Introduction: Abstract is an indispensable part of every paper, whether it is the title of the paper or his graduation thesis. So what is abstraction? In other words, the abstract is an indispensable part of the paper. Based on the summary of the paper, it summarizes the full text in simple, easy-to-understand and incisive language, leaves the trunk to the branches and leaves, and extracts the main information, author's views, main contents, research results and original opinions of the paper to be reflected in the abstract. In order to facilitate indexing and retrieval, to be included in a large database and to provide information for others, the abstract of the paper should be written in the third person and should be an independent essay. This paper summarizes the writing methods of undergraduate thesis abstracts for your reference.

How to write the abstract of the test paper? 1. Number of words in the abstract

The number of words required is between 300 and 400.

2. Basic specifications of abstracts

(1) should be written in the third person. Abstract is a complete essay, which is independent and can be used alone. Even if you don't read the full text of the paper, you can still understand the main content of the paper, the author's new ideas and viewpoints, the purpose of the paper, the methods adopted, the results and conclusions of the research.

(2) The narrative is complete, the logic is highlighted, and the structure of the essay is reasonable.

(3) the text should be concise and to the point, and redundant words are not allowed. We should adopt the method of direct expression, without unnecessary literary embellishment, and provide the maximum information with the least number of words.

(4) Special characters, charts and mathematical expressions composed of special characters are not used in the abstract, and examples cannot be cited.

3. The content of the abstract consists of four elements: purpose, method, object and conclusion.

(1) Objective: The scope, purpose and importance of graduation thesis research.

(2) Methods: What research methods were used in the graduation thesis?

(3) Results: State the research results of graduation thesis.

(4) Conclusion: Important conclusions and main viewpoints drawn from the study of the problem (omitted),

4. Sample abstract of graduation thesis

(Thesis Title: Discussion on the Loss of Personal Income Tax)

Abstract: Since the unification of 1993 personal income tax, with the rapid development of China's economy, the increase of personal income has become the fastest growing tax in China. But at the same time, personal income tax is also one of the taxes with serious tax loss in China. Therefore, it is particularly important to explore the mechanism of personal income tax loss and calculate the scale of the loss. By combining quantitative analysis and normative analysis, taking Heilongjiang Province as an example, the scale of personal income tax loss is preliminarily calculated, which proves the seriousness of tax loss, and shows that the distortion of income distribution mechanism caused by imperfect tax system and lagging tax legal system construction is the main reason for personal income tax loss, and the lack of credit system and traditional cultural inertia have aggravated the scale of tax loss. On this basis, drawing lessons from the successful experience of foreign countries, this paper puts forward some countermeasures and suggestions, such as promulgating the basic tax law as soon as possible, perfecting the personal income tax system and establishing the personal credit system.