A scientific paper on dragonflies
Overview of Odonata Insect Resources in Luoyang Area
In order to understand the diversity of Odonata insects in Luoyang, the author made many investigations on Odonata insects in 9 counties and 2 districts under the jurisdiction of Luoyang City on 2010/3, and obtained comprehensive specimen data. * * * More than 700 specimens of Odonata insects were collected. This paper describes 57 species of dragonflies belonging to 37 genera and 6 families 15 families distributed in Luoyang area. Based on the investigation of Odonata insect resources in Luoyang area, the list of dragonflies in Luoyang area is listed, and the number (species) of dragonflies distributed in Luoyang area is analyzed and discussed.
Key words: Odonata; Distribution; Luoyang
China library classification number: Q968.2(26 1) document identification number: document number:1001-4942 (2014) 05-0109-04.
Odonata is an ancient insect group, its larvae (larvae) are aquatic and adults are terrestrial, so it is very sensitive to environmental changes, especially water quality changes, indicating the pollution degree of water quality [1]. Its adult is a natural enemy of agriculture and forestry, and it is also a medicinal insect. There are about 650 species of dragonflies in China [2,3], accounting for 10% of the total number of dragonflies in the world. According to Wang Zhiguo (2007)[4], secretary of Odonata in Henan Province, there are 96 species of Odonata in Henan Province, belonging to 6 families 15 families, while Luoyang area is rich in Odonata resources due to its unique landform, complex climate and ecological environment, but there has been no systematic investigation and research in the past, and the information in this field is very scarce at present. On the basis of previous studies, after years of specimen collection, investigation and research, the Odonata insect resources in Luoyang area were classified and analyzed in detail, which provided reference for biodiversity protection, resource investigation and related research in Luoyang area.
1 physical geography of Luoyang area
Luoyang is located in the west of Henan Province, east of Eurasian Continental Bridge, across the middle reaches of the Yellow River, with four distinct seasons. The annual average temperature is 65438 04.2℃, the annual precipitation is 546 mm, the average relative humidity is 66%, and the average frost-free period is 225 days. Luoyang borders Zhengzhou in the east, Sanmenxia in the west, Jiaozuo across the Yellow River in the north and Pingdingshan and Nanyang in the south. The east-west length is about 179 km, and the north-south width is about 168 km. Located in the east of Qinling Mountains, the terrain is high in the west and low in the east, with mountains and hills criss-crossing, of which mountains account for 45.5%, hills for 40.7% and plains for 13.8%. In addition, Luoyang area spans the Yellow River and the Yangtze River. The main river basin is the Yellow River system, and the main rivers are the Luohe River and the Yi River. The intersection of the two rivers in Yanshi is called Luo Yi, which flows into the Yellow River, while the Laoguan River, Baihe River and Ruhe River in the south flow into the Yangtze River from northwest to southeast. Located in the mid-latitude inland area, far from the ocean, it belongs to the warm temperate continental monsoon climate zone.
2 Dragonfly resources in Luoyang area
Through investigation, research and identification, it is known that there are 57 species of Odonata in Luoyang, belonging to 15 family and 37 genera, belonging to 2 suborders and 6 superfamilies respectively. The list is as follows:
2. 1 Heteroptera
2. 1. 1 Odonata
Bottlefish family
Anotogaster Selys， 1854。
( 1)Anotogaster Kuchenbeiseri Foerster
Distribution: Luanchuan and Songxian.
Cordulegaster Leach， 18 15。
(2) Golden Rooster of Jin Dating
Distribution: Luanchuan, Songxian, Luoning and Xin 'an.
Chlorophyta of Schizophyllaceae
Schizophrenia Sinorogomphus Carle, 1995.
(3) Sinorogomphus tunti Needham。
Distribution: Luanchuan, Jin Meng, Geely and Songxian.
2. 1.2 Odonata
Odonata Odonata
Anaklich, 18 15.
(4) Black-bellied sandpiper
Distribution: Jin Meng, Geely, Yanshi and Xin 'an.
