In 2005, although the number of provinces in the college entrance examination has increased to 13, and perhaps four sets of national examination papers have been added, the composition topic in 2005 will increase to 17. However, according to the "Analysis of Test Papers" and "Proposition Suggestions" published in China Education News on June 5438+February, 2004, it can be known that the proposition of the national college entrance examination composition in 2005 is still in the form of topic composition, but the topic expression and material types will show a trend of blooming. Understanding this article is very important for us to prepare for the review and training of the college entrance examination composition.

In 2005, the Outline of Composition for College Entrance Examination made two adjustments to the general requirements of composition examination. One of them is to change the expression "can write narrative, argumentative, explanatory and commonly used practical articles" to "can write narrative, argumentative, explanatory and other commonly used articles". By juxtaposing "narrative, argumentative and expository" with "other common genres", it can be said that on the other hand, it relaxes the requirements and constraints of college entrance examination composition on style, broadens the range of middle school students' stylistic expression, and further relaxes the restrictions on narrative, argumentative, expository and practical writing. This is a new measure to help candidates show their personal writing ability, and it is also an inevitable measure to adapt to the actual situation of college entrance examination composition writing in recent years.

It can be said that there are two problems about style in the writing practice of college entrance examination. On the one hand, a large number of candidates show outstanding innovative ability and expressive ability, showing a new situation of "mushrooming" in the development and attempt of style; On the other hand, a large number of Chinese educators hold high the dogma of "style" and strictly examine candidates' compositions, but they have not let go of the limitations of style and their understanding has not been fundamentally liberated. In composition teaching and evaluation, what we hear most is the criticism of candidates' articles such as "four unlike" and "neither donkey nor horse". But have we ever thought that these so-called "neither donkey nor horse" articles are an innovative genre? There were no essays before Lu Xun, so the essays were heterogeneous; Before Kafka, the theme of novel writing can only be human stories, so Kafka's Metamorphosis is different. To western opera, the white-haired girl in China is neither a donkey nor a horse. For the "three unifications" theory of classical drama, Waiting for Godot is "four unlike" ... Therefore, it is necessary for us to re-understand our understanding of style, which is of great significance to our composition guidance in the college entrance examination.

First, the concept of style and its essential attributes

The traditional concept of style is expressed as: "Style is the genre of an article". This explanation contains another question: what is the genre of the article? So this explanation is not feasible. So, what exactly is style? We can understand the style as "the form (style) of an article", that is, the rules of wording and sentence formation and the format of the layout of an article or a class of articles.

For example, we call an article expressing some opinions and opinions "argumentative". Then, the stylistic expression of argumentative writing is that "argumentative writing is an article that proves one's views and opinions through various argumentation methods and allows readers to recognize it". For another example, we can express "novel" as "novel captures the feelings and experiences of characters' lives in fictional stories and appeals to the narrative art of prose language". Art, narration, resorting to prose language, capturing the feelings and experiences of characters' lives, story and fiction are six inseparable aspects that constitute the essence of the novel. Together, they constitute a novel. Fiction is the essence of this novel. "Capturing the emotional experience of characters' lives" is the artistic content that the novel tries to explore. The more fresh, subtle, unique, accurate and profound the feeling experience is, the more novel it is.

In these two expressions, we can clearly see that the essential factors that determine the style form are actually the writing purpose of the article and the life background of the article materials, that is, why to write such an article-the function of the article and the life background of the material-the soul of the article. From this perspective, many vague meanings of stylistic problems will become clear. For example, if we want to introduce the usage of a tool, we must write an explanatory article. Here "I want to introduce the usage of a tool" is the purpose of writing. The tools mentioned in this paper and their pictures, texture, origin and use are all factors of the tools themselves, that is, "the life of the material background". For another example, we write a preface for a book, even if the book is fictional, such as the preface to the excellent composition of the college entrance examination in 2002, Honest Life. The purpose of preface writing is to introduce this book to more readers who don't know it, introduce its content and evaluate its value and significance. The material background is the book itself. For another example, we write an enrollment brochure, such as the excellent composition of the 2002 college entrance examination and the enrollment brochure. The purpose of this style of writing is to introduce the school situation, enrollment objects, enrollment conditions, enrollment majors, departments, experts, scientific research achievements, etc. In addition, the enrollment brochure should clearly write the starting and ending time and place of registration, so as to facilitate readers to understand related matters; Its "background material" is the enrollment brochures of those universities in social life. Assuming that someone has written an enrollment brochure that is completely different from the existing ones in the society, then we have reason to believe that this article has no stylistic norms. In other words, the style of this article is problematic and does not conform to the stylistic norms.

