In the kingdom of Spain, by the middle of15th century, Spanish capitalism had also developed to a certain extent, but due to the west
The special reasons for the formation of Spanish history make the growth of capitalism in Spain far less than that in Britain.
France, Holland and Italy are all so smooth, so the struggle between capitalism and feudal forces is in Spain.
More painful and sad.
The long-term occupation by the Moors and the stage of the struggle of the Spanish people to recover their lost land make Spain unique.
Many "independent kingdoms" have formed in this area, all of which have their own special laws and customs.
habit When discussing the Spanish Revolution, Marx said: "Local life, provinces and cities in Spain."
The independence of the commune and the complexity of society were originally caused by the geographical characteristics of this country, but
Later, the development of history was based on the different ways adopted by the provinces to get rid of Moorish rule. "this
This situation has a great influence on the social and political development of Spain. Farmers and residents of emerging cities are striving for it.
Defending one's existing rights will often conflict with the kingship that embodied national unity at that time, or even seal the king.
The nobles formed an alliance against the kingship. As a result, the kingship had to fight against it to consolidate its position.
The two forces of city and feudal aristocracy were weakened at the same time, which led to extreme monarchy.
Formed a very cruel "black iron age" in Spanish history.
1469, Prince Ferdinand of Aragaw married Isabel, heir to the Castile throne, and since then, he
They became the king and queen of the country respectively, so the two countries formally merged in 1479, and Spain unified the kingdom.
At this point, it is formed. However, some feudal princes refused to give up their separatist forces and opposed reunification. Isabel and
Ferdinand relied on the support of the city, the small nobles and the church to fight against the big feudal lords.
It played a major role in this struggle. The city of Castilla formed an alliance at 1480, and the city of Aragao formed an alliance at 1488.
Participated. The city alliance organized the People's Army to help the king destroy the castle of the big feudal Lord and confiscate his embezzlement.
Land, deprive them of their privileges, etc. Spain established a powerful kingship. United west
Spain became a powerful country, and the king had a standing army of 40,000 people. 1492 recovered Allah.
Granada, the last stronghold of Spanish bloggers, has been recovering lost territory for more than seven centuries.
This action ended in a complete victory for the Spanish.
However, the establishment of kingship did not bring much benefit to the urban forces, and Ferdinand consolidated his rule.
Begin to establish an absolute monarchy. Urban autonomy has been weakened, and the number of congresses has been less and less. king
Take the Inquisition as a tool to strengthen autocratic rule, and treat all those who resist the king and the church differently.
Crime is over. Luo Zhi people commit crimes, have no property and are tortured. From 1483, fifteen.
In this year, about 9,000 people were burned to death at the stake, and 90,000 people were sentenced to other punishments, which fully exposed the autocratic system.
Savage and cruel. 15 16, Ferdinand died childless, and his grandson Charlie succeeded to the Spanish throne, named Cha.
Richard I (1516-1556). Charlie inherited Spain and its territory, the king of Naples, from the maternal side.
Colonies in China, Sicily, Sardinia and America; Inherit Austria and the so-called "Bo" from the paternal side.
Japanese Heritage ",including Holland, Luxembourg and France-Kangtai. 15 19, Charlie was elected as.
The emperor of the Holy Roman Empire was called Charles V. He defeated France in the Italian war and occupied Milan and
Other fields. In the 1920s and 1930s, Spanish colonists invaded Mexico in America.
Peru, Chile, Colombia and other places. 1535, Tunisia, Lan Ou, North Africa and other places.
It was also occupied by Spain. In this way, Spain became a colonial empire spanning three continents. But at home,
Blackmail and foreign extravagance have aroused people from all walks of life to fight against absolutism. 1520
An uprising broke out in Castilla in, but it was quickly brutally suppressed by the king with the help of big noble.
After the failure of the uprising, the freedom of the city was abolished, the hierarchical parliamentary system declined, and feudalism in the Middle Ages
The residual forces have always maintained a strong power, which made it difficult for the progressive capitalist factors at that time to parry.
In order to get the opportunity of full development, just as Marx analyzed Spain in the article Revolutionary Spain.
