The following are the skills and methods of answering argumentative papers, and you are welcome to learn from them! Argumentative essay is an article about argumentation and reasoning, and it is a style with argumentation as the main expression. Mainly through putting facts and reasoning, using factual materials and logical reasoning to explain the author's point of view, showing what is for and what is against.

Skills and methods of answering argumentative papers 1 1, argument (what to prove)

Argument should be a complete expression of the author's point of view and a complete and concise sentence in form. Judging from the full text, it will be able to control the full text. The form of expression is often a judgment sentence expressing affirmation or negation, and it is a clear statement sentence.

A. grasp the argument of the article. There is only one central argument (the commander-in-chief sub-argument)

⑴ Clear: There can be n sub-arguments (to supplement and prove the central argument).

(2) Method

① Find the position: such as title, beginning, middle and end.

2 analyze the arguments of the article. (Can be used to test whether the expected parameters are appropriate)

(3) Extraction method (only sub-argument, no central argument)

B. analyze how the argument is put forward:

(1) Put facts, reason and summarize arguments;

② Cut to the chase and put forward the central argument;

(3) Propose topics according to the phenomena existing in life, and summarize the central arguments through analysis and discussion;

(4) Narrating the author's experience and summarizing the central argument;

⑤ The author asks questions from the story, then analyzes and infers them step by step, and finally draws a conclusion and puts forward the central argument.

2. Argument (with what evidence)

(1) Types of arguments:

(1) factual arguments (summarize after giving examples, and summarize closely with the arguments);

(2) argument (quote famous words to analyze).

(2) The arguments should be true, reliable and typical (subject matter, country, ancient and modern, etc.). ).

(3) Sequential arrangement (reference argument);

(4) judging whether the argument can prove the argument;

5] Supplementary arguments (proof arguments).

3, argument (how to prove)

(1) model law (must be four words)

(1) argument (example method) fact argument narrative.

(2) Argument (citation and reasoning) Argument discussion.

(3) Comparative argument (itself can also be an example argument and a reason argument)

(4) Metaphor argumentation metaphor is a metaphor in expository writing and a metaphor in prose.

2 Analysis and demonstration process:

(1) How the argument was put forward;

(2) How the argument is proved (which truths and facts are used, and whether there are positive and negative analysis and reasoning);

(3) Contact the structure of the full text, whether there is an abstract.

(3) Integrity of argument (A: Make the argument more comprehensive and complete, and avoid misunderstanding)

(4) The function of analysis and argumentation: to prove the argument in this paragraph.

4. The structure of argumentative essay

(1) General form: ① Introduction (asking questions)-② Theory (analyzing problems)-③ Conclusion (solving problems).

⑵ Type: ① Parallel type ② Total score formula ③ Total score formula ④ Total score formula ⑤ Progressive type.

5, refute the reading of the paper

(1) What is the wrong viewpoint that the author wants to refute?

(2) How does the author refute and apply those reasons and arguments;

(3) From this, what is the correct view established by the author?

6. Common test sites

(1) Argument test site for argumentative papers: First, distinguish between the issues discussed and the author's views on this issue (that is, distinguish between topics and arguments). Second, pay attention to the position of the argument in the text:

(1) At the beginning of the article, this is the so-called writing.

(2) At the end of the article, it is the so-called induction of the full text, pointing out the topic at the end of the article and revealing the writing method of the center. This kind of writing is often used to express the argument clearly. So, in short, therefore, in short, in the final analysis, and so on.

Third, distinguish between the central argument and the sub-argument: the sub-argument is generally located at the beginning of the paragraph or has iconic words: first, second, third, etc.

Fourth, we should pay attention to the expression form of the argument: sometimes the topic is the central argument. An argumentative essay has only one central argument.

Fifth, refute the inference point through arguments: arguments serve to prove arguments, and analyzing arguments can show what it proves, affirms and supports. This is an argument.

2. Argument test sites: Arguments are the basis of arguments, which are generally factual arguments and rational arguments.

1, use facts as arguments. Examples must be true and reliable, have typical significance, can reveal the essence of things, and have a certain logical connection with the argument. In argumentative writing, the narrative of cited examples should be concise and to the point, highlighting the parts directly related to the argument. When clarifying the argument, we should not only know where the factual argument is used in the text, but also summarize the factual argument. To summarize accurately, we must grasp the essential characteristics of the argument according to the argument and then express it in exact language.

2. The speech used as an argument should be authoritative. When quoting directly, the original text should be recorded, which can not be taken out of context after the fact test; You can't misinterpret your will when quoting indirectly.

(3) Structure and hierarchy of argumentative essays: The structures include parallel structure, contrast structure, hierarchy structure and total score structure.

