Oh! I am lonely and long. I don't care what I have, but my brother and sister-in-law are dependent. Middle-aged, my brother died in the south, and I was young with you, and I was buried in Heyang from my sister-in-law. I will accompany you to eat Jiangnan. I am lonely and bitter, and I have never been apart for a day. I have three brothers in my life, all of whom are unfortunate. Inheriting the latter, in, in-Wu. Two worlds together, alone. Sister-in-law tried to caress you and said to me, "Han Dynasty, that's all!" " When you are young, you will no longer remember. Although I can remember, I don't know the sadness in his words. I came to Beijing at the age of nineteen. I will come back to you in the next four years. Four years later, I went to the grave in Heyang Province and met you at my sister-in-law's funeral. In two years, I will assist Prime Minister Dong in Bianzhou, and you will save me. I'm only one year old, and I want it back. Next year, Prime Minister. If I had gone to Bianzhou, you wouldn't have come. That year, I helped Rong Xuzhou to let the person who took you do it, but I stopped you, but you couldn't come. I don't think you can be a guest in the East for long. Those who plan for a long time, just like going back to the west, will get married and lead you. Oh! What do you mean, you're dead! You and I are both teenagers, thinking that although we have been apart for a while, we have to get along for a long time, so in order to win the reward, we will leave you for dinner in Beijing. Knowing this, I won't leave you for a day, although it is a common fact. Last year, Meng Dongye went. My book says to you, "I'm not yet forty years old, but I look at the endless, and my teeth are shaking." It is early to be healthy to miss your father and brother. How long can my decline last? I can't go, if you don't come, you will die at dusk, with endless sadness! "Who said die less and live more? It's better to die more and be sick more! Oh! Its belief is evil? Its dream evil? Is it true or not? Believe me, my brother died of virtue? Are you clean, but not fooled? The young and strong die, but the old and weak survive? It can't be a letter. The dream is not true, the book of Dongye and the newspaper of Genglan are by my side. Oh! Its letter is true! Brother's virtue is high, the heir is dead! If you are pure and clear, you won't be fooled by your family! The so-called unpredictable days, unpredictable gods! The so-called manager can't be pushed, and the longevity is unknown! Although, this year, the gray people turned white, and the swingers took off and fell. Hair and blood are getting weaker and weaker, and geometry won't die from you. If you die, you know, its geometry is separated; Its ignorance, sadness for hours, not sad indefinitely. Your son is ten and my son is five. The few and the strong can't guarantee, so a child can hope to build evil! Alas! Alas! Last year, you wrote a book saying, "Compared with lameness, this is often a drama. "I said," It's a disease. People in Jiangnan often have it. "I thought I was worried from the beginning. Oh! How can it ruin its life like this? Don't come to you when you are sick? Your book, June 17. Dongye Yun, you died on June 2nd; Even more, there is no sun, moon and sky. Gaidongye emissary, I don't know to ask his home when and when; For example, Geng Lan's newspaper, I don't know when it will be said. Dongye and I are asking the emissary, and the emissary is listening. What is this? What else is there? Today, I ask Jianzhong to make a sacrifice to you in memory of your orphans and your nanny. If he has food, he can keep it until the end of the mourning period, and then take it after the mourning period; If you can't keep the funeral, then accept it. The rest of the handmaiden, leave you in mourning. I can bury you again, I will bury you in the omen of my ancestors, and then I will do what I want. Oh! I don't know when you are sick, I don't know the date; Life can't support each other to live in * * *, and death can't caress you to the extreme sadness; Not by its coffin, nor by its cave. I disobeyed God's will and let you die. Unfortunately and unkind, I can't live and die with you. One is at the edge of the sky and the other is in the corner of the earth. The shadow of life does not depend on my shape, and the dead soul is not connected with my dream. I really did, but it didn't work! The sky is the sky, and it is extremely extreme! From now on, I have no intention of dying! If you want a few hectares of land over an inch, you can teach my son all your life. My eldest daughter married your daughter, that's all. Oh! Words are inexhaustible, and they know their evil! I didn't know it was evil! Alas! Shangyi
