This concept is explained as follows: "Consciousness is not a connection of fragments, but a flow. Use "River" or

It is most natural to use a metaphor of' running water' to express it. After that, when we talked about it again,

Call it the stream of thought, stream of consciousness or stream of subjective life. "Then there is the stream of consciousness in the 20th century.

In the 1980s and 40s, it began to enter the field of literature and art. According to Qu Shijing's Introduction to Stream of Consciousness, Britain

China novelist May? Sinclair first used the term "stream of consciousness" in his comments. As a person,

A creative method of "stream of consciousness", except William? As the philosophical basis, James's "stream of consciousness" theory,

It also directly absorbed the psychoanalysis of Austrian psychiatrist Freud and French philosopher Bergson.

The concept of "psychological time" directly expresses the psychology and subconscious of social figures and breaks the concept of "psychological time" written by writers.

The creative methods of traditional literature include introducing characters, arranging plots and commenting on the psychological activities of characters.

The artistic characteristics of the stream of consciousness creation method are consistent with the basic literary view that modernist writers emphasize subjective expression, artistic expression and formal innovation. Therefore, various modernist literary schools have used the stream of consciousness creation method to varying degrees. In this sense, stream of consciousness is the basic creative method of modernism. In the category of China's contemporary literary trend of thought, modernist schools such as misty poetry, stream of consciousness, absurdity and black all adopt the stream of consciousness creation method.

Western modern psychology generally believes that the structure of human consciousness is a three-layer composite structure, namely consciousness,

Pre-consciousness, unconscious. Freud described consciousness as rising from the ocean on an iceberg, or

A central bright spot in a shaded halo; Unconsciousness is most of the iceberg underwater.

A point or area that gradually disappears outside the bright spot in the center of the halo; American psychologist William? Jemmy

Charles put forward the concept of "stream of consciousness" to describe the dynamic characteristics of the whole consciousness structure; Virginia, British woman writer

Woolf said in a paper entitled "Modern Fiction": "The mind accepts thousands of impressions of Qian Qian.

-tiny, strange, fleeting, or engraved with a sharp steel knife. These photos

Like dust falling from all directions ... life is not a series of symmetries.

Car lights, life is a halo, a translucent layer, has been around our consciousness. "

Stream-of-consciousness novels should not only show "the top of the ocean iceberg" and "the central bright spot in the halo",

"Car lights with left and right symmetry", an ideology with static characteristics, should also tap the "iceberg potential"

More parts of the water ","the area outside the central bright spot gradually disappears "and" always around us ".

The translucent layer of consciousness is the dynamic form of consciousness. Adapting to this goal, conscious creators

The difference between French and other types of creative methods in creative skills is mainly manifested in diversification and emphasis on selfishness.

People's secret and personalized psychological description forms: free association, inner monologue, sensory impression, dream.

Hallucinations and so on. China's contemporary stream-of-consciousness novels are not beyond this scope.

Free association: association in stream of consciousness, which is different from the association with obvious internal connection in traditional novels.

Thinking is disorderly, with the characteristics of randomness, jumping and personalization. For example, in Dream of the Sea (Wang Meng)

In the novel, the protagonist Miao Keyan, a 52-year-old translator who has never seen the sea, is excited when he sees the sea: "The sea,

Sea! Is it the sea before Gorky storm? Is it the gorgeous and weird sea written by Andersen?

Or did he work so hard to translate Jack? What about London or Hemingway's sea? Maybe,

Is that Linsky? The Ancient Arabian Sea in Kosakov's Suite of Sheikh Lasada

Right? "In" The Sea and the Lighthouse "(Kong Jiesheng), Jin Ping left the city and went to Hainan (the knowledge of that year)

On a business trip, I said, "The flags on the mast spread loudly. The city is depressed, close to the fluctuating water.

Flat lines make the sky wider and wider. Ah, this city. The blue sky is squeezed between two rows of tall buildings, and the world is embedded.