The basic form of this test center: how does the author prove the argument? The idea of answering the question is: in order to prove the point of …, the author first uses the argument of … and then analyzes the argument of …, thus proving the point of …. The key is to clarify the level of the proof process.

(4), demonstration method test center

Argumentation method refers to the process and method of proving arguments with arguments, which is the connection between arguments and the logical relationship between arguments. There are four requirements for the senior high school entrance examination:

1. Illustration: It is a way to prove an argument by citing conclusive, sufficient and representative examples. Because "facts speak louder than words", citing hard and typical facts to prove the argument can enhance the persuasiveness of the article.

2. Reasoning and argumentation: it is a method of citing authoritative remarks to prove arguments. Therefore, this method is used properly and has strong argumentation. To analyze the function of citation method, we must first find out whose speech is quoted and what to prove, and then grasp the special function of citation method-authority and power.

3. Metaphorical argument: it is a method to prove the argument through image metaphor. This method can explain the truth in simple terms and is easily accepted by people.

4. Comparative argument: This is a way to prove the argument by comparing the positive and negative facts and reasons. By analyzing and comparing the functions of argumentation methods, comparing the two aspects, the right and wrong are more clear, and the correct view is more acceptable to readers.

Answer the idea:

(1) Reasoning argument increases the authority of argument.

(2) the factual argument, from which angle to prove the argument.

(3) Metaphorical argument, or vivid image proof …, or simple explanation proof … (to be determined according to the relationship between ontology and vehicle).

(4) Comparative argumentation, comparing the two aspects, making it more clear about right and wrong, and the correct view is more easily accepted by readers.

⑤ Linguistic features of argumentative writing: Analyze the linguistic features of argumentative writing;

(1), from a logical point of view, analyze the accuracy and rigor of its words:

(2) Analyze the generality and conciseness of his narrative from the angle of reasoning;

The vivid, vivid and emotional words should be analyzed from the perspective of rhetoric. Let's explain it from different angles:

A, accurate language: ① accurate use of concepts; (2) Modifiers such as attributive and adverbial are appropriate.

B, language rigor: rigorous judgment and reasoning, meticulous language expression and strong logic.

C, the language is characterized by clear expression, no ambiguity, clear attitude, clear love and hate, proper use of rhetorical methods and special sentence patterns to enhance the vividness and persuasiveness of the language.

D, the conciseness of language generalization is as follows: the facts in the argumentative paper are not detailed and general. The purpose of argumentative writing is to convince people by reasoning. It is not appropriate to describe it in detail. Otherwise, you will usurp the role of master. This point is reflected in general argumentative essays, so I won't give examples to illustrate it.

Answer ideas: What's the function of adding some words? Ideas:

(1) Determine and answer the (superficial) meaning of the word in the context;

(2) The expression center of words or the function of clarifying opinions (deep, metaphor or extension); This type of question mainly tests the accuracy, thoroughness and vividness of the language. Another example is whether the order of words can be reversed.

Answer the idea:

(1) Explain the meaning of words;

(2) Make clear the sequence of time or events between words and emphasize their sequence or hierarchical relationship.

6. The referent of pronouns in argumentative essays: This kind of examination questions is more common in reading of various styles. There are basically two situations: first, it needs to be summarized in context. The second is to find out what is quoted in the original text. In this case, the content of the reference generally appears before the pronoun, and can be used to replace the pronoun after being found. Read through the sentences and check whether the meaning of the sentences has changed.

⑦. Open and expand the test site.

This kind of question is generally to examine students' emotional experience or rational thinking after reading the article. When solving problems, we should combine the articles and give full play to the personal feelings gained in reading. Answer: It is equivalent to writing a small argumentative essay with arguments and arguments. Be sure to quote famous sayings or anecdotes from celebrities to prove your point of view or understanding.

8. Test sites for non-critical paper components in argumentative papers.

Thinking of answering questions: The critical elements in argumentative essays all serve the argument (different expressions have different functions, depending on the purpose of using critical elements).

Skills and methods of answering argumentative papers II. Knowledge reserve:

1. Three elements of argumentative writing: argument, argument and argumentation.

2. Demonstration methods: reasoning, example, comparison, quotation and metaphor.

3. Argumentation method: argumentation and refutation. Argumentative essays can be divided into two categories: argumentative essays and argumentative essays. )

Second, common questions and answering skills.

1, appraisal demonstration method:

Examples (including general examples)-Demonstrate examples

Quote famous sayings and make sense-make sense.

Prove a Point with Metaphor —— Metaphor Argument

Compare positive and negative facts or reasons-comparative arguments.