About the author: "Sacrifice to Twelve Langs"
Han Yu (768-824) was a writer and philosopher in the Tang Dynasty. Return the word. People from Henan Province (now Meng County, Henan Province). The county looks at Changli, and the world is called Han Changli. In his later years, he served as assistant minister of the official department, also known as the Korean official department. Posthumous title "Wen", also known as Han Wengong. He lost his father at the age of 3 and was raised by his brother and sister-in-law. In the eighth year of Zhenyuan in Dezong (792), he was promoted to our time, and later served as the supervisor of Yushi and Yangshan. Xian zong acceded to the throne and became a doctor of the country. Later, he went through officials to the right illegitimate son of the prince. In the 12th year of Yuanhe (8 17), he put down the Yuanji rebellion in Huaixi Wu from Peidu and was promoted to assistant minister of punishments. In the 14th year of Yuanhe (8 19), Xian Zong welcomed the Buddha's bones into Da-nei and remonstrated with them, so he was demoted as the secretariat of Chaozhou. Move to Yuanzhou. Soon, he returned to North Korea and served as an official, son of the country and assistant minister of the official department. After Han Yu died in Chang 'an, he advocated strengthening political reunification and opposed the separatist regime in the buffer regions. Ideologically, he respected Confucianism and suppressed Buddhism, calling himself a descendant of Confucius and Mencius. He opposed the formalistic parallel prose since the Six Dynasties, vigorously advocated ancient prose, and led the ancient prose movement in the middle Tang Dynasty together with Liu Zongyuan. Han Yu was a famous essayist in Tang Dynasty. Su Shi called him "the decline of eight generations of literature" (Chaozhou Hanwen Gongci Monument). Han Yu's argumentative essays are extensive in content and eclectic in genre, such as The Original Road, Buddha's Bone Table, Teacher's Notes, Jin Xuejie, etc., with novel ideas, distinct viewpoints, boldness and frankness, and strong militancy. His epitaph Han creatively applies the biographical techniques of Zuo Zhuan and Shi Ji to the epitaph, creating a large number of vivid characters, adding luster to this always boring epitaph style, and some of his works have become excellent biographical literature, such as Liu Zihou's Epitaph. Preface to Farewell to Meng Dongye and Preface to Farewell to Dong Shaonan have their own advantages in techniques, which makes Preface to Farewell to Meng Dongye develop into a practical literary style. Books such as Answer to Cui Lizhi were opened because people made statements and they were sincere. Koreans are unrestrained, while Wang Yang is unrestrained, "like the Yangtze River, vast" (Su Xun's Ouyang Connotation Book). Profound conception, ingenious conception, concise language and creativity. His poems are also unique, innovative and long-lasting, making the past serve the present, adopting the style of prose poetry, which is magnificent, full of talent and whimsy, forming a unique style of extraordinary and magnificent, creating an important school after Li and Du Fu, and correcting the mediocre poetic style since Dali. Representative works include Rock and Mid-Autumn Festival. The Seven Laws "Moving Left to Lan Guan Xian's Grandnephew" and the Seven Unique Works "Zhang, Assistant Professor of the Ministry of Water Resources in Early Spring" are also well-known masterpieces. However, his excessive pursuit of novelty will inevitably lead to danger and strangeness, and his emphasis on "taking prose as poetry" will inevitably turn poetry into "rhyming literature" The Collected Works of Mr. Changli compiled by master Li Han has been handed down from generation to generation. Athena Chu Dialectics 500 compiled by Wei Zhongju in Song Dynasty contains 40 volumes of collected works of Mr. Changli, and Waiji 10 is relatively complete. Fang Shiju's Notes on the Chronology of Han Changli's Poems and Qian Zhonglian's Notes on the Chronology of Han Changli's Poems are better. For the deeds, see Biography of Old and New Books of Tang Dynasty. Ode to Twelve Langs —— Evaluation of the Works Zhao, a scholar in the Southern Song Dynasty, wrote in the Book of Soldiers: "Those who read the Model without shedding tears will be disloyal. It is unfilial to read Li Lingbo's Chen Qingbiao without shedding tears. Those who read Han Tui's "Sacrifice to Twelve Lang Wen" without crying are friends. " "Ode to Twelve Lang" is a masterpiece that has been told for thousands of years and has far-reaching influence. No matter how we evaluate the thoughts and feelings in the article, we can't help but feel sad for the author's sacrifice.