In the window frame, the pane is also divided into small squares. /What a vast sky, what a deep blue water ".

The feeling of the sea is very personal: Miao Keyan is a translator, and the first thing that comes to mind is translation;

Jin Ping and her husband are like-minded, depressed about city life, longing for a vast world, and the scenery is in her.

There is also contrast in the eyes.

Inner monologue: it is the carrier of pure inner consciousness without comment, showing the truth and truth of consciousness itself.

Beauty. For example, "Variations without Theme" (Xu Xing), "I" was mumbling from the beginning: "Maybe.

I'm really hopeless, maybe. I can't think of anything else I should want except what I have.

What am I? More importantly, I wait for nothing. Maybe everyone is waiting, waiting for no reason.

Stay and always believe that something will change your whole life now, but what can you wait for?

You just can't make it clear. Really, I'm waiting for nothing. I'm not saying this to tell you that I'm different.

No, actually in another sense, I know exactly what I want. I want to eat and work ... "

In this way, the keynote of the full text is laid: telling one's feelings without disguise, revealing one's heart and showing the relationship between man and nature.

The gap between people. Another example is "Blue Sky and Green Sea", which uses the inner monologue of "I" to tell the dead.

Man Zi, a good friend, poured out his thoughts, his dislike of the world, his fatigue in pursuing fame and fortune, and his life was inferior to others.

Meaning ... Give full play to emotions.

Sensory impression: pay attention to the impression expressed in the work, and have the feeling of taking the characters as the main body, which is acceptable.

Feeling is tangible rather than illusory, which is in the same strain as synaesthesia and suggestion in rhetoric. Such as Malanhua,

In "Malanhua" (D), Malanhua, who was married far away from home, stayed up all night when she first arrived at her husband's house. Her feeling is that

Quite depressed and frightened: "the room is like an upside-down pot, dark and stuffy." Yan Ren was dyed black and open.

Just like closing the door, you can't see anything. Everyone on the kang seems to be asleep, except for the thick and thin nose.

Snoring is like bubbles of different sizes coming out of a boiling water pot. When it was obvious that no one knew you were on.

At that time, you just watched the darkness all night. "Another example is the feeling of JiWenDong after drinking pesticides in joy:

"Then a sore throat, a raging fire in your stomach, you hear your head.

The tips of my hair crackled like burning bean stalks, and the sweet weather of rotten apples came in.

I am anxious ... but the pain will soon go away. You are sweating profusely, your limbs are weak, your pupils are tightly constricted, and finally.

Jade is smaller than the tip of a needle, and the darkness is like the bottom of a pot. ..... you feel in a trance with one hand holding it.

You go, that hand is big and soft, and that person smells like cooked leather ... Dad! I saw it again.

You, dad! ……"

Dream: As an incomplete impression and an absurd image, it reflects the hidden meaning of characters.

Knowledge provides a puzzle for the prominence of characters' emotions. For example, in Kite Ribbon, after Mr.zhou knew Jia Yuan, he did it.

I had a dream: Jiayuan was flying a kite on horseback. The kite was shabby and shabby, which made people cry, but it still flew.

I got up. I flew higher than the new building of Dongfeng Hotel, higher than the pine trees on Daqingshan and higher than the grassland.

The goshawk above is still higher than the balloon that says "Long live the victory of the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution", and she

It became a long ribbon on the kite and flew with it ... for the girl to see.

A beautiful vision of love and a transcendence of life.

In China's contemporary stream-of-consciousness novels, the characters are no longer "typical". because

Sadness and joy, light and darkness, nobility and meanness, longing for a new life and nostalgia for the old days.

Intertwined with other emotions, readers have to put themselves into the hearts of characters in order to understand the content of the article.

Therefore, readers can't immediately make a concrete evaluation of the good and evil of the characters. Ruqi Happy (Mo Yan)

Wen Dong, a rural educated youth, left his old and tired home after failing the fifth college entrance examination.

Door, just like escaping from a terrible dream ",after a big bay of water, a piece of pepper, sitting on the suicide platform.