(5) Parthenon in Anacker.
Distribution: Jin Meng, Geely, Yanshi and Luanchuan.
Cephalotaxus fortunei, 1883.
(6) Sargassum fusiforme
Distribution: Luoning, Luanchuan, Songxian and Ruyang.
Planaeschna McLachlan， 1895。
(7) Dugesia yunnanensis
Distribution: Luoning and Luanchuan.
Silkworm moth
Asiagomphus Asahina， 1985。
(8) Asia Pacific Loach
Distribution: Luanchuan.
Anise, 1854.
(9) Fructus Foeniculi
Distribution: Luoning, Luanchuan and Songxian.
Dai Chun giant salamander, 1878.
(10) Dai Chun dragonfly.
Distribution: Luanchuan.
Lamelligomphus Fraser, 1922, belongs to Orchidaceae.
(1 1) Needham the Spring Dragonfly
Distribution: Luoning, Luanchuan and Songxian.
Gomphidia Selys， 1854。
( 12)Gomphidia confluens Selys
Distribution: Jin Meng, Geely and Yanshi.
2. 1.3 listeria, Ducklings
PseudoCommelinaceae
Somatochlora Selys， 187 1。
(13) Distribution of spindle algae: Luoning, Luanchuan, Songxian and Ruyang.
Moniliaceae
Macromia Rambur， 1842。
( 14)macro mia moorei moorei Selys
Distribution: Luanchuan and Ruyang.
Odonata Odonata
Libiula, 1758.
(15) platyphylla
Distribution: Luoning, Luanchuan and Songxian.
Lyriothemis Brauer， 1868。
(16) Broad-bellied fish with flashing green light
Distribution: Luanchuan.
Orthetrum Newman， 1833。
(17) Euonymus japonicus
Distribution: Widely distributed in the whole area.
(18) Isatis japonica
Distribution: Jin Meng, Geely, Yanshi and Ruyang.
(19) linear nevus gray dragonfly linear nevus
Distribution: Luoning and Xin 'an.
(20) Sabina vulgaris
Distribution: Jin Meng and Geely.
(2 1) Heterochromatic Grey Dragonfly Triangle e Melania Selys
Distribution: Luoning, Luanchuan, Songxian and Xin 'an.
(22) blue-gray dragonfly orthogonal e triangle e selys
Distribution: Jin Meng, Geely, Luanchuan, Songxian and Yichuan.
Crocothemis Braure， 1868。
(23) Annona stinkbug
Distribution: Widely distributed in the whole area.
Delia Kirby, 1889.
(24) Di Jelja Fane celis
Distribution areas: Jin Meng, Geely and Luanchuan.
Sympetrum Newman， 1833。
(25) Brazil berries
Distribution: Luoning and Luanchuan.
(26) Crocus sativus Selys, a symphony of half-yellow pond duckling
Distribution: Luanchuan.
(27) Xia Chi's Davenport Symphony
Distribution: Luanchuan and Songxian.
(28) Erotic mania
Distribution: Luoning and Luanchuan.
(29) black shank disease
Distribution: Luanchuan.
(30) Symphony of Yellow Leg Red Duckling I Mittens Selis
Distribution: Jin Meng, Geely, Xin 'an and Yiyang.
(3 1) Symplocos fusca
Distribution: Luanchuan.
(32) Xiao Huangchi evasive symphony Kunckeli Selys.
Distribution: Luoning, Luanchuan and Songxian.
(33) Symplocos angustifolia
Distribution: Luoning, Luanchuan and Songxian.
(34) The symphony frequency Selys of the red duckling in autumn
Distribution: Luoning, Luanchuan, Songxian and Yiyang.
Pseudothemis Kirby， 1889。
(35) Burmeister Yudai Ducklings
Distribution: Widely distributed in the whole area.
Trithemis Brauer， 1868。
(36) Burmeister Poseidon Aurora
Distribution: Luanchuan.
Pantalahagen, 186 1.
