Yuanqu is a wonderful flower in the splendid cultural treasure house of the Chinese nation, which embodies its unique characteristics in ideological content and artistic achievements and has become three important milestones in the history of China literature. The Yuan Dynasty was the heyday of Yuanqu. Generally speaking, Yuan Zaju and Sanqu are collectively called Yuanqu, and both of them use Beiqu as the singing form. Sanqu is the main body of literature in Yuan Dynasty. However, the achievements and influence of Yuan Zaju far exceeded that of Sanqu, so some people called Yuan Zaju "Yuan Qu" or "Yuan Qu". Although there is a fixed framework, it is not rigid. Interlaced characters are allowed in the fixed frame, and sentences can be added to some qupai. In terms of rhyme, it is allowed to be flat and even, which is more flexible than quatrains and Song poems in metrical poems. Therefore, readers can find that two songs with the same "Qupai" sometimes have different words, which is the reason (the one with the least words in the same Qupai is the standard frame). Yuanqu is also called Yu Jihe Yuefu.
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Yuanqu is another literary prosperity after Tang poetry and Song poetry, and it has its unique charm: on the one hand, Yuanqu inherits the beauty and gracefulness of poetry; A party
Yuan Qu, the calligraphy work De Ying Shao (4 pieces), put the literati in the position of "eight prostitutes, nine scholars and ten beggars", which led to political monopoly and social darkness, thus making Yuan Qu radiate extremely dazzling fighting brilliance and reveal rebellious feelings; Sharp-edged pointed at the drawbacks of society, denounced the society that "not reading is the highest, illiteracy is the best, and people who are not sensible are bragging", and pointed at the world trend that "everyone is embarrassed to live, and no one can see the money". The works describing love in Yuan Qu are also more inflammatory and bold than the poems of past dynasties. All these are enough to keep the artistic charm of Yuanqu forever. The rise of Yuanqu has a far-reaching influence and outstanding contribution to the development of China's national poetry and cultural prosperity. As soon as Yuanqu appeared, just like other artistic flowers, it immediately showed great vitality. It is not only a convenient tool for literati to express their feelings, but also provides a brand-new art form to reflect the social life of the Yuan Dynasty.
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The creation of Yuan Qu includes two styles: one is Sanqu, including Xiao Ling, Dai Qu and Ju Qu; Secondly, Wen Qu, which consists of several episodes, is a kind of zaju specially performed on the stage, which is a mixture of Bai Bin and Ke Fan. "Sanqu" is opposite to "drama". Drama is a script used for performance, writing lyrics, explanations and actions of various roles; Sanqu is only used as the lyrics of oratorio. In form, Sanqu is similar to Ci, but in language, Ci should be elegant and implicit, and Sanqu should be popular and lively. In terms of meter, words are more rigorous, while Sanqu is more free. Sanqu can be divided into "Xiao Ling" and "San Tao". Xiao Ling, also known as Ye Er, has a short system and is usually just an independent tune (a few contain two or three tunes). Three peaches are composed of many songs, and it is required to always use a rhyme. Qupai of Sanqu also has various names, such as Daodaoling, Chuidi, Happy Spring, Alpine Sheep, Hong Xiuxie and so on. Most of these names are vulgar, which also shows that Sanqu is closer to folk songs than Ci. With its profound reality, extensive theme, popular language, vivid form, fresh style, vivid description and changeable skills, Yuanqu radiated dazzling brilliance in China ancient literary garden. There are complicated reasons for the rise and development of Yuanqu. First of all, the social reality of the first generation is the foundation of the rise of Yuanqu. The vast territory, prosperous urban economy, grand theater, active book club and all-weather audience laid the foundation for the rise of Yuanqu. Secondly, the exchange and integration of the cultures of all ethnic groups in the Yuan Dynasty promoted the formation of Yuan Qu. Thirdly, Yuanqu is the inherent law of poetry itself and the inevitable result of the inheritance and development of literary tradition.
