The social welfare system formed in China's history is related to the traditional planned economy system. Under the condition of establishing and perfecting the market economic system, many problems existing in the old social welfare system are increasingly prominent, such as: small coverage and narrow scope; The welfare facilities of employees in the unit are not open enough to the society, and the social welfare facilities are insufficient; Social welfare enterprises run, that is, "enterprises run society" and so on. This not only caused the difference of social welfare treatment between enterprises and institutions, urban and rural residents, but also aggravated the contradiction between income and expenditure of welfare expenditure, which made the country and society bear unbearable pressure. At the same time, China's "getting old before getting rich" has entered an aging society ahead of schedule, and a large number of elderly people have strong demand for welfare services, and the supply gap will be further revealed. In China, social welfare is essentially composed of three parts: one is the welfare allowance and welfare facilities provided by the labor department to employees; First, social welfare production, the purpose of which is to solve the life and employment problems of the disabled; Then there are social welfare undertakings, such as nursing homes, orphanages and welfare homes for mental patients. Therefore, the socialization of social welfare in China should mainly include the following five aspects.
(A) the public service object
The object of service is the subject of social welfare, and the scope of the subject is the basic symbol of the development level of social welfare. There are few original social welfare objects in China. In the process of transition from planned economy to market economy, the groups that need social welfare have expanded, and the social welfare serving the old, young and disabled groups has not adapted to the requirements of economic system transformation. Therefore, on the basis of the development of production and the improvement of people's living standards, social welfare must change the past concept and practice that social welfare institutions only face traditional service targets such as "three no-personnel", "five-guarantee households" and orphans, and provide opportunities for social members who need social welfare to enjoy various social welfare services through a combination of paid, low-paid and free services, and gradually expand the main scope of service targets. In order to prevent the "big pot rice" from flowing back, we should learn from western welfare countries, base ourselves on china national conditions and strength and strictly limit the social welfare objects to the people who need it most according to the principle of "localization". Among them, the elderly group is the main target of the socialization of welfare services at present.
Socialization of welfare resources
The inherent requirement of socialization of social welfare is to change the single investor in the past and open up multiple investment channels for the state, collectives, social organizations and individuals to share social welfare funds in proportion. In recent years, the development trend of welfare service institutions for the elderly in Guangzhou shows that private nursing homes run by associations, enterprises and individuals are on the rise, but the input from the community is limited. Therefore, opening up multiple investment channels for the state, collectives, social organizations and individuals to share social welfare funds in proportion is a way to properly solve the long-term simplification of social welfare funds. In addition, the state can implement preferential policies such as tax reduction and exemption, and rely on social forces to help people with special difficulties achieve employment, develop production, and reduce the burden on the state. Thirdly, it is also an effective way to solve the problem of insufficient social welfare funds by vigorously developing social prize-winning fundraising, taking it from the people and using it for the people.
(C) Socialization of social welfare management
Social welfare is an important part of national economy and social development, which should be incorporated into national and local social and economic development plans, establish a market-oriented operation mechanism, and realize the socialization of social welfare management. It is mainly reflected in two aspects: on the one hand, it changes the situation that social welfare institutions were directly run and managed by the government in the past, guides social welfare social affairs, makes overall plans, unifies policies, acts in concert, mobilizes the masses and mobilizes the enthusiasm of all parties. The government no longer interferes with the daily business activities of social welfare institutions, but "focuses on formulating policies, regulations and rules related to social welfare." It is necessary to formulate plans, examine and approve according to law, supervise and inspect, sum up and popularize advanced experience, provide good services, solve practical problems, create a big environment, and guide the development of various social welfare institutions. " On the other hand, to strengthen fund management, we should not only appropriately increase welfare items and raise welfare standards according to the social and economic development, but also strengthen the financial management of welfare institutions, welfare enterprises and social donation welfare funds, improve the efficiency of fund use, supervise enterprises to make good use of tax reduction and exemption, and use them for technological transformation to prevent misappropriation and loss of funds. So that all social welfare institutions can not only achieve social benefits, but also achieve certain economic benefits, both survival and development.
