Process materials and processes limit the molding, and ceramic containers can only be molded when the process materials and processes have certain material guarantee. Process materials and processes are not only the concrete expression means of ceramic modeling, but also provide the necessary conditions for beauty and have an important influence on modeling. The continuous enrichment and diversity of ceramic modeling varieties and styles are inseparable from the development of technical production in each era; The transformation of process materials and the improvement of process technology will promote the continuous development of ceramic modeling to a certain extent.
In the early Qing Dynasty, the porcelain handicraft industry, especially the official kiln porcelain, used more kaolin than in the Ming Dynasty. Porcelain in the early Qing dynasty was close to modern hard porcelain, and the amount of kaolin was half of the formula. The sintering temperature also increases. Therefore, even though the modeling changes of porcelain in Qing Dynasty are very complicated, the shapes of lines and their changeable shapes can remain unchanged in Kangxi Dynasty, such as hollow aromatherapy, Ben Hu Ba and Fu Zi pot, Lu Zi pot and Shou Zi pot. The new technological achievements of excellent fetal quality enabled the Kangxi dynasty to fire magnificent or exquisite utensils, and obtained material guarantee in the process materials.
By the Kangxi dynasty, the raw materials for tire making not only changed the proportion of components, but also carried out fine treatment on the raw materials. At this time, the porcelain embryo is white, meticulous, hard and pure, and is known as "glutinous rice juice". More delicate and moist than Ming porcelain, less impurities. Generally, it is difficult to find loopholes with the naked eye without a magnifying glass. Kangxi porcelain tire structure is dense and uniform, which greatly increases the proportion of porcelain tire, commonly known as Kangxi porcelain tire is thin and heavy. The above characteristics enhance the stability of the vessel to a certain extent, and can reduce the danger of being knocked down by a little external force. In a word, these breakthroughs in craft materials during the Kangxi period were factors that could not be ignored for the rich development of a generation of modeling and the formation of its characteristics.
The continuous innovation and improvement of process technology has a direct impact on ceramic modeling. The accuracy, standardization and high yield of porcelain in Kangxi dynasty are closely related to the improvement of molding method and technology. During the Kangxi period, the molding process of combining different monomers and different parts into a whole reached a peak. The firing of porcelain and the molding of round ware are relatively easier than knives, but the popular "covering cups" and "saving dishes" in Kangxi period show the extraordinary skills of Kangxi dynasty in the molding of round ware. "Cup sleeve", an unprecedented vessel, is composed of several monomers with different calibers and different body depths, which are combined into a decreasing group in an orderly way. This kind of nesting from large to small, we must strictly grasp the size of each monomer when molding, so as to fit in turn. There are three sets of "Kangxi blue and white figure pattern cups" collected by the Palace Museum in Beijing, which can be freely nested, which shows its superb skills in modeling. "Save the plate" is a kind of fruit plate used to hold refreshments and fruits when entertaining guests. It consists of ten or even twelve geometric monomers, forming a round or begonia-shaped whole. The collection of such objects requires that the monomer be tightly sealed and integrated, and the difficulty lies in showing the exquisite and mature molding process.
Porcelain is called "the art of fire" because firing temperature plays an important role not only in glaze and color, but also in matrix. The firing of objects requires a suitable firing temperature. If it is under-fired, the blank can not be well porcelain. The firing temperature exceeds the firing range of tire materials, and the green body expands or even deforms due to overheating. Therefore, even if the carcass of an object is successfully formed, it will collapse and be flattened because of poor temperature control in the kiln during firing. Then, even the best carcass shaping will be destroyed. Therefore, the firing temperature is also a very important factor in modeling to some extent. Due to the further reform of kilns in the Qing Dynasty, the urn-shaped kilns appeared in the Kangxi period. Both the internal structure and the firing process were more reasonable and mature, which made the products avoid raw firing and the firing temperature was further higher than that of Ming porcelain. The increase of firing temperature is also a sign of the progress of porcelain making technology. For modeling, it can enhance the strength and hardness of the matrix and reduce the deformation of the body, which plays an important role in expanding the modeling scope.