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The development of Yuanqu can be divided into three periods. Early stage: from the establishment of the Yuan Dynasty to the demise of the Southern Song Dynasty. During this period, Yuanqu has just entered the poetry world from folk slang, with distinctive characteristics of popularization and colloquialism, bold and straightforward, simple and natural. Most of the authors are northerners, among whom Guan Hanqing, Ma Zhiyuan, Wang Shifu, Wang Xiaojun, Bai Pu and others have the highest achievements. For example, Guan Hanqing's zaju vividly depicts the world, with wonderful songs, changeable styles, vivid and profound poems, crystal-clear beauty and gorgeous and bitter sets. Ma Zhiyuan's creation has a wide range of themes, lofty artistic conception, vivid images, beautiful language and harmonious phonology. He is known as the first master of Yuan Sanqu, "the first person of Qu Yuan" and "the father of Qiu Si". Mid-term: from Yuan Shizu to the first year to Yuan Shundi, and then to the first year. During this period, the creation of Yuanqu began to make a comprehensive transition to knowledge and specialization, and Sanqu became the main genre of poetry. Important writers include Zheng Guangzu, Sui, George and. The last period: from Yuan Chengzong to mindfulness, to the end of Yuan Dynasty. At this time, Sanqu writers were specialized in composing music. They pay attention to metrical words, deliberately seek work in art, and advocate gracefulness, exquisiteness, elegance and beauty. Representative writers are Zhang, Xu Zaisi and so on. In a word, Yuanqu, as a "literature of one generation", has rich and diverse themes, broad creative vision, vivid life, full and touching characters, and easy-to-understand language, which is an indispensable and valuable heritage in China's ancient cultural treasure house. The four masters of Yuan Opera: Guan Hanqing, Ma Zhiyuan, Zheng Guangzu and Bai Pu. Three elements of Yuanqu: singing (lyrics), acting (action) and dialogue (dialogue). The representative work of Yuanqu is Dou E's injustice.
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The rise of Yuanqu and its representation of the highest literary achievement in this period is itself due to the establishment and perfection of its institutional form. The system of Yuanqu is embodied in the following six aspects: 1, Gongdiao: Gongdiao refers to the mode of ancient music in China, which originated from Yan music in Sui and Tang Dynasties. There are five palaces and four tunes commonly used in North and South music, collectively referred to as the Nine Palaces of North and South or Nine Palaces, including Gong Zheng, Lv Zhong Palace and Nangong. The number of opera episodes and Sanqu episodes in Yuan Qu is connected by two different tunes in the same palace tune. 2. Qupai: commonly known as "Quzi", it is the general name of various tunes, each with a proper name, such as Dianjiang Lip and Shanpo Sheep. There were 335 Qupai in North China in Yuan Dynasty, and each Qupai had a certain tune and singing method. At the same time, it also stipulates the number of words, syntax, level and so on. Accordingly, you can fill in new lyrics. Most of the lyrics come from the folk, and some of them are developed from the lyrics. So the name of the lyrics is the same as the lyrics, but the content is not exactly the same. There are also music cards specially designed for performances, but most of them only have tunes without lyrics. 3. Rhyme: In terms of rhyme, Yuanqu strictly abides by the requirements of the nineteen parts of Zhongyuan Rhyme, which are divided into flat, upper and lower. Rhyme has the following characteristics: level tone, not avoiding heavy rhyme, one rhyme to the end, borrowing rhyme, dark rhyme, redundant rhyme and lack of rhyme. 4. Flat: Qu is more strict in using words than poetry, paying special attention to the flat of the last sentence of each sentence. 5, antithesis: the antithesis of songs requires more freedom, which can be flat and even, that is, flat and even. There are thirteen dual forms in Qu, such as "two-character pair", "head-tail pair" and "line pair", which have many characteristics in language use and word order combination, mainly as follows: there are work pairs and wide pairs, but the phenomenon of wide pairs is more common; Self-righteous in the sentence; Intricate pairs or inverted sentences, such as "loyal ministers are not afraid of death, and fear of death means disloyalty to them"; Say yes in the common saying. 6. Links: The most significant difference between songs and words is whether there are links, songs with links and words without links. The so-called "interlude" refers to the words added beyond the number of words required by the melody. Not limited by melodies such as phonemes, parallelism and sentence patterns, lines are generally used at the beginning of sentences. There are more than 220 writers of Yuan Qu, and more than 4,500 works (collections and parts) have been handed down to this day, including more than 3,800 poems (including singers), more than 470 collections and more than 60 zaju (books)/kloc-0. Among many writers, Yuan Haowen, who made a pioneering contribution to the formation of Yuan Qu, was born at the time of the war in Jin and Yuan Dynasties, and was a superstar in the poetic circles of Jin and Yuan Dynasties. His works are clean and handsome, which has played an enlightening, guiding and standardizing role in Yuan Qu creation.