First, sincere feelings make people cry.
The purpose of Han Yu's writing this article is not to praise the dead, but to pour out his grief and place his grief. This is mainly manifested in three aspects: first, it emphasizes the kinship of flesh and blood. The author and his old age, named uncle, are like brothers. "The two worlds are one, and they are lonely." Today, old people die first, and children are young, which makes it even more obvious that the family is dying and there is no hope of revitalization. In ancient times, people paid attention to family ties, which naturally caused Han Yu's pain. Second, the death of outstanding age is an accident. Old people are younger and stronger than the author, but "when the strong die, the sick are all"; Old age is just a common soft foot disease. The author was careless and unprepared, so he regretted his sudden death. The unexpected blow made him extremely sad. The third is to express the author's own ups and downs in his career and his sense of impermanence in life, thus deepening family ties. The author thinks that both of them are still young, they didn't think of parting for a while, begging for food and wealth, and their careers fled, so they didn't get together more and leave less, but now they have made lifelong regrets. The author inquired about the cause of death and the year of death of Lao Cheng in many ways, but at first glance he fell into a dreamlike maze, deeply feeling that life was neglected and doubly sad.
Second, be informal and express your feelings freely.
At first, the eulogy was mainly to express the mourning for the deceased, and it was generally combined with praising the merits of the deceased. This paper holds that the traditional memorial service is opposed to the fixed mode of laying out county boundaries, decorating official ranks, describing life and praising virtues, mainly to record trivial matters, show their close relationship with the deceased, express uncontrollable sadness and express unforgettable family ties. Formally, it is divided into several blocks, with free and changeable blocks. As Lin Shu said in "Korean research methods and Korean research methods": "The worship of the wind is based on rhyme ... to" sacrifice the twelve langwen ",which hurts deeply. If you can't speak, change your tone to prose. " The full text is full of sobs, without grandiose and flowery words, which has opened up a new path for later generations, such as Ouyang Xiu's "Longgang Hidden Watch", Gui Youguang's "Ji Xiang Xuanzhi" and Yuan Mei's "My Sister complained". This liberal writing style makes the author like to talk to the dead, crying and complaining, choking and sobbing, mixed with regrets, grief and self-blame, so it is shocking.
Third, the language is concise and fluent.
The strong emotional power of this eulogy can infect readers so deeply because of the author's superb language and writing skills. It's all prose and easy-going everyday language, long and short, staggered, odd and even, jagged and scattered, doing what you have to do by hook or by crook; Sentences such as questions, exclamations, statements, and rhetorical devices such as repetition, overlapping, parallelism, and calling are all arbitrarily deployed and are based on emotional needs. In addition, the author takes the form of heart-to-heart communication with the deceased, and calls him "you" and "you". It seems that the dead can also hear the voice of "I", which is extremely natural and true. In this way, the full text has formed a flowing language momentum and an emotional atmosphere that makes people cough. The article is like an invisible hand, hugging its readers tightly.