Second, there is innovation in historical evolution.
When the Qing Dynasty entered the Kangxi period, the economy developed and people's lives improved. In order to meet the needs of people from all walks of life, the shape of porcelain at that time was significantly increased compared with the previous generation, reaching the so-called "skillfully made, unprepared" situation. At this time, in addition to the traditional bowls, cups, plates, bowls, bottles, cans, pots, statues and other utensils, there are also new varieties such as hat tubes, hat racks, lampshades, snuff bottles and porcelain plates embedded in screens and beds. The same shape is also very rich and varied due to the change of shape, such as bottles, such as plum bottles, celestial bottles, garlic bottles, cylindrical bottles, gourd bottles, pestle bottles, water chestnut flat bottles, gallbladder bottles, willow bottles, jade pot spring bottles, conical handle bottles, chrysanthemum petal bottles, left-handed bottles, straight-mouthed bottles and flat-mouthed bottles. Other honour categories include Guanyin, Olive, Frye, Ma Tizun, Pipa, Apple, Belling and Taibai. Guanyin Zun, Frye Zun, Taibai Zun and Ma Tizun are unique varieties in Kangxi period. These new styles, Taibai Zun and Ma Tizun, show craftsmen's eclectic ideas in modeling.
Although most of the porcelains in the Kangxi dynasty followed the traditional shapes of the past dynasties, these vessels did not follow and copy intact, but developed and changed on the basis of the original style, bringing forth the new. The style of Longquan kiln in Yuan Dynasty is similar to that of Feng Wei Zun, but the artifacts in Kangxi period are the evolution of patterns in Ming Dynasty. It changed the sacrificial vessel into a big mouth and a bulging belly, and the outer roll of the mouth and neck was like a phoenix tail, so the pattern of the Kangxi Dynasty was also called "phoenix tail statue". The "barrel bottle" has also changed into a new style with short neck, bare shoulders and long belly. At this time, the whole object is like a thick elephant leg, so it is commonly called "elephant leg bottle" or "unified bottle" "General's Tank", named after its shell resembling the helmet of an ancient military general, existed in the Ming Dynasty. During the reign of Kangxi, the shorter figure of the previous generation was transformed, making the shape obviously spiritual. There are many unique and innovative works in Kangxi dynasty porcelain. Ma Tizun, one of the endemic species mentioned earlier, is more characteristic of the times.
At the beginning of the Qing dynasty rulers' entry into the Central Plains, there were still many nomadic cultural customs, especially the Qing dynasty clothing style characterized by horseshoe sleeves, which was a typical example of forcing nomadic lifestyle. This obvious brand of living custom that migrates with aquatic plants is also reflected in ceramic modeling. Ma Tizun was created in the Kangxi period and named after a horseshoe, which has a strong natural charm in grassland areas. Generally speaking, Ma Tizun's style is big mouth, bare shoulders, straight belly, gradually closed bottom and wide bottom, and there are two styles: tall and short. The appearance of "Gai Bowl" in Kangxi period was a new style created on the basis of tea lanterns to adapt to the changes of lifestyle and customs of the upper class at that time. Drinking tea from cup to pot is an improvement. The use of the pot can certainly make up for the shortcomings that the tea leaves are easy to cool and not easy to fall off when the teacup is used. However, even if a person uses a well-known Yixing kiln purple teapot, it is unsanitary to pour it into his mouth, which is a bit "elegant" in customs and habits. Therefore, using a "bowl cover" with a tray below and a convex cover above not only has the functions of heat preservation and cleaning, but also can prevent the fragrance from escaping, and can also block the tea entrance with water. From the point of view of tea tasting art, this kind of tea set is very artistic, which makes guests more interesting and aesthetic when tasting tea. People sip tea slowly, touch the lid with one hand and hold it up with the other, and appreciate and ponder it as a work of art, from which they can get higher artistic enjoyment. However, few people built bowls in Kangxi dynasty, and after Yongzheng dynasty, there were generally lamp holders, which constituted the supporting products in daily tea sets. There are two strange and tall objects in the porcelain of the Kangxi Dynasty: the wooden pot and Ben Hu Ba. They are the objects of frequent contact between the people of all ethnic groups in the Central Plains and the border areas. Porcelain makers absorb and integrate the cultural characteristics of brother ethnic groups on the basis of inheriting the tradition to meet the customs and life needs of ethnic minority areas. The mutual infiltration and variation of the people of all ethnic groups in the Central Plains and the border areas in ceramic modeling reflected a kind of cultural exchange and also conformed to the situation of domestic unification at that time. Therefore, Duomuhu and Ben Hu Ba can be regarded as the physical witness of frequent contacts between Han nationality and Mongolian and Tibetan brothers in the multi-ethnic unified feudal empire, and also the reflection of the third great ethnic integration in China history in porcelain making art.
