China's first monograph on literary theory and criticism-Liu Xie's Wen Xin Diao Long.
China's first monograph on poetry theory and criticism-Zhong Rong's Poems.
According to what you said, it should be "poetry"
Poetry, written by Zhong Rong. It is another masterpiece of literary criticism after Liu Xie's Wen Xin Diao Long. It is no accident that these two works appeared one after another in the Qi and Liang Dynasties, because they are the products of the struggle against the formalism of Qi and Liang Dynasties.
The scope of discussion in Shi Pin is mainly five-character poems. The book * * * commented on 122 poets from Han Dynasty to Liang Dynasty, including 1 1, 39 middle-class poets and 72 low-class poets. In Preface to Poetry, he talked about his overall view of poetry: "Therefore, poetry has three meanings, one is happiness, the other is being compared, and the third is being endowed. The text is full of meaning, but also prosperous; Because things are metaphorical, they are better than others; Straight book, fable writing, fu also. The triple meanings of macro-philosophy, used as appropriate, dried by wind and moistened by Cai Dan, make the tasters infinite and the listeners tempted. This is the best poem. If you are good at metaphor, you will suffer from deep affection, and deep affection will make a slip of the tongue. If you use fu, you will suffer from floating, floating will disperse, and you will become a stream. Words never stop, and you will be tired. " Judging from this passage, his view of poetry is as follows: first, he emphasizes the combination of fu and bi xing; Second, we should attach equal importance to domestic wind and foreign Cai Dan. This is generally close to Liu Xie's point of view, but slightly different in the interpretation and emphasis of comparison.
Zhong Rong also resolutely opposes the use of allusions in poetry. He said in the preface: "If it is a national symbol, it should be funded by Bo Gu; Writing an article refuting virtue should be from bad to strong. Even if you are lyrical, why use things? " He also quoted many famous poems to explain that "ancient and modern words speak louder than words, and most of them are not empty, and they are all straightforward." He also sharply rebuked the wind of "almost copying books" formed by Yan Yannian and Xie Zhuang at the end of the Song Dynasty. Liu Xie is not generally opposed to using allusions. In "Things", he only advocated that the creation should be based on "talent as the key link, learning as the supplement", and the allusions should be accurate and to the point. However, Zhong Rong talks about poetry, and Liu Xie also writes a pen, including Guo Jing's Wen Fu and Zhu De's Refutation mentioned by Zhong Rong, so it is hard to say that Liu Zhong and Liu Zhong have very different views on allusions.
Zhong Rong also resolutely opposed Shen Yue and others' theory of four tones and eight diseases. He said: "I said that the literary system should be satirized. Don't interfere. But it is enough to speak clearly and clearly, and the tone should be adjusted. Go up one level, and the rest are not cured; The waist and knees of the bees are already there. " Shen Yue and others put forward the poetic law of four tones and eight diseases. The artificial restrictions are too strict for them to abide by. Zhong Rong criticized them for being "reserved and exclusive". Therefore, it makes words more taboo and hurts its beauty. "This is absolutely correct. However, Zhong Rong saw the harm of going too far, and generally opposed to speaking four tones and meter, which was a bit "because of choking." Liu Xie actively advocated that the article should pay attention to melody in his book Melody, and he also briefly analyzed some basic principles and difficulties in the application of melody.