(37) Yellow-bellied pheasant
Distribution: Widely distributed in the whole area.
2.2 Homoptera (Hemiptera) Diptera
2.2. 1 color? Scale-winged suborder
Lee? Diptera insect
Da Li? Belongs to Philoganaa Kirby, 1890.
(38) stout and beautiful? Philoganaa robusta Navas
Distribution: Luanchuan.
Color? Lepidoptera
Color? Belongs to Calopteryx Leach, 18 15.
(39) Black? Black-winged crab
Distribution: Luanchuan and Songxian.
Eyebrow color? Matrona Selys， 1853。
(40) What color are the dizzy wings and eyebrows? Brazilian doll
Distribution: Luoning, Luanchuan, Songxian, Yiyang and Xin 'an.
(4 1) Brown wings and eyebrows? Brazilian doll
Distribution: Luoning, Luanchuan and Songxian.
Green? Belongs to Mnais Selys, 1853.
(42) green? Anderson International Airport
Distribution: Luoning, Luanchuan, Songxian, Yiyang, Xin 'an and Jin Meng. Flash color? It belongs to Calipaea Selys, 1859.
(43) purple flashing color? Calipa Conceimilis Maclachlan
Distribution: Luanchuan.
Stream? Krypteridae
Weixi? It belongs to Bayadera Selys, 1853.
(44) Juyaweixi? Bayadera medanopteryx Ris
Distribution: Luoning, Luanchuan and Songxian.
2.2.2? Coenzyme superfamily
? Muscidae
Yellow? Certugrien celis, 1876.
(45) Long tail yellow? Certulion falls
Distribution: Luoning, Luanchuan and Songxian.
Thin? It belongs to Ischnura Charpentier, 1840.
(46) Blue stripes are thin? Schnura, Senegal
Distribution: Luanchuan.
(47) Two-color thin? Joseph Needham
Distribution: Luanchuan and Songxian.
Fan? Sect. platypus
Long belly fans? Coelhi Sia Kolby, 1890.
(48) Four o'clock belly fan? Coelhi Sia Didima celis
Distribution: Luanchuan, Jin Meng and Yanshi.
(49) Six o'clock belly fan? Six-spotted snail
Distribution: Luanchuan and Songxian.
China fans? Belongs to Sinoe Nimis Wilson &; Zhou, 2000
(50) Fan Hua? Henan Zhonghua Osteomyelitis King
Distribution: Luanchuan and Songxian.
Fan? It belongs to Platycnemis Charpentier, 1840.
(5 1) white fan? Platycodon grandiflorum
Distribution: Widely distributed in the whole area.
(52) Fan? Long beaked elephant
Distribution: Luoning and Luanchuan.
Mountain? Giant dinosaur family
Tibetan mountain? Mesopodagrion McLachlan， 1896。
(53) Tibet Mountain? Tibet Meisuo Bu Dagerland
Distribution: Luoning and Luanchuan.
Yashan? It belongs to Rhipidolest Ris, 19 12.
(54) Erxing Yashan? Joseph Needham
Distribution: Luanchuan.
2.2.3 Silk? Ordinary group
Silk? Lestko
Silk? It belongs to Lestledge, 18 15.
(55) bud tail silk? Lester Nordalis celis
Distribution: Luanchuan.
Comprehensive? Chlorophytaceae
Green heald? It belongs to Megalestes Selys, 1862.
(56) Brown belly green heald? Zheng Zichao
Distribution: Luanchuan.
(57) Brown-tailed green heald? Joseph Needham
Distribution: Luanchuan and Songxian.