The most prominent feature of Kangxi dynasty porcelain modeling is that the production process is extremely rigorous and exquisite. No matter how big or small things are, the rules are Fiona Fang, and they are carefully made, carefully turned and trimmed. It can be said that the shape of Kangxi dynasty porcelain is the clearest, and the bottom of the mouth, turnover and confession are not as good as those of the previous generation. Porcelain in Ming dynasty generally has traces of foot cutting, while porcelain in Kangxi dynasty has a serious shape, and the foot cutting is wiped with a pen or cloth, so the soles of the feet always have a soft and smooth feeling. The knives of the Ming Dynasty are small products, and they are also spliced by two or three pieces. However, even though the porcelain of the Kangxi dynasty was a large vessel, the interface traces that affected the beauty of the vessel basically disappeared. Porcelain modeling in Kangxi dynasty was particularly strict, paying attention to bottom treatment. Originally, the bottom of an object is in a very inconspicuous position in modeling, but ceramic utensils are not only placed on desks, especially round utensils such as plates and bowls, because they are used in the hand, they often contact the bottom constantly; For collectors, it is an important content that is often played and appreciated.
The porcelain of Jingdezhen kiln in Kangxi attaches great importance to the modeling and technological production of the foot. At this time, the bottom of the bowl is dug at a right angle, leaving only a short arc at the corner end to avoid dead ends. Because the anklet is thin, keep a certain height, it is not easy to burn your hands, and it is easy to slide down. Digging feet is not only convenient to use, but also gives people a clean feeling, making the shape look more radiant. The bottom of the porcelain in Kangxi dynasty changed due to careful handling, which became an important basis for later identification. One of the most distinctive is "loach back". In the early Kangxi period, the bottom of the dish and bowl was pointed, and the inside and outside were obliquely cut. After the middle period, the inner wall of the circle foot is changed to arc, which makes it a smooth, round and unbreakable loach back; "Double-circle foot", the dish-shaped object requires that the inside of the dish is flat and the center of the dish is not sunken. However, since Wanjia and Wan Wan in the Ming Dynasty, the bottom of the market has mostly collapsed. In order to reduce the deformation during firing and prevent the bottom from collapsing, the special style of double-ring foot was popular in the large-scale pot bottom foot fired in Jingdezhen kiln at the beginning of Kangxi, that is, the inner ring foot was slightly shallow, that is, the inner wall was suspended, and the contact part placed on the surface was supported by the outer ring-the outer wall touched the ground, which avoided the disadvantage of bottom collapse during firing; The "platform base", that is, the bottom of a large tool such as a bottle or statue, is screwed into the outermost circle to form a platform-like so-called "platform base", also known as a "two-story platform". To some extent, this treatment can avoid the monotony of modeling caused by vertical state from abdomen to bottom. And the bottom of the device is retracted inward, which not only increases the change of details, but also makes the boundary between the shape and the surface of the watch case clear and more lively and light. In a word, the above-mentioned meticulous treatment of the bottom of the utensils has distinct characteristics of the times and is unique to the exquisite porcelain of Kangxi Dynasty.