Socialization of service facilities
The scale, quantity and layout of welfare facilities are directly related to the effective play of social welfare facilities. In the period of social transformation in China, the construction of social welfare facilities must take the road of tapping the potential, combining state investment with social investment, and combining the construction of spiritual civilization "window" with the development of grassroots community welfare facilities. Open the existing social welfare facilities and welfare facilities of institutions, enterprises and institutions to the society, endow them with the original meaning of "socialization", take measures such as co-construction, construction and social donation, develop small, scattered and reasonable welfare facilities, guide extensive social participation with less investment, promote the socialization process of social welfare, achieve the purpose of increasing efficiency and meet the public's demand for social welfare facilities at different levels.
Socialization of service team
The direct function of social welfare is realized through social interaction between people, and human factors largely determine the service quality and effect of social welfare. Strengthening the social welfare service team and improving the quality of service personnel, that is, strengthening the construction of social work, is an important link in the socialization of social welfare. At present, the professionalization and specialization of social work is a world trend. Judging from the professionalization and specialization of social work in the west, it is mainly reflected in four aspects: first, there are special social groups and subordinate institutions engaged in various welfare services; Second, there are recognized professional codes and audit and certification systems to ensure the implementation of the codes; Third, there are institutions specializing in social work education and practical training courses; Fourth, there are working procedures to ensure the smooth progress of the work and the necessary protection of professional rights. Drawing lessons from international experience and combining the current situation of social welfare in China, we should do a good job in the construction of social welfare service team in China in three aspects: First, continuously enrich the personnel, expand the professional service team, maintain a stable high-quality backbone team, and gradually make social welfare services professional and professional. The second is to open the welfare facilities of enterprises and institutions to the society, so that the staff of welfare facilities of enterprises and institutions can undertake certain social tasks and improve the efficiency of welfare facilities through paid and market-oriented means. Third, through grassroots organizations such as neighborhood committees and street offices, strengthen social morality, national traditions and ethics education, and let community members realize that social welfare is related to the vital interests of every member of society. Every social organization, family and individual has both the right to receive social services and the obligation to participate in social services. We can develop mutual aid organizations, advocate family voluntary contracting, let more people participate in social welfare services, combine the specialization of service teams with volunteers, and let the elderly and the disabled in the community live a stable life.
Second, the principle of socialization of social welfare
(A) based on national conditions, step by step
China is a developing country with a large population, so it is impossible to implement a high welfare policy similar to that of western countries. We should adhere to the principle of proceeding step by step from the national conditions and not blindly advance. On the whole, the development speed of welfare undertakings can not exceed the economic development speed, but it can not be too lagging behind, that is, it should be considered and designed from a long-term strategy; Tactically pay attention to practical results, prioritize and prevent copying foreign models. As far as urban and rural areas are concerned, it is an important content of the socialization of social welfare in China to reform the social welfare system based on the household registration system and the unit system in the past and improve the fragile social welfare system in rural areas. In cities, first of all, we should combine the reform of large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises, break the social welfare system that is arranged by the state and divided by departments, vigorously promote community services, make up for the shortage of welfare expenditures, and solve those things that are urgently needed and have the spare capacity to do; In rural areas, social welfare and social insurance are closely combined, rural social endowment insurance, rural cooperative medical care and disaster insurance are carried out according to time and place, community welfare service activities are advocated, a perfect rural social welfare system is formed, and a good social environment is created for rural residents' production and life.
(two) according to the situation, according to local conditions, classified guidance.
China has a vast territory, the potential and degree of social transformation in the eastern, central and western regions are extremely unbalanced, and the requirements and preferences for social welfare are quite different. In the process of promoting the socialization of social welfare, we should follow the principles of different contents, different levels, various forms and separation of urban and rural areas. It is necessary to prevent mutual comparison and blindly pursue high welfare and high consumption. Only in this way can we truly establish a social welfare system that is suitable for China's national conditions and conducive to the sustainable development of China's social economy.
(3) Give priority to fairness, give consideration to efficiency, and realize the unity of fairness and efficiency.