Any article, from the stylistic point of view, depends on these two points. This is determined by the essential attribute of style.

Second, the division of style and the stylistic status of college entrance examination composition

Generally speaking, styles are divided from small to large. The traditional division method is dichotomy: verse and prose. Later, it was divided into four parts: novels, poems, essays and plays. This is an internationally recognized division method. In Chinese teaching in middle schools in China, styles are also divided into these four categories. However, in composition training, there are four categories: narrative, argumentative, explanatory and practical. The division of these four categories obviously excludes poetry, drama and lyric prose, which often appear in college entrance examination compositions. This has caused contradictions in expression. Therefore, in 2005, the college entrance examination composition "Examination Outline" made changes in style, which just made up for this deficiency.

Some people divide the style into two categories, one is literary and the other is practical. Literature and art include novels, essays, operas, poems, fables, fairy tales and science fiction works. Practical articles include argumentative articles, explanatory articles, narratives, letters, notices, advertisements, symposium minutes, statements, diaries, instructions, reports, summaries, etc. Although this division method is general, it is easy to understand. Therefore, if you want to train the composition style of the college entrance examination, such a simple division method should be very desirable.

With the reform of college entrance examination composition, the restrictions on the style selection of college entrance examination composition are gradually relaxed, which is basically the principle of "three selves", that is, "choose your own topic, choose your own angle and choose your own style" Therefore, the stylistic performance of college entrance examination compositions in these years can be said to be "a hundred flowers blossom". After simple statistics, we find that the styles of college entrance examination compositions are novels, essays, prose poems, operas, plays, sketches, poems, fables, fairy tales, science fiction stories, argumentative essays, expository essays, narratives, letters, notices, contracts, advertisements, symposium minutes, statements, diaries, instructions, reports, summaries, abstracts and so on. His life background involves ancient and modern China and foreign countries, heaven, earth, sea and land, cosmic starry sky, network life and virtual community. It should be said that all forms of expression that printed words can spread can be used to create and apply to the writing of college entrance examination compositions.

The stylistic changes of the composition "Examination Outline" in the 2005 college entrance examination make us feel vague and difficult to understand the term "articles of other common genres". Because according to the international classification method, "narrative" and so on should not be regarded as a separate style. So our understanding is that the definition of "outline" is actually the latter division method. Therefore, "other common genres of articles" are other types of articles except "narrative, argumentative and expository", that is, novels, essays, prose poems, operas, dramas, essays, poems, fables, fairy tales, science fiction stories, letters, notices, contracts, advertisements, symposium minutes, statements, diaries, instructions and so on.

Third, examples of stylistic norms of "other common genre articles"

(A) the novel style norms

From the above analysis of the definition of "novel", we can see that the novel captures the feelings and experiences of the characters' lives with fictional storylines and appeals to the narrative art of prose language. Fiction is the essence of fiction. Novels reflect various conflicts in social life through fictional stories and characters, which often bring readers a strong reading experience and aesthetic experience. The novels written in the composition of the college entrance examination are often short and pithy mini-novels, with single plot, few characters, unified story environment and simple conflict, and the number of words is about 1000 words.

(B) the stylistic norms of prose poetry

Prose poetry is a style between prose and poetry, which has the characteristics of both prose and poetry. It expresses the content of lyric poetry in the form of prose, which is a kind of poetry with large capacity, free use and prose culture. It should have the artistic conception and rhythm of poetry, which combines the conciseness and concentration of poetry, the beauty of music and the vivid and flexible expressive force of prose. Gorky said it was "rhyming prose".

Prose poetry is generally divided into sections, and the method of repeated circulation is adopted in poetry expression, which has strong appeal and lyricism. For example, the excellent composition of the college entrance examination "Blue pupa and Golden Butterfly" and "I am walking on the land in the village".