3 Analysis of Dragonflies in Luoyang Area
There are obvious differences in status and genus and species in the whole province. The genera and species of heteroptera in Luoyang are 22 genera and 37 species respectively, and the genera and species of Homoptera are 15 genera and 20 species respectively. Compared with the genera and species of Odonata in Luoyang, the proportions of heteroptera and Homoptera are 52.4% and 58.7%, 78.9% and 60.6% respectively. It can be seen from the table 1 that Odonata, Odonata, Odonata and Odonata belong to Homoptera. Branch, color? Branch, flow? Zhi, Fan? Branches, mountains? Science, comprehensive? From the number of families and species, it is very obvious and important in the distribution of Odonata insects in Luoyang, which shows that Luoyang is very suitable for the survival of Odonata insects. Because Luoyang area spans the Yellow River and the Yangtze River, there are many rivers in the area, including? Surrounded by mountains, six rivers flow in parallel, eight passes through the city, and ten provinces are thoroughfares? Known as "Dragonfly" here, the area is criss-crossed, with complex terrain, diverse vegetation types and regional features. Therefore, the distribution of dragonflies also shows rich diversity and obvious differences, especially in the west and south of Luoyang, where the rainfall is abundant, which makes the number and types of dragonflies more, and the dragonfly resources are also very rich. At the same time, it also shows that the water quality in Luoyang is still relatively good.
References:
[1] Huang Xiaoqing, Cai Ducheng. Application of aquatic insects in water quality monitoring and evaluation [J]. Journal of South China University of Tropical Agriculture, 2006, 12 (2): 72-75.
Wang Zhiguo. List of Dragonflies in China: Insecta Odonata [J]. Henan Science, 2007,25 (2): 219-238.
Wang Zhiguo, Wang Zhengyi, Li Dongsheng. Investigation on Odonata Insects in Henan [J]. Science of Henan,1990,8 (3/4): 78-94.
Wang Zhiguo. Dragonflies in Henan: Odonata [M]. Zhengzhou: Henan Science and Technology Press, 2007: 16.
Zhang, Zhang. Overview of Odonata insect resources in Shaanxi [J]. Agricultural Science Research, 2006 (1): 45-50.
Yang Xiaoyan, Zheng Zhemin. Preliminary investigation of dragonflies in Shaanxi Province [J]. Journal of Shaanxi Normal University: Natural Science Edition, 1988, 16 (1): 60-68.
Zhao xiufu Classification of China Spring Dragonflies [M]. Fuzhou: Fujian Science and Technology Press,1990:120-155.
Yu Xin, Zhou,. Textual research on common names of dragonflies in China [J]. Insect Knowledge, 2005,42 (4): 475-478.
Jiang, Xu,. An overview of Odonata in Shandong [J]. Shandong Forestry Science and Technology, 1996 (6): 28-29.
Three Dragonflies Newly Recorded in Taiwan Province [J]. Entomology of Taiwan Province. , 2006,26 (2):187-195. Shandong agronomy 2065438+. 46 (5):113 ~114,17 Shandong Agricultural Sciences
Dragonfly Scientific Papers Part II
Technological Types and Aesthetic Experience of Dragonfly Eye Glass Beads
Dragonfly eye glass beads systematically reflect the heyday of China glass beads, witness the all-round communication process between Chinese and western cultures, and show the historical process, regional characteristics, belief mode, cultural background, scientific and technological development and aesthetic taste of human civilization, which is the crystallization of human material civilization and spiritual civilization.
Key words: dragonfly eye glass beads; Aesthetics; craftsmanship
China Library Classification Number: J524 Document Identification Number: Part A Number:1005-5312 (2013) 03-0174-01.
I. Overview
Dragonfly eye glass beads refer to glass beads decorated with eye patterns. Embedding one or more colors different from the mother color on the beads to form one or more layers of eye-like effects, or creating an eye shape with a protruding surface on the beads? Drum eyes? It is very similar to the compound eye of a dragonfly. Western academic circles call it? Eyeballs? Or? Compound eyes? , Anjiayao called it? Inlaid with glass beads? There are many ways to make this kind of beads, aren't there? Mosaic? A method, but named after it? Dragonfly eye glass beads? But more vivid and comprehensive.
