How to write a scientific paper?

How to write scientific papers

1. Title

1. 1 Title requirements

The title is the general title of the paper, also known as the title or title. As the general title of the paper, the title should enable readers to understand the core content and main points of the paper. Writing the title must be accurate, concise and distinctive, not too vague and general, nor too cumbersome, so that people can't get a clear impression.

(1) Accuracy: Accuracy means that the title of the topic should properly reflect the scope and depth of the research, and the words should reflect the essence, not generalities. Such as "a problem worth studying", "some problems about xxx" and "research on control system" are too general.

(2) Conciseness: Conciseness means that the title should be as short as possible on the premise of clearly expressing the content. According to GB77 13—87-87, Chinese titles should generally not exceed 20 Chinese characters. How to keep the title concise?

1) Delete redundant words as much as possible, that is, after repeated deliberation, if the title still reflects the specific content of the paper after deleting some words, then these words should be deleted.

2) Avoid using synonyms or synonyms together, and only use one of them, such as "analysis and calculation of problems", "analysis" and "calculation" are synonyms here. How to calculate without analysis? So only one of them is kept. Another example is "analysis and discussion", either of which is optional.

(3) Significantness: Significantness means that people can know what it means at a glance, without confusion or ambiguity. Some titles are so vague that people can't tell which subject they belong to, which makes classification difficult.

If the title is difficult to fully express the content of the paper, you can further explain the title with the subtitle name. Chinese and English titles are connected by dashes and colons respectively.

Topics should also try to avoid using unfamiliar chemical structural formulas, mathematical formulas and abbreviations.

1.2 Title Frequently Asked Questions

(1) has a big title and a small content.

The topic involves a wide range of research and many contents, but the content of the paper only involves one aspect or one point. For example, the topic is "Research on the Kinematics of Service Robot Arm", and the content is the solution of a seven-degree-of-freedom inverse kinematics when the author develops a service robot. This solution is not only used for service robots. If the topic is changed to "a solution to the inverse kinematics of a humanoid arm with seven degrees of freedom", it is of both academic significance and the author's research project.

(2) The topic is tedious and the theme is not clear.

For example, the term "discovery and research of intelligent optical windows based on conductive polymer materials and inorganic oxides" is tedious and can be changed to "research of optical windows based on conductive polymers and inorganic oxides".

(3) Do not pay attention to discretion, intentionally or unintentionally.

In order to attract readers' attention, or because they don't know enough about the scientific and technological development of their own disciplines and majors, some authors intentionally or unintentionally exaggerate their achievements, and often appear words such as "XXX mechanism research" and "XXX law (or model)". Of course, if the depth of research really reaches this level, it is not impossible, but generally we should be cautious.

2. Summary

We should summarize the main contents of the full text, including the purpose, methods, results and conclusions, and focus on writing specific research results, especially the innovations.

(1) Purpose: Mainly explain the premise, purpose, subject scope or problems to be solved of this research, development and investigation.

(2) Method: explain the working process of the research and the technical means or methods adopted, including theories, assumptions or boundary conditions, and the main equipment and instruments used; For the new technical means, its basic principle, application scope, accuracy and achieved error should be described.

(3) Results and conclusions: The final results and conclusions drawn by the author in this work process may include applications or potential uses. It can be obtained experimental data, experimental results and relationships, or it can be a theoretical result.

In short, the abstract should be substantial, not too abstract or empty, and not self-evaluation.

3. Keywords

Keywords are words and phrases selected from the title, hierarchical title, abstract and text of the paper that can reflect the theme of the paper.

Step 4 introduce

4. 1 Introduction and writing requirements

Introduction, as the beginning of the paper, mainly explains the ins and outs of the research results, that is, answers why we should study related topics. The purpose is to draw out the innovative arguments of the author's research results, so that readers can have a general understanding of the problems to be expressed in the paper and arouse readers' interest in reading the paper.

There is a lot to be written in the introduction, but the length of the paper is limited, so most publications have strict restrictions on the length of the introduction, which is generally slightly more than the number of words in the abstract. It is required that the writing of this part should be concise and focused, and it should not be the same as the abstract, nor should it be the annotation of the abstract. Generally, charts and formulas are not used to discuss problems, but at least there must be a list of opinions, and the author's innovations must be clearly expressed.

4.2 Frequently Asked Questions in Introduction Writing

(1) The background information discussed by the author is too vague and has nothing to do with the author's innovation.

(2) Open the door without seeing the mountain. In order to emphasize their own innovation, some authors often explain the development status of this study in detail; In order to save trouble, some authors often copy the content of the project application directly.

(3) unable to express their own innovation achievements, unable to distinguish other people's achievements from their own contributions, making innovation vague and contradictory.