The girl's grave was full of imagination, and finally she ended herself in this quiet night.

His life has entered the "joy" of death. Qi Wendong is not a facial figure, but his psychological life.

Dynamic and conscious activities become a separate world: repeated repression, pity and guilt for mothers,

There is dissatisfaction and helplessness with elder sister-in-law, physical desire for young women, and envy for three boys in Lujia.

Jealousy, aversion to Jiancang couple, curiosity and uncertainty about Datong ... Here, let's have a look.

There is no implicit evaluation of the characters by the author, only the stream of consciousness controlled by the loss of the characters is at work. From this

On the other hand, stream-of-consciousness novels are very different from traditional novels, for example, traditional novels are closely related to imperial examinations.

Jin Fan and Jia Baoyu, two closely related figures, both contain the author's human physiology in the core of personality.

Reading, satire or praise can be easily understood by readers, while in the stream-of-consciousness novel, the author

Behind the scenes, what readers realize is no longer the existence of the author, but only the existence of the characters.

The invisibility of the author depends on the choice of narrative angle. Stream of consciousness novels break through the traditional boundaries and often use the first or second person. For example, Blue Sky and Blue Sea (Liu Suola) describes his life in the first person "I", and highlights the eternal friendship with Man Zi and the sadness, depression, paranoia and disorientation of "I" through recollection and emphasis; Another example is "Flower Bean" (Gao Xingjian), through an old "I" in a humid afternoon, telling my childhood friend "You" in my memory of my thoughts about raindrops, showing my decades of situation, nostalgia for the past and regret for my mistakes; Joy mentioned earlier uses the second person to call you to express Qi Wendong's heart. Stream of consciousness novels are also useful in the third person, such as Li Tuo's seventh grandmother. The novel goes deep into grandma Qi's heart, writing about her anxiety about the possible explosion of the gas tank, her dissatisfaction with her daughter-in-law, and her childhood memories. Through these psychological activities, readers can get a general understanding of the life track of Grandma Qi and her conservative background. However, although the novel uses the third person "she", it also reflects certain social content. Grandma Qi is not like Grandma Jia and Grandma Liu in A Dream of Red Mansions. She has no specific appearance, no distinctive personality, no eyes observed by a third party, and no tendency of praise or criticism that the author tries to reflect, because the author does not follow the course of life.

But through the psychological process to expand the text.

Stream-of-consciousness novels, on the other hand, break the logical framework, deliberately dilute the plot, highlight the conscious process of the characters, break the chain of time with association, imagination, memory, illusion and dreams, and express life in a three-dimensional and multi-level way. For example, sound of spring (Wang Meng), the masterpiece of China's contemporary stream-of-consciousness novels, is the concentrated expression of the protagonist's life experience in less than three hours. The plot of sound of spring is simple: engineering physicist Yue Zhifeng decides to return to his hometown after more than 20 years. As a result, he got on a can truck. In the car, he chatted with a woman who played German music on a "Little Sanyo" recorder for a few days. After getting off the bus, he saw the appearance of the canned car and a brand-new motorcycle. Although the plot is simple, because the author adopts the technique of stream of consciousness creation, he perceives time everywhere: from the gentle trembling of the car body to the cradle of childhood; Think of the countryside of loess plateau from the noise of wheels hitting the rails; The stuffy tank car has something to do with the Trident plane he took three hours ago, his own landlord composition and his 22-year review. From pumpkin fragrance to childhood, people's material life has improved; From German music, I think of children in Frankfurt, the hometown of the northwest plateau, the party in Peiping before liberation, and the capital Beijing after liberation. Think of John on the new front? Strauss's "Waltz of the Voice of Spring" ... The author deals with the time sequence and spatial position from the perspective of psychology, so that readers can accept the life content in a short space and in a large time span. Structurally, stream-of-consciousness novels often express the complex external world and inner world of characters in the form of multi-line crossing or radioactive thinking. For example, Kite Ribbon (Wang Meng) describes the dating process of a young man and woman, Mr. Su and Jia Yuan. Through Mr. Su's eyes, memories, associations and dreams, this paper describes the oppression of material, the delay of the Cultural Revolution, the hardships of life, people's distrust, the yearning for knowledge, the spirit of self-improvement, and the beauty of two of a kind ... This structural way has a single causal relationship with traditional novels, or "a hundred flowers blossom".