Second, the classification of modeling
Dragonfly eye glass beads are handmade, so they are random and unique, which means it is difficult for us to find two identical beads. We find that it is difficult to classify them accurately if they are completely based on their appearance. Foreign scholars have proposed to pass? Eyes? Classification method of dragonfly eye glass beads. Dragonfly eye glass beads unearthed in China, according to its? Eyes? The manufacturing process reflected by different shapes can be divided into nine shapes.
Type a: layered eyes. The early layered eyeball was made by dropping different colors of glass on the beads several times, gradually decreasing from bottom to top, and then pruning. It is more common to make eyes separately according to the above method, embed them while the mother body is not solidified, and polish and trim them.
Type Aa:? Pupils? Located in the middle of the track, also known as concentric circles. Dragonfly eye glass beads unearthed in China are the earliest.
Type Ab:? Pupils? Located on one side, that is, the centrifugal round eye. Integral formation? Strabismus? The effect adds a lively atmosphere to the beads.
Type B: round speckled eyes. Eisen called it. Just a little eye? It is the simplest type of production, and can be made by dropping a glass frit with a different color from the matrix, or embedding the glass frit into an uncured matrix after processing it into a suitable shape and slightly trimming it. ? Eyes? The whole frit has only one color.
Ba type: uniform round spotted eyes. The processed glass block (i.e. eyeball) is embedded in the matrix, and then trimmed flush.
Type Bb: prominent circular spots. Eyes, keep the dripping glass substance protruding from the mother body, sometimes even by pruning. It is speculated that the manufacturing process should be:? First, a perforated circular inner tube is manufactured. Burn the inner tube first, and then coat the tire with white material. In addition to the white material, various colored materials are coated to form various patterns.
Type c: inlaid eyes. Glass frits with different colors from the matrix are made into thin strips, embedded in the matrix, and become nearly annular. Orbit? The mother color in the ring forms the eyeball effect. The inlay ring is slightly crescent-shaped, giving the whole eye a kind of? Strabismus? The impression is that the inlay ring has fallen off, and the era is the Warring States Period.
Type d: pyramid-shaped eyes. Making the matrix into the irregular shape of multiple pyramids or embedding a single pyramid into a circular matrix should be combined with other methods, especially pyramid-shaped eyes.
E-type: ferrule eye. A big circle is covered with several small circles, which Eisen described as? Small eye groups are placed in areas of a specific color (usually brown)? The number of small circles seems to be fixed, usually six or seven, one of which is located in the center and the others are placed around, which is often said? Six stars? And then what? Seven stars? .
F-type: glass mosaic roll eye. It is a roll made of large drops of glass powder dripping on the mother body and embedded with glass powder strips of different colors around it, forming an eye socket and having the effect of eyelashes. Mosaic volume? .
H-shape: geometric lines separate eyes. Beads are dotted into circles, ellipses, triangles, etc. , separate the eyeballs on the surface of the beads to form a number of independent small units.
Type I: compound eyeball, that is, compound eyeball. Adopt a variety of decorative techniques in one. Many decorative techniques in the above eight dragonfly eye-shaped glass beads are not single, and the classification is based on the main decorative techniques.
III. Technological Features and Decorative Patterns
Dragonfly eye glass beads mainly appeared in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and their shapes, colors and manufacturing techniques were varied. In terms of texture, there are two kinds of pottery tires and glass tires, and glass tires are divided into transparent and translucent. From the modeling point of view, there are square, round, tubular, relatively introverted, smooth and overall performance, as well as exaggerated modeling and emphasis on exophthalmos.
Dragonfly eye-shaped glass beads decorated with colorful patterns were first introduced to China from Egypt or West Asia via India. After being integrated into China culture, the original religious symbolic meaning of dragonfly eye glass beads gradually disappeared, and more Chinese style patterns appeared in the decoration. For example: symmetrical patterns or connections between points and lines, and what is called? Land of pearls? Or? Text? Decorative patterns were popular in China at that time. The typical pattern is the compound eye star bead, which has big eyes and small eyes. According to the number of small eyes, it can be divided into three-star pattern, five-star pattern, six-star pattern, seven-star pattern and even twelve-star pattern. In addition, the beads that appeared in the Spring and Autumn Period, known as splash ink patterns, especially have the embryonic form of ink freehand brushwork. Their patterns are wonderful, their color matching is exquisite, and they have amazing beauty.