2, analysis and the role of the model law:

Sentence pattern: ×× argument method+argument ×× viewpoint+effect.

(1) Demonstration with examples: By citing concrete examples, the demonstration will be more concrete and convincing.

Format: Use examples to demonstrate and enumerate … (summarize examples) to prove … (if there is a sub-argument, write the sub-argument it proves, otherwise write the central argument), thus making the argument more specific and convincing.

(2) Reasoning argument: prove the argument through reasoning, making the argument more general and profound.

Form: demonstrate the viewpoint with the method of rational argument ... so as to make the argument more universal and deeper.

3. Metaphorical argument: use metaphor to prove and make the argument vivid and easy to understand.

Format: Metaphorical argument is used for comparison

④ Comparative argument: The role of comparative argument is outstanding.

Format: Compare … with … by means of comparative argument, and highlight the viewpoint of ….

⑤ Quoting arguments: The quoting arguments are complicated and related to the specific quoted materials, such as quoting famous sayings, aphorisms, authoritative data, anecdotes of celebrities, jokes and anecdotes. , its role should be analyzed in detail. For example, quoting famous sayings, aphorisms and authoritative data can enhance the persuasiveness and authority of the argument; Citing celebrity anecdotes and anecdotes can enhance the interest of the argument and attract readers to read.

Format: Use the argument method of quoting arguments, and quote … to prove the viewpoint of … to make the argument more convincing. (or more interesting, to stimulate readers' interest in reading)

3. The types and functions of analysis and demonstration:

Argumentation can be divided into two types: rational argument and factual argument.

There are two key points in answering questions: (1), defining the type of argument;

(2) Specific analysis.

The essence of this topic is to examine the relationship between arguments, whether it is the relationship between sub-arguments and central arguments or the relationship between arguments and arguments, it is the relationship between proof and proof. Therefore, the standard answer format is as follows:

This is the argument of ... it is proving ... (argument, if there is a sub-argument, write the sub-argument it proves, otherwise write the central argument. )

Supplementary argument is very popular as a new type of question. To do this kind of problem, we should pay attention to the following two aspects:

(1), see clearly the type of argument required to be supplemented, that is, see clearly whether the requirement is a famous saying or an example;

(2) Pay attention to the word limit when adding celebrity cases. Of course, as an exam, you can prepare celebrity examples and famous sayings with common themes such as "diligence" and "dealing with the world". Words of famous aphorisms should be few, things should be familiar, and long famous aphorisms or unfamiliar celebrity examples should not be prepared for novelty.

4. The article puts forward the way of central argument:

The title of the article points out the central argument;

② Put forward the central argument at the beginning of the article;

③ At last, the article summarizes the central argument;

4. In the middle of the article, put forward the central argument with a connecting sentence.

The article does not directly put forward the central argument, but it always revolves around …

5. Determine the central argument:

Look at the title, the beginning and the end, whether it is a clear judgment, whether it is the commander-in-chief of the full text, and the point of view proved by the argument.

6. Analyze the argumentation ideas of the article.

First of all, we should understand the structure of general argumentative papers: asking questions (introduction)-analyzing questions (papers)-solving problems (conclusions).

In fact, analyzing the argumentation idea of argumentative essays is to add some words such as "first", "then", "then" and "last" on the basis of paragraph level. When you do this topic, you should pay special attention to the opening and closing sentences.

Skills and methods of answering argumentative papers III. The senior high school entrance examination is the terminal display and achievement display of nine-year compulsory education, and the competition is fierce. In order to help students organize what they have learned more effectively, improve the quality and efficiency of review, and achieve ideal results in the senior high school entrance examination, the following are the contents of reading and answering skills of Chinese argumentative papers in the senior high school entrance examination.

1, find the right argument:

The title, the beginning, the end of the article, and the inconspicuous places need to be succinctly summarized. You can also find an argument by analyzing it. Because an argument proves an argument, analyze this argument and see what it proves. This question is an argument. Or analysis of topics, some topics are not arguments, but argumentative topics, and the author's view on the topic is the central argument.

2, demonstration type analysis:

Facts and reasons. Test center: add an independent variable; Stick to the argument and choose a real and typical "case".

3, clear demonstration method:

Examples, arguments, figurative arguments and comparative arguments. The general rule of reasoning is to use famous sayings as arguments. Metaphorical argumentation refers to the metaphorical rhetorical devices used in argumentation statements. Comparative argument generally needs to find out both positive and negative arguments.