Influenced by China's traditional writing method, the writing method of China's contemporary stream-of-consciousness novels is different from that of western stream-of-consciousness novels, and some people even think that they are not related. Although Wang Meng is recognized as the originator of modern stream-of-consciousness novels in China, when talking about novel creation, he said, "Please don't think that writing about psychological activities is the patent of foreigners. China's poems are particularly good at writing about psychological activities. The reason why A Dream of Red Mansions is different from traditional novels is precisely because of its psychological description. "Attaching importance to artistic association is my consistent thought. I have this idea because I haven't read any stream of consciousness novels, and I don't even know the term stream of consciousness. While admitting that he has read some foreign novels, Wang Meng emphasized that he was inspired by Lu Xun's Wild Grass, and even consciously avoided the relationship between his "stream of consciousness" creation and western stream of consciousness literature. He doesn't want others to think that his novels are only influenced by western stream-of-consciousness novels. On the contrary, he tried to find the source of "stream of consciousness" in China traditional literature. Similar to Wang Meng, some people trace China's stream-of-consciousness literature back to the early 20th century, and especially emphasize its unique artistic origin: "Diary of a Madman is China's first stream-of-consciousness novel", "This novel has nothing to do with western modernist stream-of-consciousness works. ..... "It can be seen that although China's modern stream of consciousness novels are generally considered to be influenced by western modernism, due to the influence of local literature, it still retains the imprint of China's traditional realistic literature, which has strong China characteristics and is a stream of consciousness with China characteristics. Next, let's try to compare the differences between the two.

First of all, let's review the background and theoretical basis of western stream of consciousness. /kloc-at the end of 0/9, the old capitalist countries such as Britain and France gradually declined, and the national strength of emerging capitalist countries rose rapidly, making the contradictions in the international community sharp day and night. The Second World War suppressed the whole capitalist society and seriously destroyed the social mechanism. In this way, the lack of various security systems and the trauma of war have cast an indelible shadow on people's hearts. People generally think that the reality is ridiculous, the society is incredible, human beings are wretched and incompetent, and the world has a bright future. Pessimism, despair, decadence and depression pervade the whole society. All these sharp contradictions between the state and society and the changes of people's thoughts have made more and more writers feel that classical and traditional novel descriptions can no longer reveal the deteriorating social reality and describe people's true hearts facing absurd society. They believe that only the subjective world is the "highest truth". Proust, a writer of stream of consciousness, thinks that subjective truth is "the most basic thing" and only subjective works are "the only real works". Joyce also asked artists to express "the truth of experience". Faulkner, on the other hand, thinks that writers should only write "inner conflicts" and "true feelings in the depths of the soul from ancient times to the present". Virginia? Wolf also believes that only the stream of consciousness is life, truth and truth, and literary works should focus on expressing the "fundamental spirit" of this complex change, rather than describing things other than the stream of consciousness itself.

In this way, stream-of-consciousness writers firmly grasp the shadows and dreams left by the times and society in people's hearts, focus on writing people's inner world, boldly and freely express their feelings about society in the form of stream-of-consciousness novels, reveal social contradictions, and reveal people's mental illness in the face of social crisis. Therefore, the stream-of-consciousness novel is the product of western modern social consciousness. It is a new literary territory excavated by people after repositioning themselves under the background of the decline of capitalist society, the construction of new economic structure system and the spiritual crisis in the West in the 20th century.