Fourth, aesthetic characteristics and aesthetic feelings.
Hegel believes that art form is not created at will, on the contrary, it is produced in the specific provisions of a certain social and historical state. Just like dragonfly-shaped glass beads are destined to be produced only in the context of cultural exchanges between China and the West, and only when our ancestors mastered the glass-making technology can they be produced. Human beings have a natural love and feeling for abstract geometric patterns, and it is precisely because of this feeling that our ancestors first chose eye lines to form decorative patterns of glass beads.
Aesthetics is to feel and comprehend the beauty presented by objective things or phenomena; It is a special expression relationship built by ancestors against the background of objective things or phenomena in social practice and history. Western artistic creation is an intuitive expression of exquisite muscle blocks and flexible joints. Oriental art, on the other hand, makes full use of the packaging image of external conditions to insinuate the inner temperament and imagination of the human body. ? Eye of the dragonfly? As a representative of glass art, it is the expression of human aesthetic expression focusing on vivid and sensible objects, and it is the unity of regularity and purpose. They first formed the relationship between will practice and rational cognition with their ancestors.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) national innovation and totem worship
After the early Warring States period, Chu became the most popular area of dragonfly-eye glass beads in China, and imitation dragonfly-eye glass beads were also inseparable from it. These specimens of glass beads imitating dragonfly eyes are rich in materials and diverse in forms, which are not found in the ancient western world and should be made locally. Their existence shows that the dragonfly eye glass beads were strongly sung by the local culture after they were introduced.
Chu people have a strong sense of artistic creation and are never satisfied with simple imitation. Chu copied a large number of dragonfly eye glass beads by using the glass technology he had mastered. In the process of imitation, the creative Chu people added some traditional patterns they liked out of aesthetic habits. The striking diamond pattern on dragonfly eye glass beads is one of the favorite patterns of Chu people. From the development of glass beads, the decorative patterns on glass beads are more and more diverse and rich. Simple dragonfly eye pattern decoration has developed into gorgeous and complex compound decoration, and various decorative combinations have made glass beads more refined and elegant, which fully embodies the aesthetic taste of Chu people.
Dragonfly eye glass beads have many social functions. Because of its decorative appearance, it not only has exquisite decorative art characteristics, but also is a status symbol that nobles can wear. Its eye-shaped patterns also have obvious religious beliefs. Buddhists attach great importance to colored glass and regard it as one of the seven treasures. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the Chinese translation of Indian Buddhist scriptures was also recorded. ? The essence of bone condenses into the pupil. The essence of tendons condenses into dark circles. The essence of qi condenses into white eyes. ? What are the eyes? A symbol of the heart? . It can be seen that the eyeball embodies irreplaceable primitive mysterious power. People believe in the magic of the eyeball and think that the more eyeballs, the greater the magic.
Conclusion of intransitive verbs
Dragonfly eye glass beads first appeared on the Mediterranean coast in 2000 BC, and entered China at the latest in the late Spring and Autumn Period. Dragonfly eye glass beads systematically reflect the heyday of China glass beads, witness the all-round communication process between Chinese and Western cultures, and provide an opportunity for the scientific research of ancient glass art in China.
References:
[1] Wang Min. Coloured glaze [J] Shanghai Arts and Crafts, 1998, (03).
[2] Jiang Xuanyi. Ancient glass [J]. Cultural relics, 1959, (06).
[3] Judy. The origin of art [M]. Beijing: China Social Sciences Press, 1982.
[4] The Complete Works of Pan and China? Coloured glaze [meters]. Beijing: People's Fine Arts Publishing House, 2006, Volume III.
Li Hui. Preliminary study on glass beads of dragonfly eyes. Master thesis of Sichuan University in 2004.
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