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The Gongdiao of Yuanqu has its own voice and emotion, and the music rhythm can be expressed from its Gongdiao. It is divided into six tones and eleven tones, and the * * * meter is seventeen tones. As follows: Lv Xian Palace sings: Fresh and tender, Daughter Palace sings: Lament for sadness, Lv Zhong Palace sings: Earn high and low, Huang Zhong Palace sings: Rich and touching, Gong Zheng sings: melancholy and majestic, public singing: elegant and quiet, and Dashi sings:
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Yuan Zaju: Yuan Zaju is also called North Zaju, North Qu and Yuan Qu. Yuan Qu consists of Yuan Zaju and Yuan Sanqu. It is based on the Jin and Yuan version of the zaju "The West Chamber".
It was conceived and developed, and just as the Southern Opera prevailed, the Northern Zaju was maturing. /kloc-The second half of the third century is the most prosperous period of Yuan Zaju in the drama world. The structure of "four folds and one wedge" is one of its remarkable features, and "one lead singer" is another remarkable feature of Yuan Zaju. The singing and speaking of Yuan Zaju are closely linked, "the song is white". Yuan Zaju also has some characteristics, such as the script pays attention to the stage, divides the roles into types, ignores the external form of life, expresses the inner feelings of the drama in a typed and symbolic way, and combines the writer's wandering feelings with the essential real life. It has fully possessed the essential characteristics of China opera, gone through the comprehensive course of China opera, is rigorous, complete and unified, and is also a distinctive China opera art. Under the direct influence of Jin Heqiang, Yuan Zaju is a complete drama form which combines various performing arts forms. He also created mature literary scripts on the basis of scripts, lyrics and aria literature since the Tang and Song Dynasties. This can be said to be a qualitative change compared with the drama of joining the army or the drama of the Song Dynasty, which is mainly funny and ridiculous. As a mature drama, Yuan Zaju not only enriched the stories sung among the people for a long time, but also widely reflected the social reality at that time, and became one of the popular literary forms.
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Interpretation of Sanqu
1. Yuan Dynasty was called Yuefu or Yuefu today. Second, the name of Sanqu was first seen in the literature, which was Zhu Youdun's "Chengzhai Yuefu" in the Ming Dynasty. The Sanqu mentioned in this book refers to poetry only, not including the number of sets. Third, after the middle of Ming Dynasty, the scope of Sanqu gradually expanded, including the number of collections. Fourthly, scholars' papers since the 20th century all regard poems and anthologies as Sanqu. Sanqu as a stylistic concept was finally determined.
The emergence and development of Sanqu
First, the emergence of Sanqu 1 originated from Jin Ci. According to scholars' research, Sanqu was produced in the Jin and Yuan Dynasties and originated from folk songs. Jin pronouns have the characteristics of flexion and tend to be vulgar, straight, harmonious and flat. Jin Ci absorbed a large number of northern folk songs and popular tunes. Many epigrams in Jin Ci are actually poems and songs, and many words are close to the songs of later generations in literary style. 2. Sanqu's entry into the literary world has become the main way of Sanqu literature. At the end of the Jin Dynasty and the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, literati had no choice but to take the imperial examination. Under the influence of the social trend of avoiding the world and playing with the world, they went in and out of the Chu Pavilion, while a large number of famous prostitutes could work as Yuefu and sing songs, and they sang a lot of folk songs instead. Scholars like their poems and wines, and the harmony between silk and bamboo will inevitably lead to the combination of folk songs and literati creation over time. 3. Changes in music. During the Song and Jin Dynasties, the northern minorities occupied the Central Plains one after another, and the Huqu they brought was combined with the original music in Han areas, giving birth to a new kind of music. Sanqu came into being.