5. Text

The text is the part after the introduction and before the conclusion, and it is also the core part of the paper. The statement of the author's argument, the statement of the argument, the process, result and discussion of the argument should be displayed here.

5. 1 Text requirements

The text is the embodiment of the author's overall writing intention or basic viewpoint, which plays a decisive role in the publication and value of the paper. Require correct views, clear arguments, sufficient arguments and novel materials selection; The discussion should be organized, logical, readable and standardized; The expression should be based on the principle that readers get the most information in the shortest time; The use of terms of quantity, unit and grade should be standardized. A successful scientific paper should meet the following requirements:

(1) reflects innovation.

Whether the writing is innovative is the primary criterion to decide whether the paper is adopted or not, and it is also the main basis for a publication to decide whether to hire or not. The degree of innovation of a paper varies widely, but you must always have your own opinions and some unique opinions, and you must always promote the development of science and technology. Although many papers are not "presented for the first time" or "discovered for the first time", as a paper, there should always be something new in the study of a certain problem, or the improvement of an algorithm or a certain technical index. Those who basically duplicate the work of others, although the results of the author's painstaking research, are not among the innovations.

Without one's own original opinions, this is a common problem in thesis writing at present. In the author's contributions, the common problems that are not outstanding in innovation are as follows:

1) Have the same opinion or repeat the work of others.

2) The research depth is not enough.

3) The author didn't do any research at all, and the whole article is a patchwork of materials, so the language narration of this kind of article seems irrelevant and has no creativity at all.

4) The idea of the paper is novel, which is the focus of current research, but the author can't write his own innovation.

Although some papers are a little innovative, the only novelty is drowned out, because the author can't tell which ones are predecessors' and which ones are his own.

(2) The argument is outstanding

(3) Respect the facts

(4) accurate expression

5.2 Text structure

A good structural level is an important guarantee for writing a good paper. The problem of "speaking in sequence" depends on the structural level. The purpose of emphasizing the structure is to make the content of the article closely around the theme layer by layer, interlocking, so that the whole paper is systematic and seamless. The text is the main part of the paper, especially paying attention to the structural level, so the author should plan it carefully.

(1) structural hierarchy requirements

There are two requirements for the structural level of scientific papers:

1) should be logical.

2) contact with nature, complete and unified.

(2) Several structural forms

The common structural forms of scientific papers are parallel, progressive, total score and subtotal.

(3) the title structure of the text

The structural level of scientific papers is generally divided into several natural paragraphs or discussed with several subheadings. The subtitles of each layer are coded continuously with Arabic numerals. The two digits of a code consist of a dot (.), and there is no dot after the last digit. For example:

1 (first-level title)

1.2 (secondary title)

1.2.3 (level 3 title)

1.3.4. 1 (four-level title)

All the codes are written in the box in the upper left corner. Each level generally does not exceed 4 levels. If the last level needs to be graded,1) can be used; 2); ①; ② Formal representation.

No matter the text structure in the form of natural paragraphs or subheadings, we should pay attention to the close connection, interlocking and strict logic between all levels to be impeccable; Levels should also be coordinated, and the order and length of each part should be refined according to the logical order and the need to express the theme, and omitted at the same time.

(4) the transition and reference of the text

5.3 Frequently Asked Questions on Text Structure Level

In the author's contribution, the main problems existing in the text structure arrangement are as follows:

(1) The title is not concise and inappropriate.

(2) The wording of the title is imprecise and vague.

(3) There is no logical connection between titles.

(4) The progressive level lacks order and fragments, is disconnected, and the level is chaotic, which does not conform to the development law of things or phenomena.

(5) Use multiple structural ways in the same manuscript.

6. Conclusion

6. 1 Contents of the conclusion

(1) What are the advantages of the technical theory or achievements of this study compared with the existing ones?

(2) What scope and technical conditions are applicable to the technical theory or technical achievements of this study;

(3) What is the consistency between the experimental results of this study and the practical application?

(4) What are the improvements and suggestions for the application technology?

For technical papers, the first one is necessary, which shows that the paper is innovative.

6.2 Requirements of conclusions

The conclusions of scientific papers should be divided into primary and secondary, and arranged according to their importance. If the conclusion contains more contents, it can be listed in articles, each of which is a paragraph. A paragraph includes several sentences, or it may be a sentence. If there are not many conclusions, don't list them separately. The conclusion should include the necessary data, but it is mainly expressed in words. The specific requirements are as follows:

(1) is accurate in generalization and rigorous in structure.

(2) clear and specific, short and pithy.

(three) objective and fair, seeking truth from facts.

6.3 Common Problems in Conclusion Writing

(1) No conclusion.

(2) Simple repetition

(3) Fuzziness

7 references

Principle of reference description

(1) Only record the most needed and latest documents;

(2) Only the published documents are recorded;

(3) adopting standardized description format;