The writing style of stream-of-consciousness writers, who turned from writing outside to writing inside, was keen to write about their inner life, which was not only related to their general views on the world and art, but also influenced by the intuition of the French philosopher Bergson, the psychoanalytic theory of the Austrian psychologist Freud and the American philosopher and psychologist William? The influence of James' psychology and other thoughts. Bergson's irrationalism emphasizes that intuition is the only basis for understanding the world ontology, and "truth" only exists in "inseparable fluctuation of consciousness"; Freud, an Austrian psychiatrist, fully affirmed the subconscious and unconsciousness and regarded them as the basis of vitality and conscious activity, which is undoubtedly for the creation of stream-of-consciousness literature. What about William? James believes that the most fundamental thing in the universe is pure experience, that is, stream of consciousness, that is, reality, and there is no other level of reality. These theories have profoundly influenced the creation of stream-of-consciousness writers. Faulkner, for example, studied Bergson's theory of "psychological time" and thought that the function of space lies not in its scope, but in its symbolic meaning, and consciously applied it to novel creation. In his works, time becomes an invisible flowing state, and the past, present and future are often intertwined and blended with each other, which is often reflected in the consciousness of a certain character at the same time.

China's novels of stream of consciousness are influenced by western literary thoughts, but they can't completely get rid of the influence of psychological description and artistic association in China's traditional literary creation techniques. Psychological description is psychological thinking on the conscious level, which is limited to the rational analysis of the mind and feelings, and does not involve the reflection of the physiological state on the subconscious level. Therefore, psychological description is calm, rational and full of logic and rationality, which shows the character characteristics and attitude towards reality. China's contemporary stream-of-consciousness novels reflect the influence of traditional psychological description. Although the consciousness of the characters is vague and incoherent, it still retains certain rational characteristics, that is, these consciousness still has the projection of the author's mind and the times. Wang Meng once said: "In the technique of stream of consciousness, association is particularly emphasized ... It reflects the free imagination of people's hearts, and China literature has always attached importance to association." "Xing" in "Fu, Bi and Xing" is association. Our stream of consciousness is not a stream of consciousness that makes people escape from reality and move towards the heart, but a healthy and full self-feeling that makes people face both the objective world and the subjective world, and love life and heart. Therefore, in Wang Meng's stream-of-consciousness novels, he used his rich imagination to connect the characters' consciousness without any law and order into a series of impressions and feelings, and at the same time showed his understanding of society and life with his cold thinking and passion for life. In sound of spring, the hero Yue Zhifeng's memories and associations are not coherent, but they can reflect his excitement for a better life, his worries about the backwardness of the country and his worries about the ugliness of life. All his associations are combined together, and through self-presentation, a typical image of independent thinking, love of life and freedom of thought is established in front of us.

In addition, in traditional novels, psychological description is subordinate to the plot, attached to the plot and has no independence. The development and touch of the plot will lead to the psychological description of the characters, and can connect the psychological descriptions in series, reflecting the linear causal relationship of traditional novel narration. This psychological description also influenced China's stream-of-consciousness novels. For example, in sound of spring, although the novel focuses on the consciousness of the protagonist Yue Zhifeng, all his memories and associations are triggered by what he saw and heard on the train, and his consciousness flow is still limited by certain time and space.

Secondly, in terms of content, the western stream-of-consciousness novels are influenced by modern psychology and philosophy, and advocate to fully show the "primitive chaos" in people's minds without reservation. Therefore, in their novels, they focus on the irrational unconscious and subconscious world in people's minds, highlighting the confusion, confusion, trance, illogicality, brutality and madness in the minds of characters, and directly presenting them to readers in a chaotic way. They think that only in this way can we write the true colors of psychology. Virginia, the representative writer of stream of consciousness? Wolff demanded that objectivity be replaced by subjectivity in novels, and tried to express the "private fantasy" of the characters. She said: "Life is not a string of symmetrical carriage lights, but a halo, a translucent layer that always surrounds our consciousness. The task of novelists is not to convey this endless change, which still lacks understanding and exploration of the fundamental spirit, no matter how unconventional and complicated its performance may be, and to convey this change truthfully, and try not to get involved in things that are not inherent in itself. " In her view, literary works should focus on expressing the "fundamental spirit" of this complex change, rather than describing things other than the "stream of consciousness" itself. Therefore, in the specific creation, she emphasized that all the "millions of impressions of Qian Qian" in the minds of all characters, whether they are "tiny, strange, lost or carved with a sharp steel knife", should be written out, thinking that only in this way can "the true colors of life" be written out.