Sanqu system
First, Xiao Ling, also known as "Ye Er", is the basic unit of Sanqu system. Its name comes from the wine order of the Tang Dynasty. Monolithic music, short words and few words are the most basic characteristics. In addition to a single piece of music, there is also a kind of couplet, also known as a poem with the same theme and tune, which consists of several poems, at most 100, chanting one thing together or several things separately. Like Guan Hanqing's double tone? Song of great virtue. The second is the number of sets, also known as divertimento, scattered sets and big orders, which developed from the Song Daqu and the Gongdiao of Song Qu. The system has three characteristics. 1 is composed of several tunes in the same palace tune. 2. All songs have the same rhythm. There is usually an epilogue at the end. Ribbon is composed of different tunes of the same palace tune.
The four great masters who edited this Yuanqu.
Hanqin Guan
Guan Hanqing and Jia called him "the master of the pear garden, the editor-in-chief and the head of the zaju troupe" in the hanging words of Ghost Record, which shows his position in the Yuan zaju circle. Guan Hanqing once wrote "A Flower" as a gift to actress Zhu, which shows his indissoluble bond with the actor. He once shamelessly claimed: "I am the leader of the world's husband and the leader of the world's prodigal son." In the last paragraph of "A Flower in Lunan Don't Bury the Old", it is even more arrogant and stubborn to say: "I am a copper pea that can't be steamed, boiled, beaten, fried or fried." According to various documents, Guan Hanqing compiled 67 zaju, including 18. Whether individual works were written by Guan Hanqing is still controversial in academic circles. Among them, Dou E's Grievance, Saving the Wind and Dust, Wang Jiangge, Moon Pavilion, Lu Zhailang, Single Knife Meeting and Adjusting the Wind and Moon are his representative works. Statue of Ma Zhiyuan
Ma Zhiyuan, Han nationality, is mostly from (present-day Beijing). According to textual research, Ma Zhiyuan is from Macitang Village, Dongguang County, Hebei Province. Both Dongguang County annals and Dongguang Ma's genealogy are recorded. In his later years, Ma Zhiyuan used the word "a thousand miles" and the name "Dongli" to show his ambition. Together with Guan Hanqing, Zheng Guangzu and Bai Pu, he was also known as the "Four Masters of Yuan Opera" and was a famous dramatist and essayist in Yuan Dynasty. The masterpiece "Autumn in the Han Palace". Zheng Guangzu, Zheng Guangzu, born in Xiangling, Pingyang (now Xiangfen County, Shanxi Province), is unknown. He was a famous zaju writer and Sanqu writer in the Yuan Dynasty, and his zaju was "famous for a while and resounded in the boudoir". As well as Guan Hanqing, Ma Zhiyuan and Bai Pu, later generations are collectively called "the four masters of Yuanqu". There are 18 kinds of zaju that can be tested, including Duke Regent of Zhou, RoyceWong ascending the building, Hanlin romantic, lost female soul, unbreakable serial, Yi Yin helping soup, Laojuntang, and Lu Bu in World War III. Among them, Ghost Story is the most famous, while the last three are questioned as not Zheng Guangzu's works. In addition to zaju, Zheng Guangzu also wrote Sanqu, including six poems and two sets of manuscripts. Masterpiece Ghost Story. Typha Typha (1226-? ) Formerly known as Heng, the word Renfu, and later renamed Park, Zi and Hao. Han nationality, originally from qi zhou (now near Hequ, Shanxi Province), moved to Calm (now Zhengding County, Hebei Province) in his later years and lived in Jinling (now Nanjing). He was a famous writer, dramatist and one of the four great composers in Yuan Dynasty. Masterpiece "Up the Wall at once".
Edit the four tragedies and four love dramas of this Yuanqu.
Four tragedies of Yuan Qu;
The drama version of The West Chamber (20 pieces) includes four major love dramas: Guan Hanqing, Yu, Bai Pu, Autumn of Han Palace, Ma Zhiyuan, Zhao Orphan and Ji: Yue Bai Pavilion, Guan Hanqing, The West Chamber, Wang Shifu, Ma Shangqiang, Bai Pu, Away from Soul and Zheng Guangzu.
Edit this famous Yuanqu.