Ode to Twelve Langs-Appreciation of Works This article is the most famous one in Han Yu's mourning prose, and it is also considered as the "eternal farewell" in China's ancient mourning prose (Mao Mingkun's language). The reason for this is not that the skills used in the eulogy are superb, but that their feelings are true, which is naturally revealed through simple words. ? Facing family changes, Han Yu and Shiro spent a miserable childhood together. Because of affection, affection and age, Han Yu and Shiro are called uncles, but they are like brothers. This is the emotional basis for Han Yu to write this article without creating feelings for the sake of literature. When writing this article, Han Yu was thirty-six years old, and Shiro was younger, both of whom were in their prime; As far as Han Yu is concerned, although he and Shiro are temporarily separated, they must be together for a long time after that, so as to fully appreciate the family happiness between uncles and nephews. However, to Han Yu's surprise, Shiro died before himself, so the sad memories of family affection and resentment of being with Shiro suddenly came to the fore. This is why Han Yu doesn't need to create feelings for the article, but true feelings are naturally explosive. ? The eulogy first recalled the hard years spent with Shiro * * * when I was a child, and highlighted the suffering and desolation of the family through my sister-in-law's words; It also tells the story of his uncle and nephew's short meeting after he left home, highlighting the irreparable mental trauma caused by Shiro's sudden death. At this point, the floodgate of the author's feelings has been hard to suppress. First of all, from "few people hang to death, and the old people fail to save the whole", a long painful statement seems to be true and illusory, and then from the beginning of never knowing the exact date of Shiro's death, a long regret is issued. At this point, the emotion of the article reached a climax, which also gave readers a strong shock. In the outpouring of feelings, the author still lost no time in arranging Shiro's funeral and family affairs. For Han Yu, Shiro's only remaining elder, these are all indispensable contents in the eulogy. ? What complements the natural expression of true feelings is the fake carving of commemorative words. The author seems to be familiar with Shi Erlang, sometimes narrating, sometimes lyrical, sometimes quoting characters and sometimes quoting Chinese in letters. On the surface, it seems tedious and rambling, which naturally creates a lingering and endless tragic atmosphere. ? Most readers don't necessarily have the emotional experience of bereavement, because of the separation of the times, today's readers especially lack a deep understanding of the desolation and loneliness of Han Yu's family. However, readers throughout the ages were not moved by this article and even shed tears. The reason is that on the one hand, readers put themselves in the other's shoes, and on the other hand, good articles have strong appeal and "empathy" effect. The appeal of "Sacrificing Twelve Lang Wen" comes from the above two aspects. ? Most of the popular mourning poems are rhymes. Han Yu's eulogy, driven by his desire to express his true feelings, broke through this convention and used prose that was smoother and easier to express his feelings. This is also a kind of creation.
This is a eulogy written by Han Yu in the 19th year of Zhenyuan (803) to mourn the age of his nephew. In order for students to understand the author's sadness and sincere feelings, they should first understand the special relationship between their uncles and nephews. Han Yu lost his father at the age of three and has been raised by his brothers and sisters. Soon, my brother died in the south, and my widowed sister-in-law took her young uncle Han Yu back to his hometown in Heyang and lived a hard life. At this time, only Han Yu has a brother, and only one son and nephew are old. "Two generations are lonely!" ! Han Yu regards his eldest sister-in-law as his mother and compares his nephew, who is a few years younger, with his brother. Later, they moved to Xuanzhou together, lived alone, and the family lived alone. Han Yu 19 years old came to Beijing to make a living. After entering the Jinshi at the age of 25, he worked in the imperial court and local government, while Lao Cheng was detained in the south. Their uncles and nephews only meet once every few years. Han Yu thought that the other party was still young, and hoped that after a stable life, he would live with his nephew. Unexpectedly, Lao Cheng died suddenly, and he was heartbroken. In memory of Lao Cheng, he wrote this sincere and touching "Sacrifice to Twelve Lang Wen". This eulogy broke the inherent format of the traditional sacrificial style, instead of laying out the counties, counting the ranks of ancestors and praising the morality and achievements of the deceased, it wrote a straight book entirely according to the ups and downs of emotions. Due to the emotional excitement and rich life experience, there is a lot to write, so the article seems to be overlapping and sloppy at first glance, but it is actually full of vitality. A kind of flesh and blood fills the whole article and runs through it. To understand this artistic feature, we must grasp two points: on the one hand, he wants to recall the past and describe the close relationship between them; On the one hand, we should face the reality and express our thoughts and emotions of shock, doubt and great sorrow after getting bad news. It