However, influenced by traditional psychological techniques, China's stream-of-consciousness novels did not completely abandon the external objective world and its influence on the characters' hearts, nor did they record the impressions from all directions as dust, "no matter how irrelevant they seem on the surface" or "completely incoherent". On the contrary, it will still consciously choose the consciousness of the characters around the needs of the novel theme, and show the orderly and logical characteristics of these consciousness in the novel. Similarly, in sound of spring, Yue Zhifeng's association and imagination of smell and sound clearly reflects the author's conscious choice of the protagonist's consciousness, that is, through the comparison between reality and history, city and country, new and old, native and foreign, progress and backwardness, it shows the panorama of China's life in the new period, symbolizing the turning point of China's life in the new period, thus highlighting the creative intention that the spring of new China has arrived. In Mr Butterfly, the whole article also focuses on how Zhang Siyuan lost his soul and how to find it later. In the stream of consciousness, it is composed of Xiaoshi-Zhang Instructor-Zhang Deputy Director-Zhang Secretary-"capitalist roader"-Zhang Laotou-Zhang Vice Minister. The change of status and identity in the past 30 years actually shows China's political history, historical changes and destiny. Zhang Siyuan's last "Searching for the Soul" contains the author's rational thinking, revealing the truth that party cadres should be public servants of the people and the people are the directors of society.

Thirdly, from the way of expression, western stream-of-consciousness novels particularly emphasize that the story is organized through free association with people's conscious activities, and the author is completely independent from the works. They put forward the slogans of "depersonalization" and "the writer quits the novel", opposed the writer's psychological arrangement and training of the characters, even opposed the introduction and explanation of the writers, and demanded that the inner activities of the characters, especially the unconscious and subconscious activities hidden in the depths of the soul, be naturally and truly expressed, striving to express the purely natural subjective state of people's hearts. The arrangement of the story and the connection of the plot are no longer restricted by time, space, logic and causality, but often show the leap and change of time and space. There is a lack of close logical connection between time and place between the two scenes. Time is often the intersection or overlap of the past, the present and the future, or allows the characters to make sudden and jumping "free association" anytime and anywhere, and sometimes even relies on the change of fonts to imply the change of characters. In addition, the disorder of time and space often appears in this kind of works, and the past, present and future are randomly reversed, interspersed and blended, while the author deliberately does not give any explanation, which makes the boundary between dreams and reality broken, disturbed and entangled. Extremists even deliberately undermine language norms, the preface does not match the latter, and dozens of pages do not use a punctuation mark. For example, in The Sound and the Fury, the consciousness of Bangui and Quentin keeps jumping, and there is no boundary between present, past and future. The contents of the book are upside down and the time is chaotic. The author does not explain or explain this, but reminds readers by changing the font or title.

However, China's contemporary stream-of-consciousness novels are no longer like traditional novels, and basically form a single and linear development structure according to the sequence of story plots or the logical connection between plots. However, in the process of telling stories in chronological order and showing the association and memory of characters, external time or events will interrupt the flow of the original consciousness from time to time, and with the intervention of the narrator's language, it presents the characteristics of alternating reality and consciousness, so that readers can still perceive the flow law of the character consciousness in the novel, and the author consciously uses it to reflect the social reality and characters. Wang Meng is telling

In a word, the stream of consciousness, as a creative method, has deeply influenced the creation of China's contemporary novels, but at the same time, China's contemporary novels are deeply influenced by traditional novels, retaining their own distinctive characteristics and showing the unique characteristics of the coexistence of tradition and modernity.