Yang Chunqu Topic Love Baipu has always been a good thing to live frugally. Since ancient times, melons have bitterness and melons have sweetness. Your mother urges you to tighten the clamp, which is very strict. The more you hinder it, the more you feel. Patio sand, Qiu Si, Ma Zhiyuan, withered vines, old trees, faint crows, small bridges and flowing water. The ancient road and the west wind are thin. When the sun sets, heartbroken people are at the end of the world. It's sunny, sandy, autumn, sunset in Baipu lonely village, and the old trees in West Western jackdaw smoke, and the shadows fly a little. Green mountains and green waters, white grass, red leaves and yellow flowers. Goat Tongguan homesickness Zhang Qunfeng is like a cluster, the waves are like anger, and the mountains and rivers are like Tongguan Road. Looking at Xijing from afar, I hesitated and lamented the Qin and Han Dynasties. Ten thousand rooms in Quegong have been buried. Xing, the people suffer. Death makes people suffer. Zhang Kejiu committed suicide on the banks of Wujiang River. The war once burned Chibi Mountain, and the generals were empty and old. The sad flames of Qin and Han Dynasties have made countless people miserable, and those who study can only sigh deeply. A two-tone night boat in Ma Zhiyuan, Qiu Si, is like a butterfly in a dream for a hundred years, and it is amazing to look back. Today, spring has come, the flowers of the Ming Dynasty have withered, and the midnight light is urgently punished. [Qiao Mucha] I miss Hanque and Qin Gong. I have made a lot of cattle and sheep. There's nothing to say if you don't care. Cross-cutting the monument in the grave does not dispute the dragon and snake. [Qing Xuanhe] How many heroes cast foxes and trace rabbit holes. Three and a half legs, know that he is Ye Wei? Do you know that he is Master Jin? [meifeng] Heaven teaches you to be rich, not too extravagant. It's a sunny night. Seeing that money slaves are as hard as iron, they are not responsible for the romance in Jintang. [Wind pine] The sun is red and the west is oblique, and the disease is downhill. Clear the mirror and add snow at dawn, and go to bed to say goodbye to your shoes. Don't laugh at the clumsy bird's nest, but the gourd always wears makeup. 【 Dial constantly 】 fame and fortune, right and wrong. Don't mess with the door in the world of mortals, but the green trees should cover the corner. Castle Peak fills the gap between the wall and the thatched cottage. [Leaving the pavilion for dinner] It takes a sleep to insist, and the rooster keeps crowing. For fame and fortune, when is it? Ants lined up and bees randomly collected honey, causing flies to compete for blood. Ling Tao Anbaili Society Peigong Lvye Hall. Those who like Qiu Lai: picking yellow flowers with dew, boiling purple crabs with frost, and boiling red leaves with wine. Life is limited, several mountain climbing festivals. Tell my urchin reporter: Beihai came to see me and Daodongli was drunk. Dou E's grievance (singing Huang Er Class Three) suddenly called Dou E to lock her eyebrows, thinking of the old woman's sadness. I think she's angry, and if there's anything hard to say, her mother is forbidden to call me wronged by Dou E.
Which pile? ..... I cry, mom, I call, aunt, don't think that Dou E has been wronged in vain, and all the money at home has been spent. How can there be spare money to offer? I hope mom is good to you, good to you, good to you. (Singing Adagio Huang Er) Before I speak, I thought about the past, so please allow me to express my feelings. I really hate Zhang Maolv's unconscionability. She bought a lamb belly to kill her mother-in-law. It is futile to think that the injurer will cause harm. His mother's heart broke when she ate the lamb belly basket. Dogs rape alkali, and men are speechless. He took my wife to court. It is really hard not to confess, and it is cruel to mix sticks and sticks, so I plead guilty for my mother-in-law. (Singing tour guide Huang Er) A mouthful of rice almost choked me to death. Thank God for giving me the gift of seeing my mother again. You don't have to relax, old woman. My wife died suddenly. Yunyang: You can never be happy in class, and you can never cook medicine and soup with your mother-in-law. It's really hard to give up my parents' thoughts in my heart. Unless it's a big dream, I have to satisfy it. (Singing against Huang Er Adagio) It seems that God doesn't distinguish between fools and saints, because he was punished for no reason. Why does a good family suffer from this scourge? Why do evil people live longer? On the altar, everyone was in tears and said that I died pitifully! It is rare for relatives and friends to meet each other, and when it is heavy, the gun will sound dead. (Singing Huang Er Class Three) I heard a voice shouting outside the venue, saying that Dou E was wronged and pitiful! Although heaven and earth have nowhere to plead, I still want to tell the sky about Dou E's grievances.