is in order to better express these contents that the author tells you the spirit of Shiro at the beginning and ends with "Alas! Shangyi! " Several sentences use a fixed format, and the main part in the middle uses a direct dialogue, just like holding hands with my nephew, talking about my family and pouring out my heart. The main body of the article can be divided into three parts: the first part (since "alas! I'm Lonely "to" I won't leave you for a day ") describes my experience of raising me with my brother and sister-in-law after losing my father, and moving to the north and south with my nephew in my early years." I'm lonely and I haven't been apart for a day. "He also recalled in detail that he met me three times in the last four years, four years and two years since he came to Beijing, and missed the opportunity of reunion several times. He regrets that he can't stay with his nephew, because he wants to make a fortune by begging. The second part (from "Last year, Meng Dongye went" to "What is it?" Or what? ") I wrote that I was saddened by the sudden death of my nephew who was younger, stronger and more' pure and bright' than him. He wrote about the complicated psychological activities that he never believed when the bad news came. He complained that heaven was unpredictable and the gods were unknown. He felt guilty because Young Qiang died. Because he couldn't find the date of his death, he couldn't personally touch the body, rely on the coffin and visit the cave. The third part (from "Today I asked the envoy to pay you a visit in Jianzhong" to the end of the article) mainly explains the arrangements for the funeral of the old man, saying that after the final funeral, he will take the orphans of the old man away and raise them with his children until the man gets married and the woman gets married. He will also move the old man to the ancestral graves in the north. At the beginning of the article, he said that he wrote an article to pay homage to his nephew, and at the end, he said that "the words are poor and the feelings are inexhaustible", which further shows that his suffering will not end with the end of the article and will last forever! Therefore, this is a touching eulogy that embodies the true feelings. In terms of language, the author of this paper gives up the style and aesthetic feeling of traditional parallel prose, and adopts the combination of rhyme and prose to express it in the form of prose. Moreover, it does not follow the fixed format of traditional eulogy, and uses face-to-face conversation with relatives to talk about family and express one's feelings, which constitutes the unique style of this eulogy, which is natural, simple, clear and implicit. The author attaches great importance to the echo of sentences, is good at using parallelism and pays attention to the exquisiteness of words. For example, in the second part of the article, there are two corresponding situations about my premature aging and weakness. I said earlier, "I'm not yet forty years old, but my face is pale and my teeth are shaking." "Here, the word" harmony "is deliberately used, which means that people in their thirties should be physically strong and energetic, but their eyesight is declining, their temples are white and their teeth are shaking, emphasizing that the author's physical condition is unconventional and premature. Later, I said, "I have turned white since this year, and everything that wavered has fallen off, my hair and blood are declining, and my ambition is getting weaker and weaker." Geometry will not die because of you! Here, the two words "or ┄┄ and" and the two words "increasingly" are deliberately used together, indicating that their bodies and minds have undergone obvious changes, and emphasizing that the speed of change is getting faster every day. Through the description of this rapid change, the author's inner sadness and depression are fully expressed. From the expression effect of the article, we can understand the author's superb language art skills. The author's brushwork has the characteristics of wanzhuan and meticulous. For example, in the second part, I wrote about my complicated and changeable psychological activities when the bad news came and said, "Is it really evil? Its dream evil? Is it true or not? "When he first heard the bad news, he was so surprised and shocked that he doubted the reliability of the news. Then because of indecision and grief, I was in a trance and felt that I was in a dream; Calm down a little, he still thinks that the news that his age is dead is misinformation. Then he reflected and analyzed: "The dream is true, but what is preached is not true? What are the books of Dongye and the newspapers of Geng Lan on my side? Oh! Its letter is true! "The letters around him proved for him that the death of age is certain, and he can only face this cruel reality! The author recorded his psychological change from doubt to conviction after receiving the bad news, which more truly reflected his deep affection for his nephew's flesh and blood. For example, in the third film, he estimated that he would soon die with his age. He said: "Knowing when you are going to die, the geometry is different! Its ignorance, those who are sad are short, and those who are not sad are infinite. "He thought that if he knew after his death, he would see his nephew soon; Ignorance, you will not be sad because you mourn your dead nephew after death! The author used his knowledge and ignorance after his death to express his sincere affection for his age, which is sad and touching!