(C) poetic style norms

In 2005, the college entrance examination composition will remove the restriction on poetry, so there will be more candidates writing in the form of poetry in 2005 than before. Poetry is an article genre that expresses the author's feelings, ideals and wishes about life through concise language, harmonious rhythm, distinctive rhythm, rich imagination and beautiful artistic conception, thus reflecting social life. Poetry writing should have four characteristics: generality, that is, concise language and rich and profound meaning; Image means that poetry should think in images. This not only means that the language should be vivid, but more importantly, poetry should use the method of association and imagination to present the abstract concepts that the poet wants to express to the readers. Lyrical, that is, the feelings expressed in poetry are stronger than those in general works, or the feelings of the author are directly expressed in the language of images, or the feelings of the author are infiltrated in the specific description of the scenery; Musical, that is, every sentence has a certain rhythm, generally rhymes, catchy to read, harmonious and pleasing to the ear.

(D) Stylistic norms of advertising dramas

Usually when watching TV, we can see many advertisements. Every short advertisement is actually a successful design. Applying the writing factors of advertising drama to composition writing, we can draw the following experiences:

1. The content to be promoted by the advertising drama is actually the material of our article, and the intention of the advertising drama is the theme of the article. The materials here include screen design-what pictures show what content, line design-what language or dialogue shows what intention, subtitles or voiceover-word technology to further deepen readers' impression and so on.

2. Because the advertising drama can only be realized by shooting, when writing the advertising drama, we should design some feasible shots, including the length of the shot, close-up, amplification and flipping.

Most advertising plays use vivid sounds to deepen the understanding of the audience. Writing an article requires some effort in sound design.

4. If students want to rely on the form of advertising drama to innovate the composition of college entrance examination, they might as well study a lot of advertising films and write some design fragments before writing to see if they can grasp it well.

(5) Stylistic norms of broadcast manuscripts.

The broadcast draft is aimed at the audience, so you don't have to write it down, just say it directly. However, if the broadcast manuscript becomes a text, it must stand scrutiny and be tempered. The draft broadcast shall include the following contents:

1. theme. A radio program should first introduce the theme to the audience.

2. section. You can't make a long speech, but you should divide it into several parts and introduce the theme to the audience step by step.

3. Music. Radio programs without music can't attract the attention of listeners. Music should be indicated in general broadcast manuscripts.

4. The language should be beautiful and colloquial.

(six) short play style specification

Short plays, including sketches, should try to complete the stage performance in a very short time. There are also many students who write short plays in the college entrance examination composition. To write short plays, we should master the basic methods of drama writing, such as dialogue between characters and stage prompts (lighting, sound, movement, up and down, opening and closing of the curtain, etc.). In short, writing short plays should also be suitable for stage performance, and everything is based on the premise of being suitable for performance.

To be more specific, then the dialogue we write in the article should be concise and vivid, pay attention to the syllables of the sentences, and sometimes write some rhyming sentences. Stage tips serve the performance, but they are written in articles to strengthen readers' impression, render contradictions and conflicts, and set off the stage atmosphere.

(7) the style of the interview.

When writing interview notes, you need to refer to articles such as interview notes written by journalists in newspapers and learn some basic writing knowledge. First of all, before the interview, we should know the interviewee in detail, design the interview content, that is, what we want to know through the interview-either verify some inferences, get fresh content or learn more, and then design interview questions-to achieve the purpose of the interview through questions. Sometimes, the question may be sharp, because the sharper the question, the more you can get in touch with the interviewer's heart, and readers want to know it most. In addition, the interview record is an interview article, not all questions need to be answered, and not all words are for understanding what content. Sometimes, some necessary greetings or transitions are skills to highlight the stylistic features of interviews.

(viii) Stylistic norms of debates.

Debate is a style that middle school students must master. Writing a debate speech must first have a clear argument, and all topics point to the argument. Because there are positive and negative differences in the debate, which argument is the center of the debate. To put it bluntly, debate is argumentative. It is necessary to make the argument clear through certain argumentation methods to convince the audience, readers or the other party participating in the debate, and no loopholes can be found. Therefore, the debate speech should be very logical.