The difference between absolute monarchy and other western European countries is: "In Spain, on the contrary, nobles."
Although politics tends to decline, it maintains the worst privilege, while the city loses its own privilege.
The power of the century has not gained the significance of a modern city. "
Charles V abdicated on 1556. His younger brother Ferdinand inherited the Holy Roman Emperor and the Spanish King.
His son Philip II (1556— 1598) succeeded him to the throne, and his territory included Spain and Nepal.
Dylan is a dependency of Italy and a colony of the United States, which is the main period of Cervantes' life.
Its social reality had a very important influence on Cervantes' life and thought.
Philip II was more arrogant and violent. He used the Inquisition to suppress opponents and confiscate wealth.
The wealth of businessmen and industrial entrepreneurs. Starting from 1565, a series of persecutions against Morigos were formulated.
Laws and regulations (Moors who were forced to convert to Christianity after the unification of Spain). For example, Morrigos is not allowed to bring it.
Carrying weapons, wearing national costumes, not allowed to speak Arabic, not allowed to believe in Islam. Offenders will be burned to death.
Punishment. The persecuted Morigaud people held an uprising in 1568- 1570. After the uprising was suppressed, the whole
Andalusia was in ruins. 1585 A peasant uprising also took place in Aragaw.
He killed the feudal Lord and refused to fulfill his feudal obligations, but he was quickly suppressed.
Philip II, who was overjoyed, pursued a crazy foreign expansion policy and continued to wage war. 48360.88838888686
1626, the combined fleet of Spain and Venice defeated the Turkish fleet in the Battle of Lebondo. 1580,
Spain occupied Lisbon and annexed Portugal and all its colonies the following year. But in Britain, France and Germany,
Spain was defeated in the Dutch war. 1588, Philip II sent an invincible fleet to Britain.
China was almost wiped out in the English Channel, and the maritime hegemony fell into the hands of Britain. He 2008+0589
He also sent troops to intervene in the Huguenot War in France and was expelled from France in 1598. The war against the Netherlands, since
1567 began, and the war lasted for decades, but the Dutch revolution could not be suppressed.
The independence of seven provinces has dealt a serious blow to Spain politically and economically. Endless war
The national strength is exhausted and the national finance is in chaos. From 1573 to 1598, the national debt was 37 million du.
Carter increased to 1 billion. Philip II of Ducati repeatedly raised taxes, but in 1575 and 1596.
In 2007, Spain was still unable to repay twice its national debt. Since then, Spain has been declining and its economic development has lagged behind the West.
In other European countries, the domestic economic situation deteriorated, industry and commerce declined, and people's lives were miserable.
Many people fled overseas to make a living, and some people entered monasteries to avoid taxes. During this period, Spain
The population decline has reached an alarming level. The population of many big cities has decreased by half, and some have decreased by four.
Third, some towns and villages even disappeared. By the middle of17th century, there were 9,000 monasteries in Spain.
There are1200,000 priests, nuns and monks in China, and poverty and beggars account for about one third of the total population. 56660.68868688666
In, Philip III succeeded to the throne without showing any political or economic benefits, and it was implemented in 1609- 16 10.
Now, according to his father's will, thousands of Morigaud people (mostly hardworking and excellent craftsmen and farmers) will be
Deportation has made Spain's already declining industry and agriculture even more devastated. Entire country
When shrouded in despair. As Cervantes repeatedly condemned by Don Quixote.
Well, this is a "black iron age".
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When Carlos I, the grandson of two kings, and Philip II, his son, Spain entered a more glorious hegemonic era. In particular, Carlos I (that is, Charles V) was promoted as the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, and his literary martial arts was also in full swing, which was the heyday in Spanish history.
Charles V ruled nearly half of Europe and most of America, and later conquered the Mayan Empire in Mexico and the Inca Empire in Peru. With the process of establishing colonies in Central and South America, 15 and16th century Spain became a veritable "golden century".
In May, the Spanish Armada from Lisbon was defeated by 80 highly mobile British fleets in the Dover Strait. Since then, Spain has been devastated and its maritime hegemony has been replaced by Britain.