An important feature of Zhong Rong's poetry criticism is that he is good at summing up the poet's unique artistic style. He summed up the style of poetry mainly from the following aspects: First, on Fu Bixing, for example, Ruan Ji's poem "Speaking in the eyes and ears, feeling in the table of eight shortages"; Said Zuo Si's poem "satire"; To say that Zhang Huashi is "not surprisingly prosperous" is based on comparison. The second is the theory of character and ci, such as Cao Zhi's poem "The character is extremely high and the ci is Chinese"; It is said that Liu Zhen's poem is "true bone first frost, high winds and vulgar, but he writes too angrily and hates less"; It is said that Zhang Xie's poems are "better than Pan Yue's, but not too impulsive" and "the words are gorgeous and sonorous"; It's all about style and ci. Third, he attaches importance to the taste of poetry. In the preface, he once said that the five-character poem is "many writers have a taste", and the poem should make people "have endless taste and be tempted by it", and oppose the "blandness" of the metaphysical poem in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. When talking about poets, he also said that Zhang Xie's poems were "disturbing"; Ying Yun's poem "Splendid Fragrance". Fourth, pay attention to the beautiful sentences in quotations and hymns. In the preface, famous sentences such as "the thoughts of a gentleman are like running water" and "there are many haters on the high platform" have been quoted, which are called "winning words"; On Xie Lingyun's poems, he called them "famous articles and famous sentences rising everywhere"; On Xie Tiao's poems, he often takes "strange chapters and beautiful sentences" as a warning; On Cao Cao's poems, he also said that he "has a very sad sentence"; They are all examples of poetry that pay attention to surprise attacks on police. In addition to the above four points, he is also good at using words to describe the style characteristics of poetry. For example, commenting on the poems of Fan Yun and Qiu Chi, he said: "Fan Shiqing will turn, like the wind returning to snow; Autumn poems are dotted with charm, like falling flowers and falling grass. " The language is fresh and appropriate.
Zhong Rong also has a certain historical view on poetry. In his preface, there is also a general discussion on the emergence and development of five-character poems, which can also be said to be the outline of poetry history in his mind. However, he focuses on the lineup of poets of all generations, which is different from Liu Xie's Poems of Ming Dynasty, which focuses on the same style and background of poems of all generations. Regarding the style of every poet, Zhong Rong always points out that he "originated" from someone. Although there is a principled mistake in recognizing the stream as the source, we can't deny the influence of his predecessors. In this regard, he put forward some very noteworthy arguments. For example, he thinks that Lu Ji and Xie Lingyun "originated from Chen Si" and Yan Yannian "originated from Lu Ji"; It is believed that Zuo Si's poems originated from Liu Zhen, and Tao Qian's poems are "consistent with Zuo Si's style", which not only captures some important characteristics of these poets in style, but also inspires us to divide poetry schools to some extent. However, the poet inherited the previous generation of writers in style, and the relationship was complicated. Zhong Rong often simplifies this problem. He said that Cao Zhi's poems originated from the national system and Ruan Ji's poems originated from Xiaoya, which is an obvious example. He said that Wang Shen and Cao Pi's poems were written by Li Ling, Ji Kang's poems were written by Cao Pi, and Tao Qian's poems were written in response. We can hardly see any evidence. As for RoyceWong's statement that Liu Kun's poems are based on "the nature of Wen Xiu", it is even more obvious that there are some contradictions. His poetics obliterated Yuefu folk songs in the Han Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties, which was obviously biased. His lack of correct judgment on the tradition inherited by Jian 'an poets is closely related to this point.
On the one hand, Zhong Rong's poetry criticism is against some formalistic phenomena, on the other hand, it is also influenced by the formalistic trend of thought in the Southern Dynasties. When he evaluates poets, he often puts words first, and rarely involves the ideological achievements of his works. Therefore, he called Lu Ji, who was "brilliant, eloquent and gorgeous", "the English of Taikang", above Zuo Si; Xie Lingyun is called "Hero of Yuanjia", ranking above Tao Qian and Bao Zhao. When grading, Cao Cao, who created the poetic style of Jian 'an, was even classified as inferior, while Tao Qian and Bao Zhao were classified as middle products. Obviously, these places are inconsistent with his view that wind power is as important as Cai Dan in the preface. He criticized poetry by abstracting sentences, which reflected the tendency of "arguing for a strange sentence" in his creation at that time, but also opened up a bad atmosphere of criticism in later generations. [ 1]?
Historical influence
Zhong Rong's Shi Pin is the first work on poetry, which has a great influence on the criticism of later generations. Tang Tu, Song, Ming Hu Yinglin, Shi Zhen, Yuan Mei, Hong and others' viewpoints, methods and language expressions were all inspired and influenced by him.