Generally speaking, debates convince people by reasoning, but sometimes, the rhetoric of debates pays attention to the infiltration and guidance of emotions. In short, the skills to achieve the purpose of debate can be used in the writing of debate words. If students want to try to write a debate speech, they might as well study the excellent debate speech carefully and learn from it.

(9) Book order style specification

The preface of a book is to write an article about a book. The purpose of writing a preface is mainly to help readers understand the face of this book. Yu Guangzhong said: Since the preface is an article, it must meet the minimum requirements of general prose. If written as an actual book review, it should still be an article, not a deadpan book report, not a pile of materials, and a theoretical exercise. Write a preface and postscript, or comment on people in a balanced way and do more fine works; Or talk about the world from time to time, there is wind at the bottom of the pen; Even if you do it at will, it is natural and realistic and more temperament.

The preface is informal, no matter how long it is, but it should be written sincerely and seriously. Sincerity refers to beauty, flattery and flattery; Seriously means seriously, not talking nonsense. The preface should at least understand the contents of the book, comment on the author's point of view, or put forward new questions for readers to think about. In short, as long as the preface is helpful for readers to read.

It is worth noting that if the college entrance examination composition is written in the form of preface, then there must be a book in mind, and the content of this book should be the same as or related to the topic of the college entrance examination composition. This is the difficulty in writing the preface of the college entrance examination composition.

(10) Stylistic Specification of Product Instructions

Commodity society seems to be inseparable from various commodities, each of which has its own product specifications. These instructions include instructions for use and performance. , depending on the condition of the goods. So the key point of writing product description lies in the positioning of the product. What kind of product is it? The author might as well design it. In fact, for composition writing, goods can be realistic or virtual, and virtual goods or products can attract readers more.

Generally speaking, writing a product description is to set the scope of the composition topic in a narrow space, which requires superb expression skills.

(11) BBS style specification

BBS, which means "bulletin board system" in Chinese, is a place where netizens exchange information. On BBS, people can speak freely and chat with people they have never met. No matter life, current affairs, inner feelings, any questions can be exchanged, and quick questions and answers can be made on BBS. Its greatest advantages are freedom, equality, quickness and interaction. BBS is a new thing, which shortens the distance between people and makes people real, frank and great.

Fourth, the fundamental factors of the composition style of the college entrance examination

Because college entrance examination composition is a compulsory composition, the writing of college entrance examination composition is different from general literary creation and practical writing in social life. From this point of view, the writing process of college entrance examination composition is actually a language expression process of artistic treatment of the topic of the proposition in a limited time. In this process, "the artistic treatment of the topic" is the most critical link. This involves examining questions, planning the layout of articles, choosing skills, expressing words, choosing words and making sentences, and modifying and polishing them. These should be listed as the basic tasks of composition teaching in middle schools and as the basic composition skills that every college entrance examination candidate should master.

No matter what style we choose to write the college entrance examination composition, we believe that the fundamental factors of its stylistic norms are the writing purpose and the material background of life. On this point, we have made some explanations. If our article does not meet the purpose of expression, it is a tree without roots and water without sources, which is bound to be chaotic and incoherent. If our article does not conform to the background of life, it is a myth, which is bound to appear false, melodramatic and melodramatic. As mentioned above, BBS or advertising drama should have a certain life background, which is the concentrated connotation of "life is the source of composition". Of course, because of its special form, the composition of the college entrance examination determines that the expression purpose of the composition of the college entrance examination is not to speak on the forum, nor to advertise for the actual products, but to "treat the topic artistically" within the norms of these styles. Therefore, we can see that most college entrance examination compositions have a lot of fictional elements, but because of their artistry in dealing with topics, they make us feel fresh and interesting, not false and hateful. For example, the fictional Red Rabbit in The Death of Red Rabbit, the fictional book Honest Life in the preface, and the fictional University for Fools in The Booklet for the Admission of Fools. In these articles, there are red hare, honest life, fool's university and so on. They are all fictional, but because of their extensive life background, the articles are lively and interesting, thus becoming innovative masterpieces.