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The heyday of Spain
1469 Isabel married Fernando, Prince of Aragon.1474 Isabel, 23, was made Queen of Castilla, and she established a new court and town administrative system. Fernando succeeded to the throne in 1479 and became the king of Aragon. The two countries formally merged into a unified kingdom of Spain, and the couple were called "Catholic kings". 1492, the Spanish completely defeated the Moors. The Catholic king * * * has a son and four daughters, and married some royal families in Europe. Prince Juan married Magalida, the daughter of German emperor Maximilian, the Portuguese prince married Isabel, the eldest daughter, and Maria, the second daughter Juana married Felipe, Maximilian's son, and the fourth daughter married Henry VIII of England. Marriage not only consolidated their dominance in Spain, but also meant the annexation and expansion of territory. The rule of Catholic monarchs made Spain take the lead in realizing national reunification in Europe, ending the Middle Ages and entering the Renaissance. 1506 Juan's eldest son Carlos became the monarch of the Netherlands. Fernando died in 15 16, and Carlos became the king of Castilla and Aragon, known in history as Carlos I (Charles V in other European countries). 15/kloc-after maximilian's death in 0/9, Carlos was elected as the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, and was officially crowned emperor in 0/520. Carlos I ruled Spain, Naples, Sicily, Sardinia, Austria, the Netherlands, Luxemburg, France-Kangtai, Spanish colonies in America and Asia, Tunisia and Oran in North Africa, and became an empire spanning four continents. At this point, Spain reached its peak in Carlos I with its powerful military strength and the gold and silver treasures plundered from America.
The decline of Spain
Since Carlos I, five Habsburg family members have become Spanish kings: Carlos I, Felipe II, Felipe III, Felipe IV and Carlos II. Because Carlos I and Felipe II fought in Europe for many years and made enemies everywhere, the national treasury was empty and heavily in debt. In order to make up the fiscal deficit, the tax burden is getting heavier and heavier, and people's dissatisfaction and centrifugal feelings are getting bigger and bigger. The gold and silver returned by Spain from Latin America were plundered by pirates or flowed into Britain and France through trade, which promoted the economic development of these countries, while Spain was declining due to the low competitiveness of industry and agriculture. Due to economic and religious conflicts, Felipe II crusaded against Britain in 1588. However, the equipment of the western navy was backward, and the Spanish Armada was defeated by the storm, so Spain lost its position as a maritime power. 1648, the western front lost the battle against France, and the military superiority on land came to an end. After that, in the war of succession to the throne, Gibraltar was ceded to Britain, Portugal, Italy and the Netherlands fell one after another, and the West gradually declined.
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Spanish Armada
Armada (Old Spanish: la Felicissima Armada is the luckiest fleet; Modern Spanish: la Armada Invencible is a huge fleet sent by King Philip II of Spain in 1588 to conquer England but failed. The Battle of the Armada was the biggest battle in the Spanish-British War, and it was also the first aggressive attack intention in the course of the war. This war is also the most famous period in British history. Spanish ships were destroyed by Francis at the Battle of Gravlin? When the British navy led by Drake disintegrated, the secret weapon used by the British army was called Nike Brazer of Hell, that is, eight merchant ships that were on fire and filled with gunpowder.
The Armada has about 65,438+050 warships. When defeated by the British, it wanted to retreat to the south, but it was not feasible because of the strong south wind. The rest of the fleet had to go north with the wind, and finally returned home with only 43 ships, bypassing the island of Great Britain and the west coast of Ireland. Due to the loss of 100 warships and 14000 soldiers, Spain in its heyday was devastated, and England became a maritime power, which opened the golden age of Elizabeth I.
Treaty of Tolde silas
The Treaty of Tordesillas is an agreement signed by Spain and Portugal in Tordesillas, Castilla, Spain, on June 7, 494, aimed at dividing up the new continent. According to the agreement, these two countries will monopolize the world outside Europe. In particular, they will be located 300 leagues west of Cape Verde Islands (about 1770 kilometers or 1 100 miles) and about 46 37' west longitude, which is the dividing line between the two countries: Spain is in the west and Portugal is in the east. Spain and Portugal ratified the Treaty on July 2 and September 5, respectively. Due to Magellan's voyage around the world, the two countries re-signed the Treaty of Zaragoza in 1529, which clarified the position of this division in the Pacific Ocean.