The concepts of "fairness" and "efficiency" are closely related to the distribution of social resources in essence. With the development of social economy and the change of social structure, the connotation of fairness has been further expanded. It refers to the distribution of social resources under the premise of considering human rights and morality, combined with citizens' contribution to social distribution, family support coefficient and other factors. Efficiency refers to the effective allocation of social resources. According to the standard of fair distribution, only when equal distribution and efficiency distribution are realized at the same time can fair distribution be truly realized. After the reform and opening up, we gradually realized the importance of efficiency, and "giving priority to efficiency and giving consideration to fairness" became the guiding ideology for establishing and perfecting the socialist market economic system. However, as the government's distribution to correct market defects, the goal of social welfare system is to pursue social equity and protect people's basic living needs. The reform of social welfare system should adhere to the principle of "giving priority to fairness and giving consideration to efficiency". Therefore, social welfare is aimed at all members of society, regardless of gender, age, grade, occupation and belief, and they enjoy equal rights in enjoying social welfare. On this premise, we should give consideration to efficiency and combine the development of welfare with the development of production to form a virtuous circle in which welfare promotes production and production promotes welfare. In other words, we should pay attention to actively developing social welfare undertakings that are beneficial to production and life. At the same time, we should pay attention to the combination of paid services and free services, so as to enhance the internal vitality of social welfare undertakings and give full play to the best economic and social benefits. The establishment of welfare enterprises can not only reflect fairness, but also produce efficiency. We should continue to explore ways for welfare enterprises to turn losses into profits under market competition.
(4) Equality of rights and obligations
The relationship between rights and obligations should take into account the national conditions of each country. The development of social welfare in China has a different historical background from that in western developed countries. For example, under the premise of long-term dual social and economic structure, we cannot simply think that rights and obligations in social welfare are irrelevant. Although social welfare is one of the basic rights that social members should enjoy, it does not mean that social members can enjoy social welfare unconditionally. Only by fulfilling certain obligations can the right subject of social welfare obtain the status of the right subject. Under the socialist market economy system, the principle of equal rights and obligations is not only the principle of distribution according to work, but also the principle that social welfare must adhere to. Under the traditional system, the enterprise and unitization of China's social welfare have formed a social psychological stereotype, which will inevitably encourage all units to blindly expand welfare projects beyond their own conditions, improve the natural rigidity of welfare treatment, and make the welfare standards easy to go up and difficult to go down, so that in order to expand the welfare standards of their own enterprises and units, some enterprises will not hesitate to occupy the production development fund and the technical transformation fund, resulting in the growing desire for social welfare of some social members and poor sense of obligation. During the social transformation period brought by the reform and opening up, there have been some social problems, such as the weakening of group consciousness, the imbalance of ethical concepts and the distortion of values. Therefore, there is no right without obligation, and the social welfare system reform under the market economy system should correctly handle the reciprocal relationship between rights and obligations. Specifically, we should focus on solving the following four problems: first, on the basis of monetization of wages and salaries, we should rectify employee welfare projects, adjust social welfare treatment standards, and implement a unified, scientific and reasonable social welfare system, so that workers can change from "unit people" to "social people" and social welfare can change from enterprise to socialization, thus improving the competitiveness of enterprises and promoting the reform of state-owned enterprises; Second, scientifically define the quantitative standards of the obligations that the subject of social welfare rights should bear, and enhance the public's moral sense of others; Third, efforts should be made to expand the publicity of social welfare socialization, enhance citizens' awareness of self-protection, prevent rent-seeking behavior in social welfare, and prevent the occurrence of "welfare diseases"; Fourth, consolidate the family security function, strive to eliminate the influence of unreasonable factors on the family security function, and prevent the family's due obligations from being pushed to the society and increasing the undue burden of social welfare.
refer to
1. See Tang Jun and Wang Ying: Reform of Welfare Services for the Elderly in China: Investigation and Thinking, Population of China, 1999, No.3.
2. See Zhang Guilin: Building a Fair and Reasonable Social Security System Based on National Conditions, Forum on Politics and LawNo. 1999,No. 1.
3. See Dojicai Jean: Accelerating the development of social welfare and actively promoting the socialization of social welfare, study times, May 8, 2000.
Author: Ding Kaijie China Agricultural University
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