Bitterness: ... This lawsuit is unknown, and corrupt officials make me feel wronged; If the spirit should not appear after my death, how can I see my anger at this time [I don't want half a red blood and red dust to splash, I will spill blood in the white practice room; Looking around the flagpole, everyone can see it, and it was before the sixth In the snow was full; This Chuzhou is called a three-year drought, and then I know that I have an inexplicable grievance! The third fold selection of Guan Hanqing's Dou E Yuan [Gong Zheng? Zhengshan] violates the king's law without reason, so don't worry about being punished. Shake the mountain at the top of your lungs! In a blink of an eye, the wandering soul went to the Rosen Hall first, so why not complain about heaven and earth? [Rolling hydrangea] Sooner or later, the sun and the moon hang, and ghosts and gods hold the right to life and death. Heaven and earth can only distinguish between clear and turbid, how can Yan Yuan, who stole his feet, be born? People who do good will live shorter in poverty, while those who do evil will live longer in prosperity. Heaven and earth are also afraid of bullying, but the result is so natural. Land, what are you, good or bad? God, you are both smart and stupid! Alas, only two tears fell.
Edit the aesthetic features of this paragraph.
Different from the taste of sour cream in Song Ci.
1, metrical freedom 2, language vulgarity, agility and freedom. 3, lyrical and straightforward. 4. Internal conflict, confrontation rather than harmony.
The tendency to turn ugliness into beauty.
There are two meanings: one is to regard what is regarded as ugly in traditional ideas as the object of artistic expression; The second is to break the paradigm of traditional art and form a new artistic style with the opposite form. It stands out in the literary world with its unique aesthetic features, and has become a unique school in China's treasure house of foreign studies with its aesthetic style different from that of Tang poetry and Song poetry. It is dripping, pungent, straightforward, humorous, warm and sharp, full of movement, breaking elegance with vulgarity, changing interest with vulgarity, and its language is free, lively and full of vitality. The object of description and writing is not limited to beauty, ugliness, elegance and vulgarity, and its expressive force is rich and broad, which is favored by literati and becomes one of the highest literary genres in Yuan Dynasty.
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The rise of Yuanqu has a far-reaching influence and outstanding contribution to the development of China's national poetry and cultural prosperity. As soon as Yuanqu appeared, just like other artistic flowers, it immediately showed great vitality. It is not only a convenient tool for literati to express their feelings, but also provides a brand-new art form to reflect the social life of the Yuan Dynasty. The creation of Yuan Qu includes two styles: one is Sanqu, including Xiao Ling, Dai Qu and Ju Qu; Secondly, Wen Qu, which consists of several episodes, is a kind of zaju specially performed on the stage, which is a mixture of Bai Bin and Ke Fan. "Sanqu" is opposite to "drama". Drama is a script used for performance, writing lyrics, explanations and actions of various roles; Sanqu is only used as the lyrics of oratorio. In form, Sanqu is similar to Ci, but in language, Ci should be elegant and implicit, and Sanqu should be popular and lively. In terms of meter, words are more rigorous, while Sanqu is more free. Sanqu can be divided into "Xiao Ling" and "San Tao". Xiao Ling, also known as Ye Er, has a short system and is usually just an independent tune (a few contain two or three tunes). Three peaches are composed of many songs, and it is required to always use a rhyme. Qupai of Sanqu also has various names, such as Diaodaoling, Chuidi, Huanle Spring, Alpine Sheep and Hong Xiuxie. Most of these names are vulgar, which also shows that Sanqu is closer to folk songs than Ci. With its profound reality, extensive theme, popular language, vivid form, fresh style, vivid description and changeable skills, Yuanqu radiated dazzling brilliance in China ancient literary garden.