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the habsburg dynasty
Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
The Habsburg dynasty in Spain refers to a family that ruled Spain from 1556 to 1700, belonged to some principalities in the Netherlands and Italy to the west, and ruled Portugal from 1580 to 1640. The Habsburg dynasty in Spain and the Habsburg dynasty in Austria are of the same ancestry, and their maternal ancestors are Isabella I, Queen of Castilla, and Ferdinand II, King of Aragon, both of whom are members of the Trastamara family. After 1700, all the people who succeeded to the Spanish throne were members of the Bourbon family.
Template: Spanish history
Directory [hidden]
The source of 1
American colonies
3 short-term annexation of Portugal
War of succession to the Spanish throne
5 See also
[Edit] Source
Photo: Battle of Pavia.jpg.
The battle of Bawa took place at 1525 and died at 1504. Because her son born with Ferdinand II, king of Aragon, died unfortunately, after Isabella's death, Joanna, the mad woman, succeeded to the throne of Castilla. Philip, the son of Maximilian I, the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, and his father-in-law Ferdinand, as Juana's husband, managed the country together.
15 16 After Ferdinand's death, Juan and Philip's son, Prince Carl of Spain and Austria (Spanish name: Carlos, translated into English), as the grandson of the Tammara family, inherited the throne of Spain (Castilla and Aragon) and became Carlos I. After he ascended the throne, he sponsored Magellan to travel around the world. 15 19 Charlie was elected as the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, known as Charles V in history. 1535, Charlie occupied Tunisia and other places. Spanish-ruled areas include Germany, Holland, southern Italy, Tunisia and American colonies. /kloc-In the 6th century, Spain became a powerful country in Western Europe, with the most powerful navy and fleet in Europe.
Later, in 1556, Charlie ceded the Spanish throne to his son Philip II, and abolished the right of Philip and his descendants to inherit the Austrian title, which officially kicked off the Habsburg dynasty in Spain.
[Editor] American Colony
157 1 year,1year, Spain defeated the Ottoman Turkish fleet and gained military superiority in the Mediterranean. Spain's colonies in America include four viceroy jurisdictions:
Spanish Governor (including Mexico, Central America, West Indies)
Governor of New Grenada (including Colombia, Panama, Venezuela and Ecuador)
Governor of Peru (including Peru and Chile)
Governor of La Plata (including Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay and Uruguay)
The governor is appointed by the king of Spain. Every year, two fleets ship all kinds of goods back to Spain every week, monopolizing the world cocoa bean market 1 century. /kloc-In the middle of the 6th century, 5,500 kilograms of gold and 246,000 kilograms of silver were shipped back from America every year, and 83% of the precious metal mining in the world was owned by Spain.
[Editor] briefly annexed Portugal
After the unification of Spain, the Habsburg royal family gradually infiltrated into Portugal. Through intermarriage, Habsburg's blood was mixed into the Avis royal family in Portugal.
After Philip II succeeded to the Spanish throne, there was a succession crisis in Portugal. 1578, Philip's cousin, King Sebastian of Portugal, launched a holy war against Muslims in North Africa, but was unfortunately defeated, captured and executed (Portuguese nationals claimed that he was missing). Uncle Henry, who has become a cardinal, tried to inherit the throne in a secular way, but was rejected by Pope Guo Rui XIII/Gregory XIII. Finally, he died childless in 1580, and another nephew Antonio temporarily succeeded to the throne. However, Antonio's right to inherit was not recognized by the Pope, who preferred Henry's nephew, King Philip of Spain, to inherit the Portuguese throne.
In June of the same year165438+1October, Philip sent the Duke of Alba to Portugal, and soon captured Lisbon, and Antonio was forced to exile in Paris and several outer islands of Portugal.
