public finance system, adjust the structure of fiscal expenditure at all levels, and achieve full coverage of public finance in urban and rural areas. Establish a standardized transfer payment system to make financial rights and administrative rights symmetrical, build a public finance system that meets public needs as soon as possible, and create an equal social environment for the whole society. Gradually improve the financial transfer payment system for rural education and health, raise funds for the implementation of urban and rural social security and social assistance policies and measures through multiple channels, establish and improve the financial input mechanism combining direct government investment, capital injection and loan interest subsidy, improve the efficiency of the use of financial funds, and optimize the distribution structure of financial funds. We should increase financial support for agriculture and rural areas, adjust the direction and structure of agricultural subsidies, shift the focus of support to improving agricultural competitiveness, improve subsidy efficiency, guide farmers to adjust and optimize production structure, and accelerate the pace of agricultural industrial upgrading. Actively promote the reform of rural taxes and fees and supporting reforms, resolutely implement the policy of "giving more and taking less", and reduce the burden on farmers to a greater extent on the basis of abolishing agricultural taxes.
(3) Coordinate urban and rural social construction, realize socialized and low-cost public service system in education, medical care and culture, and let urban and rural residents share the fruits of development.
Vigorously strengthen rural infrastructure, basic education and vocational education to enrich the cultural life of rural farmers; Strengthen rural medical and health construction and facilities construction, establish a new rural cooperative medical system focusing on serious illness as a whole, improve the minimum living security system, and gradually make urban and rural residents enjoy equal development opportunities and social security rights, and become beneficiaries, builders and promoters of social progress and modern civilization achievements. Develop industrial investment funds and venture capital funds, explore the establishment of guarantee funds, and gradually solve the problems of farmers, small and medium-sized enterprises and private enterprises. In particular, we should strengthen financial support for rural development, encourage financial institutions to vigorously support the construction of urban and rural infrastructure and public service facilities, and strive to extend their business to rural areas. Guide financial institutions to increase credit support for agricultural industrialized enterprises, relax loan conditions, expand the scope of services, and form a win-win mechanism.
(4) Coordinate the formulation of government policies and realize the integration of urban and rural systems.
With the goal of establishing an integrated urban-rural structural system, we will vigorously promote institutional reforms such as public finance, household registration management, employment, land and social security, and provide institutional guarantees for establishing the relationship between workers and peasants and the harmonious relationship between urban and rural areas. Break the urban-rural division system, build a platform for equal cooperation in systems and policies, and realize a major change from feeding back agriculture to feeding back agriculture as soon as possible. Strengthen the rural policy tilt, gradually narrow the gap between urban and rural areas, create conditions for the factors of production, especially rural population, land and labor to flow according to market rules, increase farmers' motivation to enter cities, reduce rural land load, and thus accelerate the process of urbanization. Around the construction of new countryside, we should take the 20-word policy of "production development, affluent life, civilized rural customs, clean village appearance and democratic management" as the overall requirement, innovate ways and means, clarify rules and regulations, mobilize social forces to feed back the countryside and accelerate rural development.
PS: Some students said that the answer to the first question did not focus on the key and difficult points, but on how to deepen social and people's livelihood reform. I quite agree with you, but I can't sum up other more important answers. Please forgive me.