Test center: the role of analysis and demonstration

1, indicating the demonstration method used;

2. Analyze which viewpoint of the author is proved by this argument method. (Generally, it is the central sentence of this paragraph (the beginning of the paragraph) or the previous sentence of the argument method adopted)

3. Argumentation structure: general structure: asking questions-analyzing problems-solving problems (i.e. introduction-theory-conclusion).

4. Analyze the linguistic features (accuracy and generality) of argumentative writing.

An argumentative paper usually begins with something, a famous saying, a fable, etc. So their role is: as an introduction, lead to the topic.

6. Argumentative essays often take questions as a transition and emphasize them.

(1) The function of rhetorical questions is to attract readers' attention, inspire readers to think and make them think.

(2) The function of rhetorical questions (rhetorical sentences): strengthen the tone, emphasize the author's point of view and make people think.

Argumentative writing skills and methods 4 Argumentative writing, literally, is an article with argumentation as the main expression. Argumentative writing is also a must in the Chinese test paper for the senior high school entrance examination. This article will introduce the skills of answering argumentative papers for senior high school entrance examination.

To read an argumentative essay, we must first understand its characteristics. Argumentative writing has three elements: argument, argument and argumentation. Only by grasping these characteristics of discussion can we know where to start and how to "read" when reading.

Answering skills of argumentative papers in senior high school entrance examination;

First, grasp the argument.

When reading an argumentative essay, the most important thing is to find out the central argument of the article. In most articles, the title only puts forward a topic, and the central argument is implied in the discussion of the article. In some articles, the title is the central argument. Then as the title of the argument, it is generally a sentence or phrase that expresses judgment and affirmation. Some articles put forward a central argument at the beginning. There are also articles that put forward central arguments in the middle or at the end of the article. ...

Second, clarify the argument.

Reading argumentative essays, after mastering the arguments, we should also find out which arguments are used to prove the arguments in Chu Wen. Argumentation is generally divided into factual argument and rational argument. Factual arguments include examples, historical facts, statistical data, etc. Facts must be reliable and representative. Rational argumentation includes the correct exposition of revolutionary instructors and the principles, laws and formulas of natural science. In addition, famous sayings, proverbs, aphorisms, etc. , correctly reflects the laws of nature and human life experience, also belongs to the rational argument.

Third, find out the ways and methods of argumentation.

Only by clarifying the argumentation method can we better grasp and understand the central argument. To understand the argumentation method, we must first understand the commonly used argumentation methods. Commonly used argumentation methods include: example argumentation, reason argumentation, contrast argumentation, metaphor argumentation, etc. Secondly, it is necessary to clarify two ways of argumentation, namely, argumentation and refutation. Argumentative writing is to directly clarify one's views and opinions on things or problems; Refutation is to establish one's correct view by opposing wrong or reactionary views. When refuting the thesis, the argument methods used are "attacking the shield with a spear of a child" and reducing to absurdity.

Fourth, make clear the structure of argumentative paper.

When reading an argumentative essay, we must understand its structure. The structure of argumentative writing is generally divided into three parts: asking questions, analyzing problems and solving problems, namely introduction, theory and conclusion. The common structural forms of argumentative writing are: juxtaposition, and the relationship between paragraphs is parallel juxtaposition; Step by step, the relationship between the parts is step by step, that is, step by step; The total score formula, the level of demonstration is the relationship between the general theory and the sub-theory, or the total score before the sub-theory, or the total score after the sub-theory. The general structure of the rebuttal paper is: put forward a wrong argument, analyze the essence and harm of the wrong argument, and draw a correct view.

5. Understand the linguistic features of argumentative writing.

Because argumentative writing is the style closest to real life, its language is often distinctive, or criticizes the shortcomings of the times, or analyzes things to the point, or mercilessly satirizes the bad social atmosphere. In addition to strict logic, choosing words and making sentences is also quite troublesome, so you should understand it carefully when reading.

Perspective of test sites

The general test sites for argumentative writing are:

(1) language accumulation and application;

(2) Looking for arguments and finding out the difference between arguments and topics;

(3) identification, understanding and demonstration methods;

(4) discuss the structure clearly;

(5) Grasp the meaning, levels and paragraphs;

(6) Understand the skills of argumentation and selection;

(7) Analyze and try to find out the meanings and expressive functions of key words and sentences;

(8) Experience the accuracy and rigor of discussion language;

(9) Understand the central sentence, supporting sentence and their relationship;

(10) Understand the author's viewpoint and writing intention according to his life experience;

(1 1) Find or supplement arguments;

(12) The difference between argumentation and refutation, etc.

You should be familiar with the answering skills of argumentative essays in the senior high school entrance examination, grasp the characteristics of argumentative essays, and make clear the structure of argumentative essays when reading. I believe it will be easy to answer the argumentative questions.