Under the pressure of the military and the Pope, the Portuguese Secret Service conditionally allowed Philip to inherit the Portuguese throne and become King Philip I of Portugal. On condition that:
Portugal is still governed by an independent government, not by the Spanish government.
Without the authorization of the king, the Kingdom of Portugal and its overseas territories may not be incorporated into Spanish territory or province.
Maintain the status of Portuguese as a national language
When Spain annexed Portugal, it inherited its overseas colonies, making Spain the most powerful country in the world at that time.
However, the Habsburg dynasty has always had a bad reputation in Portugal. The failure of the Armada and the Thirty Years' War brought the Habsburg royal family of Spain to the brink of bankruptcy. For example, Philip II declared bankruptcy two years before his death 1596. 1609, the Netherlands also experienced a revolution and became independent from Spain. In the anti-Habsburg wave in Europe during the Thirty Years' War, Portugal finally launched the activity of restoring independence in 1640. In the same year, 65438+February 1, the great-grandson of the late Portuguese king Manuel I, the Shumi College of Portugal was established, and John, Duke of Braganca, was named King John IV of Portugal. Portugal regained its independence, and the Habsburg royal family also ended Portugal's 60-year three-generation rule.
[Editor] War of succession to the Spanish throne
Major projects: the Spanish war of succession to the throne.
/kloc-in 0/700, King Carlos II of Spain died, ending the Habsburg family's rule over Spain for five generations. He passed the throne to his nephew Philip, Duke of Anjou, grandson of French King Louis XIV from Bourbon, but not to his Austrian cousin (probably due to the testamentary edict of his great-grandfather Carlos I). Because of its close relationship with the Austrian royal family, Spain's foreign policy is pro-Austrian in general, and Louis XIV is determined to establish a pro-French regime in Spain. He insisted on abolishing the London Treaty 1700 signed with Britain, the Netherlands and Austria, and let his grandson inherit the Spanish throne. Leopold I, the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire and cousin of Carlos, launched a war of succession to the Spanish throne to France on the grounds that Louis XIV broke the contract in order to support his son Archduke Karl in the fight for the Spanish throne in 1702.
France's arch-enemies Britain and the Netherlands once recognized Philip's succession, but Philip announced that he would cut off Spain's trade relations with Britain and the Netherlands and push the two countries to the Austrian side. In addition, Louis XIV supported the abolition of the son of King charles ii of England, and the Catholic Prince James regained his sister Mary Ⅱ's land, which made her and her husband, Dutch lord protector William III, stand more firmly in the anti-French position. Britain, Holland, Hanover, Prussia and most other German city-states are on the side of the Habsburg royal family in Austria. Voters in Bavaria and Cologne, as well as the Kingdom of Portugal and the Principality of Savoy, sided with the French Bourbon royal family. In Spain, anti-Bourbon armed forces also appeared, and Aragon, Valencia and Catalonia declared their allegiance to the Habsburg dynasty.
The Austrian field marshal, the illegitimate son of French King Louis XIV, led the Austrian army to occupy the principality of Milan within the French sphere of influence in 1702, which started the war. Dukedom of Marlborough, commander-in-chief of the British army and ancestor of former Prime Minister Churchill, also led the British army into the West Netherlands to support the Netherlands. The Austrian army also gained a firm foothold in Spanish territories such as Aragon, Valencia and Catalonia, and the British army took the opportunity to occupy Gibraltar. Spain, the Netherlands lowlands and North America became the main battlefields of this war. When the war broke out, King William III of England had just died, so the main battles of the war took place during the reign of Queen Anne, so it was also called the Battle of Queen Anne in North America.
17 1 1 year, after years of war, the tension among European countries has eased due to various factors. In Britain, the pro-French Balinese Party gained political power, and the Bourbon Dynasty was also willing to provide trade preferences and guarantees for British and Dutch businessmen. So the three countries signed the Utrecht Peace Treaty in 17 13. 17 14, the last Spanish stronghold, the Habsburg Wang Jun, fell, which led to the signing of the Peace Treaty of Aufra Stadt and Baden. However, it was not until 1720 that the territorial dispute between Australia and Australia was finally resolved after the war of the four countries.